Kutchulidwa kwa tozi mu zikhalidwe zaku Europe nthawi zambiri kumakhala koipa. Chithunzicho chinali ndi zoyipa zaumunthu, zopangidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha zoyipa, nthawi zina zamatsenga zimadziwika. Chisotim'malo mwake, chimodzi mwazinthu zangwiro kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu, sizangochitika mwangozi, akatswiri amaswana nyama m'minda yam'munda, ndipo akatswiri ena amakhala panyumba.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe achule amasiyana kwambiri, popeza pali mitundu pafupifupi mazana atatu ya zamoyo zakuthambo. Koma pali zodziwika bwino zomwe zimakhala ndi amphibiya opanda mchira - mutu waukulu, miyendo yayifupi yoyikidwa m'mbali, mawonekedwe opanikizika a thupi lolemera.
Kutalika kwa thupi la tozi kumasiyanasiyana kuyambira kakang'ono kakang'ono ka 20 mm mpaka zimphona m'mabanja awo a 270 mm. Kulemera, motsatana, kuyambira magalamu 50 mpaka kilogalamu imodzi. Akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna, mosasamala mtundu wawo.
Amuna amatha kuzindikira ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa nuptial calluses. Ntchito yayikulu yamawonekedwe achikopa ndikumugwira wamkazi nthawi yobereka.
Lilime la amphibiya ndilopapatiza komanso lalitali. Chibwano chapamwamba chopanda mano. Chothandizira kumva chimapangidwa bwino. Chimodzi mwa amuna amphibiya ndi kupezeka kwa ovary ovary. Chifukwa cha izi, m'malo ena, kuwonekera kwapadera kwa zisoti kumawonetsedwa, pomwe amuna amatha kukhala wamkazi.
Mtundu wa amphibians uli ndi mitundu yosaoneka bwino, yomwe imawalola kuti azisakanikirana ndi chilengedwe. Brown, imvi-wakuda, matumba obiriwira obiriwira okhala ndi mawonekedwe amalo osiyanasiyana a geometry amadziwika ndi chovala chachidacho. Kupatulapo ndi anthu okhala m'maiko otentha, mtundu wa nyama yowoneka bwino ikuchenjeza za chikhalidwe chakupha cha amphibian.
Wamphibiya alibe nthiti. Khungu losiyana ndi ziphuphu zazikulu zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zowuma mpaka kukhudza. Ziphuphu za parotid zomwe zimapezeka m'mitundu yambiri zimatchedwa parotids. Ndi chithandizo chawo, achule amatulutsa chinsinsi chapadera chomwe chimateteza khungu kuti lisaume.
Mbali yachiwiri lagona pa limagwirira zoteteza - ntchofu mobisa mu mitundu yambiri ndi poizoni, zikuchokera lili alkaloid poizoni. Papanikizika toad okonzeka motere kuteteza adani.
Mafinya amakhala ndi kukoma kowotcha komanso kutengeka. Nyama zomwe zaluma amphibian zimakhala ndi poizoni. Kwa anthu, zikopa zazitetezo ndizabwino, koma kukhudzana kwa katulutsidwe ndi mamina kumatha kuyambitsa kutupa.
Mwina mbali imeneyi inali maziko a nthano za maonekedwe a njerewere atagwira chiswe. Kafukufuku wa asayansi awonetsa kuti palibe kulumikizana pakati pa amphibian ndi njerewere. Zitsamba zonse kupatula mitundu ya aha, mitundu yotentha, ndizabwino.
Podzitchinjiriza, amphibians kufufuma thupi pamaso pa mdani, kuuka ndi miyendo, kukula kukula. Kaimidwe koopseza kamapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kutenga. Nthawi zina amalumpha mwamphamvu kulimbana ndi adani.
Achichepere amapezeka ponseponse m'maiko onse. Palibe amphibians okha ku Arctic, Antarctic, Greenland. Ku Australia, komwe kunalibe amphibian m'mbuyomu, tozi wopha kwambiri, aga, adapangidwa mwanzeru.
Adani achilengedwe a amphibiya ndi mbalame zodya nyama, zokwawa, ndi ena okhala m'nkhalango. Toads sangathe kulimbana ndi adani ambiri - adokowe, ntchentche, ibises, hedgehogs, njoka. Kubereka kwakukulu kumawapulumutsa kuti asatheretu.
