Kuthyola - kansomba kakang'ono kokhala ndi thupi lokongola, lokulirapo. Kumakhala malo osungira madzi oyera ku Eurasia. Kumadzulo, malire a malo omwe alibe chiyembekezo amayenda ku France, kumpoto ali pafupi ndi Arctic Circle, kum'mawa amafika ku Yakutia, kumwera kukafika ku mayiko aku Central Asia.
Chogawikiracho chimakhala chopanda tanthauzo pansi pa dzina loti Alburnus alburnus. Pali mayina angapo odziwika a nsomba iyi. Chinthu chachikulu chimamveka ngati wamkulu - wamba wopanda pake. Ndiye pali mayina odziwika: blak, sillyavka, sebel, ngakhale herring.
Pali mawu ambiri ofanananso ndi chiyembekezo. Dera lililonse, mtsinje waukulu umatchula dzina lawo kwa omwe amakhala opanda pake. Zotsatira zake, pali mayina oposa Russian okha 20. Asayansi ya zamoyo sanayime pambali - adapereka zopusa ndi ma 33 systemic binomen (mayina achi Latin ku classical biological classifier). Onse amafanana ndi dzina loti Alburnus alburnus.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kuthyola — nsomba Popanda kutchulidwa. Kukula kwake kumakhala kochepa ngakhale nsomba zamadzi amchere. Sichipitirira chikhato cha munthu wamkulu. M'mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi nyanja, kutalika kofikira kumatha kufikira masentimita 30. Koma izi ndizosowa.
Mutu ndi waung'ono, wokhala ndi 15% ya kutalika kwa thupi lonse. Mphunoyi imaloza, ndi malo otsetsereka apamwamba komanso otsika. Pamutu pake pali: kamwa yaying'ono, maso, zotseguka zosaoneka bwino. Mutu umathera mu ma gill slits.
Pakamwa pa mdimawu pamakhala pakatikati pakati pomaliza ndi chapamwamba. Itha kusankhidwa kukhala komaliza, kupitilira. Ndiye kuti, wopanda pake amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zazikulu zosonkhanitsira chakudya: amatenga chakudya pamwamba pamadzi, koma nthawi zina amakhala okonzeka kukumba chakudya patsogolo pake.
Pakamwa ponse pamakhala nsomba zomwe chakudya chake chimaphatikizaponso chakudya chomwe sichifuna kuyeserera kuti chigayike, ndipo chakudyachi chimasowa. Pakamwa kakang'ono kopanda tanthauzo, akuti kamakhala m'malo omwe muli chakudya chokwanira chouma kwapakati.
Nsagwada sizofanana - yakumunsi ndiyitali kuposa yakumtunda. Mukatseka pakamwa, nsagwada zakumunsi zimalowa m'malo omwe amapezeka kumtunda. Mano a pharyngeal amapezeka mkamwa mwa nsomba. Zidutswa 7 m'mizere iwiri, pamwamba ndi pansi. Iwo sakhala pa nsagwada, koma pa arches gill.
Kuphatikiza apo, mu kholingo, kumtunda kwake, palizithunzithunzi zolimba za minofu yamphongo - mphero. Dzinali limafanana ndi cholinga chake. Mwala wopera, limodzi ndi mano ake, umagaya chakudya cholowa m'mphako. Mano a pharyngeal ndi miyala yamiyala ndi mawonekedwe a morphological omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amtundu wanji kubanja la cyprinid.
Pamaso, mbali zonse ziwiri za mutu pafupi ndi chopanda pake, pali zotseguka zammphuno. Gulu guluzikuwoneka kuti zilibe mawonekedwe awa, koma nsomba zili nazo. Mphuno zimathera mu sensa (gulu la ma cell osazindikira) lomwe limagwira fungo.
Maso ake ndi ozungulira, okhala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Kukula kwa ophunzira ndikokwanira mokwanira, komwe kumawonetsa masomphenya abwino ngakhale atawoneka pang'ono. Zambiri zowoneka zimathandiza makamaka kutolera tizilombo pamwamba pamadzi.
Mapeto a mutu amawonetsedwa ndi ma gill slits, otetezedwa ndi operculum. Thupi lathyathyathya, lalitali. Chomaliza chomwe chimakhala kumbuyo chimasunthira ku theka lina la thupi. Mapeto ake ndi achiwerewere, okhala ndi ma lobes oyenda bwino, ofanana.
Chimbudzi chachimbudzi kapena chachimbudzi chimakhala chotalikirapo kuposa chakuthambo. Ziwalo zosambira zam'mimba ndi m'mimba zimapangidwa bwino. Pakati pa mchira ndi zipsepse za m'chiuno pali keel - khola lachikopa lopanda mamba.
