Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Anthu amatauni amakono satha kuzindikira ndi kusiyanitsa mbalame zambiri zazing'ono zaku Russia - aliyense amadziwa mpheta ndi mawere okha.
Pakadali pano pali mbalame zazing'ono zambiri, zomwe pamiyeso yoyenerera amatchedwa "kukula kwa mpheta" kapena "wocheperako pang'ono kuposa mpheta", m'nkhalango ndi minda yaku Russia. Imodzi mwa mbalame zodziwika bwino, koma zosadziwika bwino - yurok (kapena reel).
Kwenikweni, dzina la mbalameyi ndi yasayansi kwambiri: mbalameyi ndi ya mbalame zazinyama, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo. Iliyonse yamtunduwu imatchedwa finch kuphatikiza tanthauzo lina, mwachitsanzo, "alpine finch", "Himalayan finch" ndi zina zotero.
Yurk amatchedwa mbalame yodziwika bwino komanso yodziwika bwino ku Europe ndi Russia. Popeza zokambiranazi zipitilira za izi, tigwiritsanso ntchito dzinali.
Dzina lachilatini la Yurka ndi Fringilla montifringilla, lomwe lingamasuliridwe kuti "mapiri omalizira". Izi ndizabwino kwambiri: yurok ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa finch, komanso, oimira ambiri pabanjali amakonda kukhala kumapiri.
Ngakhale adazindikira pang'ono, yurok - mbalame wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Msana, mchira wakumtunda ndi kumtunda kwa mutu wa mbalamezi ndi zakuda, pafupifupi zakuda, mimba ndi mikwingwirima pamchira ndi yoyera, ndipo chifuwa ndi mapewa ndi ocher wachikuda kapena lalanje.
Pamapiko, mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yalanje yofiira yokhala ndi zolemba zoyera imasinthasintha. Amuna okhwima azaka zopitilira 3 ali ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri, makamaka nthawi yotentha: amakhala ndi malalanje, akuda ndi oyera nthenga zomwe zimadzaza ndikupanga mawanga osiyanasiyana. Amuna ndi akazi achichepere amawoneka ofiira, mawanga amtundu sakuwonetsedwa bwino ndipo amayenda bwinobwino.
M'nyengo yozizira, amuna akulu nawonso amafota pang'ono. Kukula kwa bristle sikusiyana ndi mpheta: kutalika kwa mbalame ndi 14 - 16 cm, kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 25 g.Malamulo a nthambi ndiochulukirapo, thupi limazunguliridwa, koma mchira ndiwotalikirapo pang'ono kuposa wopitilira.
Kunja, chaffinch imawoneka ngati brisket. Ndikosavuta makamaka kusokoneza mbalamezi chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri zimapanga magulu osakanikirana omwe mitundu yonseyi imakhalapo. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa amuna achikulire a brisket kuchokera kumapeto, popeza kulibe mtundu wowala wonyezimira m'mapiko ake. Zazimuna ndi zazimuna zazimuna zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mutu wakuda kwambiri (wopanda masaya ofiira ndi kapu yokhala ndi ubweya wabuluu, mawonekedwe a mbalamezi).
Kuyimba Yurk osati euphonic kwambiri. Sapereka ma roulade ataliatali, mawu ake ndiwosokonekera komanso okhwima. Kufalitsa izi m'makalata, monga momwe zimachitikira, ndi ntchito yosayamika. Nthawi zambiri, yurok imasindikiza kulira kwachizolowezi kwa mbalame zazing'ono, kapena kulira (kofanana ndi ziwala, koma modzidzimutsa).
Mitundu
Kwenikweni, yurok kapena finch ndi mtundu wosiyana komanso wosakhalitsa womwe umasinthabe m'malo mwake. Koma pali mbalame zambiri padziko lapansi, ngakhale sizinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndikutuluka kwenikweni. M'dera la Russia, kuwonjezera pa izi, pali:
- Mapiko a Siberia, kapena Siberia, omwe, monga dzina limanenera, amakhala ku Siberia ndi Far East. Sichikuwoneka chowala kwambiri kodi mbalame ya yurok imawoneka bwanji: mdima kwambiri, wopanda lalanje pachifuwa. Mbalameyo imakulanso pang'ono.
- Mapiri a Alpine, kapena matalala, kumapeto - ku Russia amatha kuwona ku Caucasus ndi Altai kokha. Mtunduwo ndi wakuda imvi, wopanda mawanga a lalanje.
- Zomangamanga za Himalaya ndizofanana ndi Alpine finch, koma ku Russia ndizocheperako: mtundu wake umakhudza dziko lathu kumapeto kwenikweni, ku Altai Territory.