Kuledzera ndi zakudya zamtundu uliwonse zimaloleza kuti zitsamba zizigwiritsidwa ntchito "kuteteza" mbewu kuzirombo zosasangalatsa. M'mayiko ena, amatenga nawo gawo pofalitsa nyama zakuthambo ndi cholinga chotere. Chiwombankhanga chakutchire, adasamukira ku kanyumba kachilimwe, pamaso pa chakudya chokhazikika, amayamba mizu pamalo amodzi, amakhala ngati "mlonda" wakomweko.
Mitundu
Zambiri mitundu ya achule kukhazikika paliponse. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu ya amphibiya amakhala ku Eurasia. Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya zisoti zimapezeka ku Russia.
Chule wamba (imvi). Kukula kwa amphibiya, kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 13 cm, wofalikira, wodziwika kuposa mitundu ina. Mtunduwo umakhala wofiirira kwambiri, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda. M'munsimu muli utoto wachikaso, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Maso okhala ndi ana opingasa ndi owala lalanje.
Chulechi chimapezeka m'nkhalango zamitundumitundu, mabacteria, amakhala m'malo ouma okwera mamita 3000. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'minda yolimidwa kumene, m'mapaki, m'minda yamaluwa. Kuyandikana ndi munthu sikuwopseza zisoti, kumakhala nyumba zakale ngati pogona. Kuwonjezera Russia, wamba chuleyu amakhala ku Europe, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Chisoti chobiriwira. Mtundu wobisala ukuwoneka kuti wapangidwa ndi wojambulayo - mawanga akulu azitona akuda okhala ndi mzere wakuda m'malire amabalalika pamiyala. Kuphatikiza apo, timadontho tofiira tating'onoting'ono timamwazika pathupi lopunthwa. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 5-8.
Chifukwa chamiyendo yakumbuyo yosatukuka, amphibiya samadumpha, nthawi zambiri amayenda pang'onopang'ono. Pokhala, amasankha malo otseguka m'minda, madambo, mitsinje yamadzi osefukira. Zimapezeka kumtunda mpaka mamita 4500. Mapulasitiki okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amawonetsa kukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi zinthu zoyipa zachilengedwe.
Chiwombankhanga chakum'mawa. Ku Russia, amphibian amakhala ku Sakhalin, ku Transbaikalia. Mosiyana ndi abale ambiri, amakhala m'mabototope okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri - m'madambo osefukira, mitsinje yodzaza madzi. Ma tubercles akulu kumbuyo amakhala ndi ming'alu yaying'ono.
Mikwingwirima itatu yayitali yakuda yokongoletsa imakongoletsa chovala chachitsulocho; kumapeto kwake chimagawika m'malo osiyanasiyana osiyana. Mimba ndi yotuwa-chikasu ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 6-10 cm.
Chiwombankhanga cha ku Caucasus (Colchis). Mwa mitundu yomwe imakhala ku Russia, wamkulu amphibian - kutalika kwa thupi mpaka masentimita 15. Amapezeka kokha zigawo za Western Caucasus. Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zamapiri, m'munsi mwa mapiri.
Mtundu wakumtunda umachokera kumvi mpaka bulauni, mawanga sakuwonetsedwa bwino. Mimba ndi yopepuka kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusungidwa kwa malo okhala, kufalikira kwa mdani wamkulu - wamizeremizere.
Cholembera cha bango (chonunkha). Mtundu umasiyanasiyana pamtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira. Mzere wachikaso umadutsa kumbuyo. Imakhala ndi zotulutsa pakhosi zotukuka. Palibe mitsempha pamatendawa. Kukula kwake kumakhala kwakukulu - mpaka masentimita 8-9. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mphepete mwa matupi amadzi, madambo okwera, m'malo okhala ndi tchire lonyowa.
Chidole cha ku Mongolia. Khungu lolimbalimba la akazi lilibe minga; amuna ali ndi zida zaminga. Mtunduwo ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri - mawanga amtundu wofiirira wonyezimira wama geometry osiyanasiyana amakhala pamtunda wakuda-beige kumtunda. Mzere wopepuka umadutsa pakati pakatikati. Ziphuphu za ku Mongolia zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal, ku Buryatia. Kunja kwa Russia, imapezeka ku China, Mongolia, Korea, kumunsi kwa Tibet.
Mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya toad pali mitundu ya amphibiya yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona oimira amphibiya osowa m'malo osiyanasiyana kapena malo osungira nyama.
Kihansi woponya mivi. Malo okhala kachule kakang'ono kwambiri anali m'mbali mwa mtsinje wa Kihansi ku Tanzania. Ntchito yomanga dziwe idawononga chilengedwe cha amphibiya. Kusungidwa kwa zamoyozi kumathandizidwa kokha m'malo osungira nyama. Chidole pachithunzichi imamenyera ndi kuchepa - kukula sikupitilira ndalama za 5 rubles. Mtunduwo ndi wachikasu, mthunzi wa dzuwa.
Chiwombankhanga chamutu wa Pine. Mitunduyi imasungidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa United States. Makhalidwe, omwe akuwonetsedwa mu dzinalo, ndi kupezeka kwa kutupa kwakukulu kumbuyo kwa maso amphibiya. Anthu amakwanira mpaka 11 cm, utoto umasiyana ndimitundu yakuda, yobiriwira mpaka imvi-chikasu. Warts nthawi zambiri amakhala mthunzi umodzi wakuda kuposa mbiri yakale. Chulechi chimakhala pamiyala yamchenga, malo achipululu.
Chikhwawa cha kricket. Ili ndi kukula kocheperako, kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 3-3.5 okha. Mimba ndiyotapira. Mitunduyi imasungidwa ku Mexico.
Chidebe cha Blomberg. Kutalika kwa munthu wamkulu kumafika masentimita 25. Mitundu yosawerengeka yomwe ili pafupi kutha. Manambala ang'onoang'ono amapezeka kumadera otentha ku Colombia.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Chisoti - amphibian cholengedwa chomwe chimakhala makamaka kumtunda - kuchokera kugombe lamadambo mpaka kuzipululu zowuma. Matupi amadzi amakopa ambiri amphibiya panthawi yoswana kuti ayikire mazira awo. Mitundu ina, mwachitsanzo, Anzonia, imakhala yopanda madzi, ndipo pali zitsamba zamitengo zomwe zimakhala pamitengo.
Amakonda kukhala payekhapayekha, amasonkhana m'magulu ndi chakudya chochuluka, munyengo yokhwima. Zochita za amphibiya zimawonetsedwa usiku; masana, zisoti zimabisala m'malo obisika - pakati pamiyala, malo obowolera nyama, ziphuphu zadothi pakati pa mizu ya zomera.
Kunja kukuchita mitambo, achule amatha kupezeka masana. Kuyandikira kwa munthu sikuwasokoneza, amatha kulowa m'nyumba, zipinda zapansi. M'madera owunikiridwa ndi magetsi usiku, achulewo amasonkhana kusaka - kuti agwire tizilombo.
Zima chule wakuthengo imathera ku hibernation, momwe imalowera ikatentha, 6-8 ° C. Kutalika kwake ndi masiku pafupifupi 150. Malo obisika a toad ndi osiyana, kutengera nyengo - pansi pamasamba ogwa, mabowo akuya, ma voids, ming'alu yamiyala, nyumba zosiyidwa. Amabisala osakwatira kapena m'magulu. Kudzuka kumachitika pamene mpweya umawotha mpaka 8-10 ° C, madzi 3-5 ° C.
Zakudya zabwino
Chulechi chimasaka ndi kudya pansi. Zakudya zambiri zimakhala ndi tizilombo, nyama zadothi - mphutsi, akangaude, nyongolotsi, millipedes, slugs. Molluscs, nsomba mwachangu, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, abuluzi amawonjezera zakudya zosiyanasiyana.
Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ta m'munda, kuphatikiza kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata, ndizomwe zimasakidwa ndi tozi. Amphibians amachita ndi gulu la omwe achitiridwa nkhanza, akuukira omwe abisalira. Kwa wamaluwa ndi wamaluwa, zisoti zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri, kuteteza kwachilengedwe kwa zomera.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Njira zoberekera achule amitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana. Manyowa akunja amapezeka mwa amphibiya ambiri. Amuna amaberekanso mawu akuitanidwa mothandizidwa ndi resonator yapadera. Matumba amawu amitundu yosiyanasiyana amapezeka kuseri kwa makutu kapena kukhosi kwa amphibiya. Akazi amawoneka poyitana amuna pafupi ndi malo osungira. Amphibians amabala m'madzi oyenda kapena amadzi.
