Umu ndi momwe dzina lachilatini la mphaka wamkuluyu limamasulidwira kuti "Panthera onca", "wogwira ndi minga". Nyani wamkulu kwambiri ku South America kontrakitala ndiye yekhayo woyimira mtundu wa panther m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi. Mitundu iwiri yokha ya amphaka olusa ndi akulu kuposa iye, koma amakhala m'malo ena.
Pali nthano yoti ndi jaguar yemwe anali nyama yoyamba yomwe Columbus adamuwona pomwe adalowa m'dziko la America. Ndipo am'deralo adakweza cholengedwa ichi kukhala chabodza ndipo amamulambira. Dzinalo "jaguar" limachokera mchilankhulo cha amwenye achi Quechua, pomwe amatanthauza "magazi".
Kufotokozera kwa Jaguar
Nyama yotchedwa panther yamtchire ndi yomwe imadya nyama zambiri ku America... Kutalika kwa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu yomwe imafota ndi masentimita 68-80, pafupifupi masentimita 75. Ma Jaguar ali ndi thupi lokhazikika lokongola pafupifupi masentimita 120-180, ndipo mchira wawo ukhoza kukhala waufupi - 45-50 cm kapena kufikira 70-90 cm. kuyambira kukula, nyama zimalemera makilogalamu 68 mpaka 136. Monga pafupifupi nyama zonse, akazi ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka kuposa amuna pafupifupi 1/5.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kulemera kolembedwa kwa jaguar wamwamuna kunali 158 kg.
Nyamazi zomwe zimakhala m'malo otseguka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa anzawo omwe amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira. Mwina izi zili choncho chifukwa cha gulu lalikulu la osungulumwa omwe amakhala mdera lamapiri, ndipo chifukwa chake - kusaka kopambana nyama zolusa.
Maonekedwe
- Mutu ndi torso. Mphamvu ndi nyonga zagona pakuwoneka kwa mphaka wamkulu uyu. Nsagwada zolimba kwambiri zimasiyana kwambiri ndi thupi lowonda. Ndi mbali iyi yomwe imasiyanitsa nyamayi ndi kambuku, yemwe kunja kwake amafanana kwambiri ndi utoto - kukula kwake ndi mutu wake wokulirapo, wokhala ndi chigaza chofanana ndi kambuku. Makutuwo ndi ang'ono, oyenda, komanso okhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira.
- Jaguar paws osati bola ngati akuyenera kukhala achisomo changwiro, chinyama chikuwoneka ngati squat. Koma ndi amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa mphamvu, osati kuthamanga, ngakhale nyamazi zimathamanga mwachangu kwambiri, komanso zimaukira.
- Ubweya wa Jaguar ofewa, wandiweyani komanso wamfupi. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumatha kukhala ndi mchenga wosiyanasiyana ndi ofiira, mawanga amdima amitundu ndi kukula kwake amwazikana mosiyanasiyana: mdima wolimba, mphete, rosettes, nutria yomwe ubweya wake umakhala wakuda pang'ono kuposa thupi lonse. Pamunsi pathupi pamimba pamimba, pakhosi ndi pachifuwa, zikhomo zamkati ndizoyera. Mutu ndi miyendo zili ndi mphanda zakuda. Makutuwo ndi akuda ndi malo achikasu pakati.
- Zikumveka... Pakusaka, nyamayi sikulira, koma kutsika, matumbo amang'ung'uza. Usiku, amaopseza nkhalango ndi mkokomo wogontha, wokumbutsa mkango. Mawu achizolowezi a jaguar amafanana ndi mawu akumveka kwa macheka pamtengo kapena kutsokomola. M'nyengo yokwatirana, imanyinyirika ndi kupukuta.
M'majini a jaguar mumakhala mtundu wakuda, wofanana ndi wa ma panther, omwe samawonetsedwa kawirikawiri pakubadwa kwa ana a monochrome (melanists) mwa anthu wamba owoneka bwino. Aliyense adadabwitsidwa ndi "ma panther" ang'ono obadwa ndi ma jaguar ku Odessa Zoo: mwa amphaka anayi, awiri amawoneka, ndipo awiri anali akuda bii.