- Mbalame zachifumu, kapena korolkovy, mwina ndi zokongola kwambiri pazinyama zonse zapakhomo. Ndi yaying'ono kwambiri (yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mpheta), koma ndizosatheka kuzizindikira: chipewa chofiira pamutu pake chimawoneka mumdima, pafupifupi nthenga zakuda, zomwe mbalameyi imadziwika nayo. Ku Russia, mbalameyi imapezeka ku North Caucasus, Stavropol Territory komanso kumwera kwa Krasnodar Territory.
Mitundu ina ya mbalame, mu dzina lovomerezeka lomwe pali mawu oti "finch", amakhala kumwera kwa Russia. Amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse ku Asia, Africa ndi America, komanso pazilumba zambiri za World Ocean. Mwina yotchuka kwambiri ndi mbalame za Galapagos, zomwe zimapezeka kuzilumba zakumadzulo kwa South America.
Asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu 13 ya mbalame za Galapagos. Amachokera kwa kholo limodzi, koma, atadzipeza okha atakhala pachilumbachi, adadziwa zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana ndikupeza luso loyenera: tsopano mbalamezi zimasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe a milomo yawo, kutengera mtundu wa zakudya zawo komanso zizolowezi zopezera chakudya.
Kuwona mbalame za Galapagos chinali chimodzi mwazomwe zidatsogolera Charles Darwin kuti apange lingaliro lake lodziwika bwino lakusankha kwachilengedwe pachiyambi cha zamoyo.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Yurok yafala ku Russia - kuchokera ku Baltic kupita ku Kamchatka. Dera lake limagwirizana kwenikweni ndi lamba wa nkhalango ku Russia. Mbalameyi imatha kudziwa nkhalango zowirira komanso zowuma, koma, ngati zingatheke, imakonda nkhalango zowirira, makamaka birch.
Moyo wa yurk ndiwofanana ndi kambalame kakang'ono ka m'nkhalango. Koposa zonse, amakonda nkhalango m'mphepete mwa tchire komanso dzuwa lambiri. Mbalameyi imadzidalira ikakhala mlengalenga (kuwuluka kwa yurk kumakhala kothamanga, kosavuta kuyendetsa, ndipo kumayendanso pang'ono ndikusinthasintha kwakanthawi kochepa ndikumagwetsa mapiko ndikuwuluka pang'ono), pansi (mosiyana ndi mpheta, yurk imangoyenda osati kudumpha kokha, komanso sitepe yothamanga).
Mwachilengedwe, ziphuphu zimapezeka palimodzi komanso pagulu. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ziweto zotere sizingakhale nkhuku zokha, komanso mbalame zofananira kwambiri monga izo - mwachitsanzo, mbalame, ndipo nthawi zina mpheta kapena mawere.
Koma, malinga ndi ndemanga za iwo omwe amakonda kusunga mbalame za nyimbo, ali mu ukapolo, yurok nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsutsana ndipo imatha kukhala yankhanza kwa mbalame zina - makamaka ikasungidwa m'malo osungidwa a khola (chifukwa chazolowera kutulutsa nthenga za oyandikana nawo pankhondo, birder amatcha yurka "wometa tsitsi").
Chikhalidwe chosachedwa kupsa mtima sichimalola kuti chiwombankhanga chipirire zovuta komanso kuyenda kocheperako. Mbalamezi zimakonda kusamba kapena kukonza malo osambira mchenga.
Wintering yurok mbalame kapena osamuka? M'malo mwake, ndiwosamukira komweko, koma sizimapanga maulendo ataliatali makamaka: nyengo yozizira ikayamba, gulu lankhaninkhani limakhamukira m'magulu akulu ndikusamukira kumalire akumwera kwa magawo awo ndikupitilira kumwera kwa Europe, Turkey, Central Asia, China ndi Korea.
Kumalire akumwera kwa nkhalango, magulu ena amilandu amatha kukhala m'nyengo yonse yozizira. Tawonani kuti zomwe zanenedwa zimatanthawuza makamaka kutulutsa kwenikweni. Mbalame zambiri za mbalame zamtchire sizisonyeza kusamuka.
Zakudya zabwino
Ndikosavuta kuyerekezera kuchokera pamlomo wowonda, wakuthwa kuti mbalameyi imakonda kudya. Imatha kugwira nyama mlengalenga, ndikupangitsa kuti nthawi zina iziyenda mozungulira poyesa kuwuluka, koma nthawi zambiri imakonda kudya pansi kapena m'nkhalango. Masomphenya akuthwa amakulolani kuti mupeze molimba mtima nyama ngakhale muudzu wandiweyani, ndipo miyendo yopangidwa bwino imakulolani kuti muwulande mwachangu.