Zipsepse - ziwalo zoyenda, mwachidziwikire zimayang'ana kusambira kwothamanga kwambiri komanso kosunthika. Cheza chawo ndi zotanuka, osati zolimba, osati zobaya. Satha kugwira ntchito yoteteza, ngati minga ya ruff kapena nyama ina iliyonse.
Chiwalo chodabwitsa kwambiri cha nsomba ndi mzere wotsatira. Pakatayika, imakutidwa ndi masikelo 45-55 okutira ngalande zazing'ono kwambiri. Amalumikiza chilengedwe chakunja ndi mzere weniweni wotsatira. Komanso, imasinthitsa kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe chamadzi kupita kuma cell receptor.
Kuchokera kwa iwo, chidziwitso chimalowa muubongo wopanda chiyembekezo, pomwe chithunzi chimapangidwa, chofanana ndi chowoneka. Pozindikira kutuluka kwakanthawi kwamadzi, nsomba zimatha kumverera mdaniyo osaziwona.
Mtundu wa nsombayo ungatchedwe wowala. Kuwala kwakeko kumene nsomba zimapanga poyenda kuli ndi tanthauzo lina loteteza. Gulu la zinthu zonyezimira, zoyenda msanga zitha kusokoneza mamba kapena piki.
Mbali zokha zimawala ndi chitsulo chachitsulo. Kumbuyo kumakhala kofiyira, ndikobiriwira kobiriwira kapena kotuwa. Mimba imakhala yoyera, nthawi zina ndimkweya pang'ono. Zipsepsezo ndizosuntha, mpiru kapena imvi. Mtundu wofiirira umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera pakuwonekera kwa posungira komwe amakhala.
Chophimba chinsomba cha nsombazo chidalimbikitsa achi China. Adapanga zopangidwa ndimunthu za ngale kuchokera m'miyeso yoyipa. Anakhala amene anayambitsa ngale zopangira. Azungu othandiza adatenga lingaliroli ndikuyamba kupanga zodzikongoletsera zabodza. Koma izi posakhalitsa zidasiya kufunikira ndikukhala ngati nthano.
Mitundu
Wofowoka wamba ndi membala wa banja la carp, mtundu wake umatchedwa wopanda pake, m'Chilatini: Alburnus. Sizamoyo zonse zomwe zidatulukira nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa cha maphunziro a phylogynetic, mitundu yambiri yochokera ku mtundu wa Chalcalburnus kapena shemaya idasamutsidwira kumtundako.
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa asodzi ndi okhalamo, shemai, kapena, monga momwe amatchulidwira, shamayki, akhala shamayk. Kuchokera kwa akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo, akhala opanda chiyembekezo. Mtundu wa Alburnus udakula mpaka mitundu 45 chitatha izi.
Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri ndi wopanda pake wamba. Kawirikawiri amatchulidwa: Caucasus, Danube, Italy, Black Sea, Azov, North Caucasian. Mwa zotulutsa, pali malo ambiri omwe amakhala mumtsinje winawake kapena m'thupi linalake lamadzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Ndikovuta kupeza mtsinje waukulu, nyanja, yomwe ingadutse wamba wopanda pake. Kumene kumapezeka Katemera wa silvery nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mitundu yayikulu ya nsomba. Kuphatikiza pa matupi amadzi, zowoneka bwino zitha kuwoneka m'mayiwe ndi ngalande zam'mizinda, mitsinje yaying'ono ndi malo osungiramo zinthu.
Ma rock rapids sagwirizana ndi akuda. Madzi odekha ozama kwapakatikati amakonda. Pakakhala bata, chopanda pake chimagawidwa mozungulira milatho, ma piers, ndi milu iliyonse. Amasambira kumalo osambira ndi malo opumulira: saopa phokoso la anthu.
Bleak amakhala nthawi yayitali. Zimapangitsa kusamuka mokakamizidwa komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi kapena kuchepa kwa chakudya. Kuwonjezeka kwa madzi a m'nyanja m'misewu ya mitsinje kumatha kuyambitsa kukwera kumtunda.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, masukulu a nsomba amafufuza malo ozama omwe amawalola kuti apirire chisanu. Atasonkhana m'maenje achisanu, ofiirawo adayamba kugwa. Kupha nsomba panthawiyi sizothandiza. Thaw, kutentha madzi kumabweretsa nsomba.