Moyo ndi machitidwe
Monga amphaka onse, ma jaguar amasankha "amasunga" gawo lawo... Amachita okha. Nyama imodzi "imatha" kukhala ndi malo kuyambira 25 mpaka 100 ma kilomita, amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi akazi kuwirikiza kawiri. Amuna amadzisankhira okha magawo atatu amakona atatu, ndikusintha "ngodya" komwe amasaka masiku awiri kapena atatu.
Pafupifupi zaka khumi, nyamazi zimadutsa katundu wake m'malire. Kuyang'anira mwamtendere maderawo kuchokera kwa oimira ena a feline - ma pumas, ma ocelots, ndi zina zambiri, nyamazi sizidandaula kuwoloka malire ndi nthumwi ina ya mitundu yake.
Nthawi ya Jaguar ndikumadzulo. Dzuwa lisanalowe komanso m'mawa, imasaka mwakhama kwambiri. Nyamayo imabisalira muudzu wamtali, munthambi za mtengo, imabisala pagombe pafupi ndi dzenje lothirira. Pogwiriridwa mosayembekezereka, imathamangira kumbuyo kapena mbali, imagwira khosi mwamphamvu, kuyesera kuti ipachike kapena kuboola chigaza ndi mano ake. Mbali yomaliza ndi zizolowezi za nyamazi zokha; amphaka ena samaluma mitu yawo kawirikawiri.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ngati nyamayo ndi ng'ombe, nyamayi imafuna kuwagwetsera pansi kuti igunde mutu ndi kuvulala isanaphedwe. Nthawi zambiri samafunikiranso kugwiritsa ntchito zipsinjo zawo - wovulalayo amathyola khosi lake.
Ngati wolanda nyama ali ndi makutu omvera ndipo amva chilombocho chisanathamange, ali ndi mwayi - ali ndi mwayi woti athawe, nyamazi sizimangothamangira komweko. Koma m'madzi, jaguar, kusambira bwino ndikukonda chinthu ichi, chidzagwira nyama yake mosavuta. Pali milandu yodziwika bwino ya nyamazi zolimbana ndi ng'ona, kugwira nsomba, akamba osaka. Jaguar samenya munthu kawirikawiri, ndipo samatero, pokhapokha atapatsidwa chifukwa choopsa. Mikangano yonse pakati pa anthu ndi nyamazi ndi yodziteteza kumapeto kwake. Samadya mnofu wa munthu. Komabe, nyama yaying'ono yomwe ili ndi chidwi imatha kutsatira munthu chifukwa chofuna kudziwa.
Kodi nyamazi zimakhala motalika bwanji?
Kuthengo, kutalika kwa nyamayi sikadutsa zaka 10-12. Mu ukapolo, amphaka akulu amakhala zaka 25.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Malire akumpoto a malo okhala nyamazi amayenda m'mapiri a Mexico ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States. Nyama zimakhala kumalire akumpoto a Argentina ndi Paraguay, komanso gombe la Venezuela. Nyama zazikulu kwambiri zimakhala m'boma la Brazil, Mato Grosso. Mitundu yambiri ya nyamazi imapezeka ku Amazon Valley.
Jaguar imafunikira zigawo zingapo kuti ikhale ndi moyo:
- kasupe wamadzi pafupi ndi malo okhala;
- masamba obiriwira obisala posaka;
- kupanga kotheka mokwanira.
Zachilengedwe zinawapatsa izi m'nkhalango zam'malo otentha, nkhalango za mabango am'mphepete mwa nyanja, zigwa za mitsinje, pafupi ndi madambo. M'madera ouma, nyamazi sizimapezeka konse. Koma amatha kukwera mapiri, komabe, osaposa 2700 m (okhala ku Andes). Jaguar nthawi ina adawonedwa ku Costa Rica pamtunda wa 3800 m, koma iyi inali nkhani yokhayokha, nthawi zambiri nkhalango zamapiri sizimakopa iwo.
Zakudya zamtundu
Jaguar ndi chilombo, makamaka nyama... Amasaka nyama zosiyanasiyana, malinga ndi ofufuza, pafupifupi mitundu 85 ya nyama zosiyanasiyana idagwera m'mano mwake. Amatha kunyamula wovutikira yemwe amalemera mpaka 300 kg. Yemwe amasilira kwambiri nyamayi ndi nyama zazikulu "zanyama" - zotuluka, zonga nkhumba, kuphatikiza ziweto.