Komabe, kudyetsa bristle ndi chakudya cha nyama sikuchepera. Mu zakudya zake mulinso mbewu zosiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza tirigu, kugwiriridwa komanso mapulo ndi phulusa), ndi masamba. Ngati ndi kotheka, Yurok amasangalala ndi mbewu za mpendadzuwa, tirigu ndi rye mosangalala.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sinatchulidwepo pakati pa mbalame - tizirombo ta mbewu zaulimi: imangoyang'anabe tizilombo ndi tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono, ndipo mwinanso mwamaganizidwe chabe, sizimabweretsa mavuto kuulimi kuposa zabwino.
Ambiri okonda mbalame zomwe amasunga kachasu mu ukapolo amazindikira kudzichepetsa pakudya. Amatha kukhala opanda tiziromboti ngati mungamupatse chimanga, mtedza ndi chakudya chobiriwira chokwanira.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Nthawi yoswana ya Yurks imayamba atangobwerera kuchokera kuzizira - kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Mbalame zimakhala zokhazokha kwa nyengo imodzi; Kaya okwatirana omwe amapangidwa mchaka nthawi zonse amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake moyo wawo wonse, akatswiri azakuthambo satsimikiza.
M'nyengo yokwatirana, champhongo chachimuna chimakhala ndi mtundu wowala kwambiri. Izi ndizosavuta kutsimikizira ngakhale pa zitsanzo za momwe mbalame zosiyanasiyana zimawonekera pazithunzi pa intaneti: ngati yurok pachithunzichi wokongola kwambiri, ndi nthenga zosiyana - zikutanthauza kuti anajambulidwa kumapeto kwa masika - theka loyamba la chilimwe; ngati chikuwoneka chazimiririka, ndi wamkazi kapena wamwamuna pambuyo pa kusungunuka kwa Ogasiti.
Akatswiri amadziwa kuti mbalamezi zimasankha mosamala malo oti zizikhalira. Chisa cha Yurk imapezeka nthawi zonse mu tchire kapena mu chisoti cha mtengo, koma patali ndi thunthu ndi mbali yakunja ya korona.
Chifukwa cha chilombochi, ndizovuta kuzizindikira komanso zovuta kuzifikira. Mtunda wochokera pansi nthawi zambiri umakhala mita 2 mpaka 5, koma m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, chisa chimatha kukhala chotsikitsitsa.
Chisa chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a dengu ndipo chimaluka kuchokera ku mapesi a udzu wouma ndi moss. Zomangamanga nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi akazi. Akufungatira mazira. Komabe, yamphongo nthawi zonse imakhala pafupi ndipo imachita nawo ntchito yoteteza ndi kudyetsa anapiye akaaswa.
Clutch - kuyambira 3 mpaka 6, nthawi zina mpaka mazira 7 amtundu wabuluu wobiriwira okhala ndi timitsotso tating'ono. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi masiku 12. Yurka anapiye wamaswa wokutidwa ndi fluff ndipo alibe chochita, koma amakula mwachangu ndipo amasiya chisa ali kale pakatha milungu iwiri.
Makolo amawadyetsa makamaka chakudya cha nyama - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, akangaude ndi mphutsi. Ma yurks achichepere amayamba moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha ali ndi zaka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kapena kupitirirapo - pofika kumapeto kwa Juni.
Pambuyo pa ana oyamba kuukitsa bwinobwino, makolo awo amatha kuchita chachiwiri - amakhalabe ndi nthawi yokwanira yoyamwitsa mazira ndikulera ana. Koma sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri mkazi amatenga chingwe chachiwiri pokhapokha chisa choyamba chitawonongedwa ndi zolusa kapena kuwukira kwa anthu.
Mwachilengedwe, kutalika kwa moyo wa brisket, monganso mbalame zina zoyimba, kumachepetsedwa ndi zinthu zakunja: mbalame zambiri, makamaka zazing'ono komanso zosadziwa zambiri, zimakonda nyama zolusa zomwe zili mchaka choyamba chamoyo.
Mwachiwonekere, pafupifupi, zitsamba zakutchire zimakhala zaka 3-5, osapitilira. Ali mu ukapolo, womasulidwa kuzowopsa zachilengedwe, mosamala, brisket atha kukhala zaka 15, ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, kupitilira apo. Mbalameyo imafika pamsinkhu wathunthu komanso nthawi yazaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu, ngakhale ana amatha kubala atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi.
Yurok ndi imodzi mwazokongoletsa zenizeni za avifauna, mbalame yopanda vuto, yowala komanso yosangalatsa pamakhalidwe ake. Iyenera kukhala ndi malingaliro osamala komanso aulemu - makamaka munthawi ya chisa, chifukwa chifukwa choopa, mbalame yomwe yathamangitsidwa pachisa sichingabwererenso.
