Mpweya - chipembere chosakhalitsa, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu ndi nyanga yayitali ikukula kuchokera pakati pamphumi pake. Zipembere izi zidakutidwa ndi ubweya, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wopulumuka nyengo yovuta ya ku Siberia, ngakhale kuli mitundu ya Elasmotherium yomwe imakhala m'malo otentha. Elasmotherium idakhala mbadwa za zipembere zamakono za ku Africa, India ndi zakuda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium ndi mtundu wa zipembere zomwe zidawonekera zaka 800,000 zapitazo ku Eurasia. Elasmotherium inatha pafupifupi zaka 10 zikwi zapitazo mu Ice Age yomaliza. Zithunzi zake zimapezeka kuphanga la Kapova ku Urals komanso m'mapanga ambiri ku Spain.
Mtundu wa zipembere ndi nyama zakale zofananira zomwe zidatsalabe m'mitundu ingapo mpaka lero. Ngati nthumwi zoyambilira zamtunduwu zidakumana m'malo otentha komanso ozizira, tsopano zimapezeka ku Africa ndi India kokha.
Kanema: Elasmotherium
Zipembere amatenga dzina lawo kuchokera ku lipenga lomwe limamera kumapeto kwa mkamwa mwawo. Nyanga iyi siyophuka kwamfupa, koma masauzande aubweya wa keratinized, ndiye kuti nyangayo imayimiradi kamangidwe kake ndipo siyolimba ngati momwe imawonekera koyamba.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ndi nyanga yomwe idapangitsa kuti zipembere zithetsedwe pakadali pano - opha nyama mwachangu adadula nyanga kuchokera pachinyama, chifukwa chake china chake chimafa. Tsopano zipembere zili pansi pa chitetezo cha maola 24 cha akatswiri.
Zipembere ndi zodyera nyama, komanso kuti zisunge mphamvu mu thupi lawo lalikulu (zipembere zomwe zilipo tsopano zikulemera matani 4-5, ndipo akale amayeza kwambiri) amadyetsa tsiku lonse nthawi zina nthawi yopuma.
Amadziwika ndi thupi lalikulu lopangidwa ndi mbiya, miyendo yayikulu yokhala ndi zala zitatu zomwe zimalowa ziboda zolimba. Zipembere zili ndi mchira waufupi, woyenda ndi burashi (chingwe chotsalira chokhacho chomwe chatsalira pa nyamazi) ndi makutu omwe samva phokoso lililonse. Thupi limakutidwa ndi mbale zachikopa zomwe zimathandiza kuti zipembere zisatenthedwe ndi dzuŵa laku Africa. Mitundu yonse ya zipembere yomwe idalipo yatsala pang'ono kutha, koma chipembere chakuda ndiye choyandikira kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Rhino Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium ndi woimira wamkulu wamtundu wake. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo kudafika 6 m, kutalika - 2.5 m, koma ndimiyeso yawo amayeza kwambiri kuposa anzawo apano - kuchokera matani 5 (poyerekeza, kukula kwakubadwa kwa chipembere ku Africa ndi mita imodzi ndi theka).
Nyanga yayitali yayitali sinali pamphuno, monga zipembere zamakono, koma idakula kuchokera pamphumi. Kusiyana pakati pa nyanga iyi ndikuti sinali yoluka, yopangidwa ndi tsitsi la keratinized - inali mphukira ya mafupa, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi minofu ya chigaza cha Elasmotherium. Nyangayi imatha kutalika kwa mita imodzi ndi theka ndi mutu wawung'ono, chifukwa chake chipemberecho chinali ndi khosi lolimba, lopangidwa ndi ma vertebrae okhwima.
Elasmotherium inali ndi kufota kwambiri, kukumbukira chimfine cha njati zamasiku ano. Koma ngakhale kuti nyani ndi ngamila zimadalira mafuta, kufota kwa Elasmotherium kudalira mphukira za mafupa a msana, ngakhale zinali ndi mafuta.