Jaguar sanyoza anyani, mbalame, nkhandwe, nungu, makoswe ang'onoang'ono komanso zokwawa. Mphaka wamkuluyu amakhala amoyo pafupi ndi madzi.
Chakudya chapadera kwambiri cha nyamayi ndi kamba: nsagwada zake zamphamvu zimatha kukuwa mosavuta. Jaguar amakonda kudya mazira akamba, ndikutulutsa zowakoka mumchenga. Nyama yolemekezeka pafupifupi sidya yovunda. Amayamba kudya munthu yemwe waphedwa kumene kumutu, ndikusunthira ku ham. Ngati muli ndi mwayi wopha nyama yayikulu, nyamayi siyiyisiya masiku angapo motsatizana.
Adani achilengedwe
Mdani wofunikira kwambiri komanso wowopsa kwa jaguar ndi munthu yemwe amamusaka chifukwa cha ubweya wake wokongola. Mwachilengedwe, mfumu iyi yam'nkhalango ilibe olimbana nawo kapena kuwopseza: m'malo ake, ndipamwamba kwambiri pazakudya.
Zofunika! Amatha kumenyera nkhondo gawo limodzi ndi ma cougars akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri amawalamulira, koma nthawi zina amavulala kwambiri.
Pakusaka, ma jaguar nthawi zina amakumana ndi otsutsa owopsa komanso owopsa - ma caimans, ngakhale amatulutsa zoopsa za mita 2 kuchokera kwawo. Pakusaka zokwawa zazikulu, nthawi zina zimatha kugwidwa ndi anaconda kapena boa constrictor iwowo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Ma Jaguar alibe nyengo yeniyeni yokwatirana. Mkazi wokonzekera kukwerana (ali ndi zaka zitatu) "amauza" amuna za izo, kuwonetsa mitengo ndi mkodzo, komanso kutulutsa mawu "omvekera" omwe amuna amayankha ndikulira kwamatumbo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Alenje ena a nyamazi anawakopa mwa kutsanzira kulira kwa atsikana. Ma Jaguar, nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwatira, pakadali pano amatha kulumikizana m'magulu.
Koma amuna samenya nkhondo pakati pawo, kusankha kumangopangidwa ndi mkwatibwi ndikusunthira kwakanthawi kumalo osankhidwa ake.
Atakwatirana, amapatukana. Mzimayi amadzipangira yekha pakati pa zitsamba, mdzenje lobisika kapena phanga, pomwe patatha masiku 100 ali ndi pakati amabereka ana aamuna 2-4. Nyamazi zazing'ono sizimawonekabe monga makolo awo, mawanga akuda kwambiri amakhala muubweya wawo. Amayi sawalola kuti atuluke m'dzenje m'miyezi 1.5 yoyamba ya moyo wawo.
Komabe, amayamwa mkaka wa amayi pafupifupi miyezi 5-6. Amayi amayamba kuwatengera kukasaka mpaka nthawi yomwe adzakula ndikukhala ndi gawo lodziyimira palokha, makamaka pafupifupi zaka ziwiri. Ndi theka lokha la ana obadwa omwe amakhala ndi moyo mpaka atakula. Jaguar imatha kuswana ndikulumikizana ndi panther kapena kambuku.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Munthu wawononga kwambiri nyamazi, kuzisaka kuti ziteteze ziweto zawo komanso chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola. M'mbuyomu, adakumana ku Uruguay ndi El Salvador, tsopano awonongedwa kumeneko. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito zosaka, malo okhala nyamazi achepetsa ndi 2/3 zoyambirira. Ngakhale osasaka, munthu amachepetsa malo oyenera zilombozi.
Masiku ano, kusaka nyama zakutchire ndikoletsedwa, koma mwatsoka, kupha nyama mosapitirira kanthu kukupitilizabe. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu IUCN International Red List yomwe ili pangozi. Komabe, ku Brazil, Mexico ndi Bolivia, amaloledwa kuwasaka ndi zoletsa zina.