Zakudya zabwino
Omnivorousness ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zakuchulukirachulukira kwa mitunduyo. Nthawi zambiri chakuda chimagwira ntchito yosonkhanitsa chakudya pamwamba pamadzi. Izi zitha kukhala tizilombo tomwe timayenda pamwamba pamadzi kapena kugwera mwangozi.
Phwando lazakudya zopanda pake, monga nsomba zina, limabwera panthawi yomwe ana amatuluka ndikuchulukirachulukira. Kuphatikiza pa njenjete zomwe, zopanda pake zimadya mphutsi zawo. Chikhalidwe cha chakudya choyandama pamtunda sichiri chokwanira. Zomata zimasonkhanitsa chakudya kuchokera kuzomera zam'madzi ndi nthaka.
Pa nthawi yobereka, masukulu a nsomba zasiliva amalimbana mwamphamvu ndi mazira a anthu ena okhala m'madzi. Kufalikira komanso kuchuluka kwa mdima kumaopseza ana a nsomba zina. Caviar, mphutsi, mwachangu amadya. Nthawi ngati izi, iye yekha wagwidwa ndodo yosowa bwino.
Kuthothoka nthawi zambiri kumakhala ngati nyama yolusa kuposa nyama yolusa. Mumadzi amtundu uliwonse mumakhala anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kugwira nsomba iyi. Pike, nsomba kapena asp nthawi zonse zimamenyedwa ndi magulu akuda. Kuwerengera kwakukulu komanso kuyenda kwakukulu ndi njira imodzi yopulumutsira nsomba zazing'ono zopita kusukulu.
Kukongola kwake kwa nsomba zambiri kumasokoneza nyama zam'madzi, koma kumakopa mpweya. Mbalame iliyonse yomwe imatha kukoka nsomba kumtunda imasaka zopanda pake. Mbalame zam'madzi, ma tern, ndi abakha ena amachita bwino pantchitoyi. M'madzi osaya, ntchentche zimagwidwa nthawi zonse.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Ali ndi zaka ziwiri, amakhala wopanda chiyembekezo. Ali wokonzeka kupitiliza kuthamanga. Kubzala kumayamba mu Meyi ndipo kumatha mpaka Juni kapena Julayi. Bleak imayambitsa njira zingapo. Choyamba, mazira amayikidwa ndi akulu akulu. Kenako imafika nthawi ya nsomba ziwiri kapena zitatu zakubadwa.
Pobzala, malo osaya, nthawi zina amakula, malo amasankhidwa. Kubzala kumakhala mwachangu kwambiri. Choyamba, masukulu a nsomba amayenda m'malo omwe asankhidwa. Ndiye, zolimbikitsa kutulutsa mazira, mayendedwe amafulumizitsidwa, nsomba zimayamba "kupaka". Mapesi ophatikizika mgulu la ziweto amakhala mwamphamvu pamene mazira ndi mkaka zimamasulidwa, ndikudumphira m'madzi.
Njira zoperekera mobwerezabwereza zimabwerezedwa patatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Unyinji wamazira oberekera umakhazikika pazomera, mitengo yolowerera, miyala ndikuziphatika. Kubzala m'magawo kumawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi ana.
Mphutsi zimakula msanga. Makulitsidwe amatha mkati mwa sabata. Kutengera kutentha kwa madzi, momwe mapangidwe amdima amaphulika amatha pang'ono kapena pang'onopang'ono. Omwe aswedwawo samapitilira 4 mm kutalika. Osasiya malo osaya pang'ono.
Mwachangu amakula msanga ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 3-5. Ndiye kuti, amakhala opanda pake omwe amatha kukhala zaka 6-7. Koma ndi nsomba zochepa zomwe zimakwanitsa kufika msinkhuwu. Zaka zisanu zakuda kale ndizosowa kale. Wokhala siliva uyu m'mitsinje ndi nyanja ali ndi adani ambiri.
Mtengo
Bleak ndi nsomba yomwe siili yogulitsa malonda, komabe, imagwidwa pang'ono ndikuperekedwa kwa wogula. Nthawi yomweyo, amachita maudindo osiyanasiyana.
Kuti apange dziwe lolimba, lomwe lingasangalatse asodzi, sikokwanira kukonza, mwachitsanzo nyanja. Iyenera kusungidwa. Pogwira ntchitoyi, akatswiri azachipatala amatulutsa nsomba zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana m'nyanjayi. Muyeso wazachilengedwe udzasungidwa ngati mdima wamba uli pakati pawo.
Pazosungira, zakuda zimagulitsidwa amoyo. Mtengo wa nsomba umadalira kuchuluka kwa malonda ndipo uli mumitundu ya 500-750 rubles pa kg. Ikatulutsidwa m'nyanjayi, dziwe lodana nalo limakula ndikuchulukirachulukira mwachangu. Kutsatira izi, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zolusa kudzawonjezeka.