Kumbuyo kwa thupi kunali kotsika kwambiri komanso kophatikizana kuposa kutsogolo. Elasmotherium inali ndi miyendo yayitali yayitali, motero titha kuganiza kuti nyamayo idasinthidwa kuti izithamanga, ngakhale kuthamanga ndi lamuloli kunali kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.
Chosangalatsa: Pali lingaliro loti ndi Elasmotherium yomwe idakhala ziwonetsero za unicorn zopeka.
Chinanso chosiyanitsa ndi Elasmotherium ndikuti chinali chodzaza ndi tsitsi lakuda. Ankakhala kumadera ozizira, choncho ubweyawo unkateteza nyama ku mvula ndi chipale chofewa. Mitundu ina ya Elasmotherium inali ndi malaya ocheperako kuposa ena.
Kodi Elasmotherium amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Elasmotherium ya ku Caucasus
Panali mitundu yambiri ya Elasmotherium yomwe inkakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Chifukwa chake umboni wakukhalapo kwawo udapezeka:
- mu Urals;
- ku Spain;
- ku France (Phanga la Ruffignac, pomwe pali kujambula kosiyana kwa chipembere chachikulu ndi nyanga kuchokera pamphumi pake);
- ku Western Europe;
- Kummawa kwa Siberia;
- ku China;
- ku Iran.
Anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti Elasmotherium yoyamba idakhala ku Caucasus - zotsalira zakale za zipembere zimapezeka kumeneko ku Azov steppes. Malingaliro a Elasmotherium ya ku Caucasus anali opambana kwambiri chifukwa adapulumuka Mibadwo Yambiri Ya Ice.
Pa Taman Peninsula, zotsalira za Elasmotherium zidafukulidwa kwa zaka zitatu, ndipo malinga ndi akatswiri ofufuza zakale, zotsalazo zili pafupifupi zaka miliyoni. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mafupa a Elasmotherium anapezeka mu 1808 ku Siberia. Pamiyala, zotsalira zaubweya kuzungulira mafupa zimawoneka bwino, komanso nyanga yayitali yomwe imamera kuchokera pamphumi. Mtundu uwu unkatchedwa Siberia Elasmotherium.
Mafupa athunthu a Elasmotherium adayang'aniridwa pazotsalira zomwe zimapezeka ku Stavropol Paleontological Museum. Ndi mtundu wamtundu waukulu kwambiri womwe umakhala kumwera kwa Siberia, Moldova ndi Ukraine.
Elasmotherium inakhazikika m'nkhalango komanso m'zigwa. Zikuoneka kuti ankakonda madambo kapena mitsinje ikuyenda, komwe amakhala nthawi yayitali. Mosiyana ndi zipembere zamakono, amakhala mwakachetechete m'nkhalango zowirira, chifukwa samawopa adani.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe Elasmotherium yakale inkakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe adadya.
Kodi Elasmotherium idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Elasmotherium ya ku Siberia
Kuchokera pamano awo, titha kudziwa kuti Elasmotherium idadya udzu wolimba womwe udakula m'malo otsikira pafupi ndi madzi - tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapezeka m'matsalira a mano, zomwe zikuchitira umboni mpaka pano. Elasmotherium idadya mpaka 80 kg., Zitsamba patsiku.
Popeza Elasmotherium ndi abale apamtima a zipembere za ku Africa ndi India, titha kudziwa kuti zomwe amadya zimaphatikizapo:
- makutu owuma;
- udzu wobiriwira;
- masamba a mitengo omwe nyama zimatha kufikira;
- zipatso zomwe zagwa kuchokera pansi pa mitengo;
- mphukira zazing'ono za bango;
- makungwa a mitengo yaying'ono;
- kumadera akumwera a malo okhala - masamba a mipesa;
- Kutengera kapangidwe ka mano, zikuwonekeratu kuti Elasmotherium idadya zomera zamabango, matope obiriwira ndi ndere, zomwe zimatha kutuluka m'madzi osaya.
Mlomo wa Elasmotherium ndi wofanana ndi mlomo wa zipembere zaku India - ndi mlomo umodzi wotalika wopangidwira kudya mbewu zazitali, zazitali. Zipembere za ku Africa zili ndi milomo yotakata, choncho zimadya udzu wochepa.