Kukumbatirana kwa amuna sikusankha kotero kuti kupatula akazi nthawi zina amatenga tchipisi ndi nsomba. Pambuyo pa umuna, mkazi amaikira mazira masauzande, kuyambira mazira 1,500 mpaka 7,000, olumikizidwa ndi zingwe zazitali za ntchofu. Amaluka zomera zam'madzi, zimafalikira pansi pamadzi. Kutalika kwa zingwe ndi ma 8-10 mita. Atamaliza kubereka, achule amabwerera kumtunda.
Kukula kwa mluza kumatenga masiku 5 mpaka 20, nthawi zina mpaka miyezi iwiri, kutengera kutentha kwa posungira. Kenako mphutsi zimawoneka, zomwe zimakula pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Kunja, zimawoneka ngati nsomba zachangu, popeza alibe miyendo.
Mphutsi iliyonse imasanduka chidole, kukula kwake mpaka 40% ya amphibian wamkulu. Ndiye wachichepere mphonje wopanda mchira. Pambuyo pomaliza kusintha, achinyamatawo achoka posungira ndikutuluka pamtunda. Kuyenda kwa zisoti m'mbali mwa gombe kumachitika usana ndi usiku, motero zimatha kuwonedwa pagululi. Amphibian amakula msinkhu wazaka 2-4.
Ku Europe, pali mitundu ya achule komwe kwamwamuna kumakhala ndi udindo wosamalira ana. Cholinga chake ndikukhala mumtsinje wokhala ndi nthiti za mazira pamapazi ake mpaka ana amphaka amaswa. Ku Africa, pali mphonje yosowa yomwe imabala ana pafupifupi miyezi 9.
Kusunga toad kunyumba
Osadzitamandira amphibiyani akhala otchuka pakusunga nyumba kumadera akutali. Ma aquariums opingasa okhala ndi amphibiya amayikidwa m'malo amithunzi, kutali ndi phokoso lalikulu. Dothi lokulitsidwa, miyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dothi, pogona, pogona, dziwe laling'ono kuchokera pachidebe chokhala ndi madzi.
Chilakolako cha achule nthawi zonse chimakhala chabwino kwambiri. Ali mu ukapolo, chakudya chawo nthawi zambiri chimakhala slugs, mphemvu, crickets, chakudya chapadera kuchokera ku malo ogulitsira ziweto. Kwa anthu okhala mu terrarium, kufunikira kwa kuyenda kwa nyama ndikofunikira, chifukwa chake zitsamba zazikulu zimakonda mbewa, makoswe, anapiye, achule. Amphibians amagwidwa ndi lilime lokakamira, ndi zinthu zazikulu ndi nsagwada zawo.
Ziweto zina zimawetedwa kotero kuti zimatenga chakudya m'manja mwa mwini wake. Chule kunyumba ndizoyenera, zimakhala kwanthawi yayitali, zimakondweretsa eni ake kwazaka zambiri. Kutengera mtunduwo, zaka 25-30 si malire a amphibiya. Wolemba mbiri pakati pa azaka zana anali toad wazaka 40.
Kodi tozi asiyana bwanji ndi chule
Kufanana kwakunja, mawonekedwe ofala a zolengedwa zamagazi ndi zifukwa zomwe achule ndi achule amasokonezeka. Kusiyana pakati pawo kumawoneka mthupi, zizolowezi, malo okhala. Mphamvu yakubala achule ndiyokwera kwambiri.
Achule, mosiyana ndi achule, zolengedwa zodumpha, amatha kusambira bwino. Miyendo yaifupi ya zisoti sawalola kuti azitha kuthamanga, chifukwa chake ndi oyenda pansi osadukiza. Khungu la achule ndi losalala, lopanda timabampu, lofanana ndi toles.
Sichifuna chinyezi, mosiyana ndi malo owuma ndi keratinized a matumbawa. Achule amatha kuwonedwa nthawi zonse ndi dziwe, achule ndi okhala kumtunda. Kwa ambiri, achule ndi achule sakonda. Koma kafukufuku wa anthu awo akuwulula zabwino zambiri posunga zachilengedwe.