Koma zopanda pake zimakonda osati kokha ndi pike ndi pike, anthu amasangalala kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Asodzi akuluakulu komanso apakatikati samasokonezedwa ndi chinthu chochepa chonchi. Minda ing'onoing'ono imagwira mdima.
Njira yofala kwambiri yoperekera malonda ku malonda ndi mawonekedwe owuma. Nsomba yaying'ono yowuma iyi imatenga pafupifupi ma ruble 500. pa kg. Ndizokayikitsa kuti mutha kugula kumsika wapafupi wa nsomba. Koma pa intaneti, nsomba iyi imaperekedwa nthawi zonse.
Kugwira mdima
Kusodza kwamalonda kumachitika mochulukira kwambiri. Omwe amapanga nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi asodzi amateur. Nthawi zina amakumana ndi ntchito yosagwira zopanda pake, koma, m'malo mwake, kuchotsa chidwi chake.
Pofuna kuthana ndi zovuta, njira zosavuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ponyani zinyenyeswazi kutali ndi zoyandama zawo. Gulu lankhosazo, likamva kukwapuka, limapita pansi. Asodzi pofuna kutaya mtima, amagwiritsa ntchito nyambo yayikulu ndi mbedza.
Ndiye kuti, kuti mdima usasokoneze zolinga zomwe zaikidwazo, uyenera kupatsidwa china chodyera kutali ndi malo osodza. Gwiritsani ntchito ndowe ndi nyambo yomwe ili ndi chidwi chochepa ndi nsomba iyi. Sankhani mosamala malo ndi kutalika kwa nsomba.
Koma nsomba zopanda pake ndizonona, ndizokoma. Anthu ambiri amayamikira ndipo amaigwira mosangalala. Kugwira mdima ndi bizinesi ya juga komanso migodi. Zima ndi chilimwe kuthana ndi zovuta ndizosavuta - nthawi zambiri ndodo yosodza. M'nyengo yozizira, jig imawonjezeredwa pantchitoyo. M'chilimwe, ndodo yotsitsa yomwe ingatsitsidwe itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popha nsomba mosadukiza.
Mipira ya mtanda, minyewa yamagazi, mazira a nyerere ndi nyama zofananazo kapena kutengera kwake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphutsi. Nthawi zina asodzi amadyetsa zofooka. Pachifukwa ichi, zomwe zimatchedwa kugwedezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuti apange izi, amagwiritsira ntchito mkaka, ufa, zinyenyeswazi zadothi zosakanizika ndi dongo, komanso "ma cocktails" ofanana.
Ena anglers opita patsogolo amati nyambo ya mdima popanda kununkhira kofunikira si njira yamakono yosodza. Zonunkhira zakunyumba monga madontho a anise ndi mafuta a mpendadzuwa akugwirabe ntchito, koma amalonda akupereka zinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana ndi zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana.
Amagwira akuda, makamaka ndi ndodo. Nthawi zina ntchito yotchedwa "muzzle" imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Awa ndi ma cones awiri oluka. Imodzi imayikidwa mu inayo. M'mbuyomu, ma cones anali opangidwa ndi ndodo zawo, tsopano - ndi ulusi wawo wa nayiloni. Pali zovuta zina - ukonde wokwera.
Kusodza kwaulemu sikuloledwa mwalamulo pakapita nthawi. I.e wofooka masika atha kugwidwa mwaufulu pomwe zoletsa zikugwira ntchito. Bleak ali ndi mtundu wina womwe anglers amagwiritsa ntchito - ndi nyambo yabwino kwambiri yopezera nsomba zowononga madzi, nthawi zambiri zander ndi asp.
Kawirikawiri moyo wopanda pake umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira zitatu zazikuluzikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kumbuyo, kumbuyo kwa milomo komanso kudzera m'mitsempha. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndikulumphira m'mitsempha. Chotupacho chimasungidwa mosamala pansi pa operculum, kukoka pakamwa ndikumangirira mbedza iwiri.
M'mawu amenewa, nsomba sizinawonongeke, zimatha kusambira kwa nthawi yayitali, kugwira ntchito ngati nyambo. Mukafika pachikopa kumbuyo kapena pakamwa, wakuda amakhala ngati nsomba yovulala. Izi zitha kukhala zowonjezera zowonjezera pike kapena walleye. Koma mdima wovulalawo sukhala moyo wautali, umataya msanga mtundu wake, ngati nyambo.