Elasmotherium inadula ngala zazitali ndi kuzitafuna kwa nthawi yayitali; kutalika kwake ndi khosi zidamuthandiza kuti akafikire mitengo yotsika, ndikung'amba masamba kuchokera pamenepo. Kutengera nyengo, Elasmotherium imatha kumwa malita 80 mpaka 200. madzi patsiku, ngakhale nyama izi ndizolimba zokwanira kukhala ndi moyo wopanda madzi kwa sabata.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Elasmotherium Yakale
Kupezeka Elasmotherium sikumakhala pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake, chifukwa chake titha kunena kuti zipembere zinali zokha. Zotsalira za Peninsula ya Arabia zokha ndi zomwe zimawonetsa kuti nthawi zina zipemberezi zimatha kukhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a 5 kapena kupitilira apo.
Izi zikugwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chamakono cha zipembere zaku India. Amadyera usana ndi usiku, koma nthawi yotentha yamasana amapita kumalo athithi kapena matupi amadzi, komwe amagona m'madzi ndikudya zomera pafupi kapena pomwepo pathupi lamadzi. Popeza Elasmotherium anali chipembere chaubweya, ndizotheka kuti imatha kudyetsa mozungulira matupi amadzi usana ndi usiku osalowa m'madzi.
Kusamba ndi gawo lofunikira m'moyo wa zipembere ndipo Elasmotherium sizinali choncho. Asayansi apeza kuti tiziromboti tambiri titha kukhala muubweya wake, womwe chipemberecho chimachotsa pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi matope osambira. Komanso, monga mibadwo ina ya zipembere, amatha kukhala limodzi ndi mbalame. Mbalame zimadutsa pamtendere wa chipembere, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakhungu lake, komanso zimadziwitsa za ngozi. Uwu ndi ubale wopindulitsa womwe udachitika mu Elasmotherium.
Chipembere chimakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, chimasunthira pambuyo pazomera zitatha m'malo mwake. Pogwirizanitsa Elasmotherium ndi zipembere zamakono zaku India, titha kunena kuti amuna amakhala okha, pomwe akazi amakhala atagundana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, momwe amalera ana awo. Amphongo ang'onoang'ono, omwe amatuluka m'gululi, amathanso kupanga timagulu tating'ono.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Elasmotherium
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti Elasmotherium idakwanitsa zaka 5. Ngati mu chipembere cha ku India chimapezeka kamodzi pamilungu isanu ndi umodzi, ndiye kuti ku Elasmotherium yomwe imakhala kumadera ozizira, imatha kuchitika kamodzi pachaka ndikubwera kwa kutentha. Phokoso la chipembere limachitika motere: zazikazi zimasiya gulu lawo kwakanthawi ndikupita kukasaka champhongo. Akapeza yamphongo, amakhala moyandikana kwa masiku angapo, mkaziyo amamutsata kulikonse.
Ngati panthawiyi amuna amatha kulimbana pomenyera mkazi m'modzi. Ndizovuta kuyesa kudziwa momwe Elasmotherium ilili, koma titha kuganiza kuti nawonso anali nyama zosakhazikika zomwe sizinkafuna kukangana. Chifukwa chake, nkhondo zazimayi sizinali zowopsa komanso zamagazi - chipembere chokulirapo chimangothamangitsa chaching'ono.
Mimba ya Elasmotherium yachikazi idatenga pafupifupi miyezi 20, chifukwa chake mwanawo adabadwa kale wamphamvu. Zotsalira za anawo sizinapezeke chonse - mafupa okhaokha m'mapanga a anthu akale. Kuchokera apa titha kunena kuti anali achichepere a Elasmotherium omwe nthawi zambiri anali pachiwopsezo ndi osaka akale.
Nthawi ya Elasmotherium idakhala zaka zana, ndipo anthu ambiri adapulumuka mpaka kukalamba, popeza poyamba anali ndi adani ochepa kwambiri.
Adani achilengedwe a Elasmotherium
Chithunzi: Rhino Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium ndi mphodza yayikulu yomwe imatha kudzisamalira yokha, chifukwa sichinakumane ndi zoopsa zilizonse zowononga nyama.
Chakumapeto kwa nyengo ya Pliocene, Elasmotherium idakumana ndi adani awa:
- glyptodont ndi mphalapala wamkulu wokhala ndi zipsyinjo zazitali;
- smilodon - yaying'ono yama feline, yomwe imasakidwa m'matumba;
- mitundu yakale ya zimbalangondo.
Munthawi imeneyi, ma Australopithecines amawoneka, omwe amasunthira pang'onopang'ono kuchoka kusonkhana kupita kusaka nyama zazikulu, zomwe zitha kupunditsa zipembere.
Chakumapeto kwa nyengo ya Pleistocene, itha kusakidwa ndi:
- zimbalangondo (zonse zakutha ndi zomwe zilipo);
- nkhandwe zazikulu;
- gulu la afisi;
- kunyada kwa mikango yamphanga.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zipembere zimathamanga mpaka 56 km / h, ndipo popeza Elasmotherium inali yopepuka, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti liwiro lake lothamanga lidafika 70 km / h.
Kukula kwa nyama zolusa kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa nyama zodya nyama, koma Elasmotherium idakhalabe nyama yayikulu kwambiri osaka nyama ambiri. Chifukwa chake, paketi kapena chilombo chimodzi chikamuukira, Elasmotherium idakonda kudzitchinjiriza pogwiritsa ntchito nyanga yayitali. Amphaka okha omwe ali ndi zilombo zazitali ndi zikhadabo amatha kuluma kudzera pakhungu lakuda ndi ubweya wa chipembere ichi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Extinct Elasmotherium
Zifukwa zakutha kwa Elasmotherium sizikudziwika kwenikweni. Adapulumuka Mibadwo ingapo ya Ice Ages, chifukwa chake, adasinthidwa kukhala kutentha pang'ono (monga zikuwonekera ndi tsitsi lawo).
Chifukwa chake, asayansi apeza zifukwa zingapo zakutha kwa Elasmotherium:
- m'nyengo yachisanu yomaliza, zomera, zomwe zimadya kwambiri Elasmotherium, zidawonongedwa, chifukwa chake adafa ndi njala;
- Elasmotherium inasiya kuchulukana munthawi ya kutentha kochepa komanso kusowa kwa chakudya chokwanira - izi zidasintha mtundu wawo;
- anthu omwe amasaka Elasmotherium pofuna zikopa ndi nyama amatha kufafaniza anthu onse.
Elasmotherium ndiwopikisana nawo kwambiri anthu am'mbuyomu, chifukwa chake alenje achikale anasankha achichepere ndi ana ngati omwe amazunzidwa, omwe posakhalitsa adawononga mtundu wa zipembere izi. Elasmotherium inali yofala kudera lonse la Eurasia, chifukwa chake chiwonongekocho chidachitika pang'onopang'ono. Mwinanso, panali zifukwa zingapo zakutha kamodzi, zidakumanizana ndikuwononga anthu.
Koma Elasmotherium idachita gawo lofunikira pamoyo wamunthu, ngati anthu achikale atagwiranso nyamayi mu luso la miyala. Anamusaka ndi kumulemekeza, chifukwa chipemberecho chinawapatsa zikopa zotentha ndi nyama yambiri.
Ngati anthu adatenga gawo lalikulu pakuwononga mtundu wa Elasmotherium, ndiye kuti pakadali pano anthu ayenera kukhala aulemu kwambiri ndi zipembere zomwe zilipo. Pomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha anthu opha nyama mosaka nyama akusaka nyanga zawo, zamoyo zomwe zilipo ziyenera kupitilizidwa kusamalidwa. Mpweya, ndi mbadwa za zipembere zenizeni, zomwe zimapitilizabe mtundu wake, koma mwanjira yatsopano.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/25/2019 pa 18:33
