Ma cicadas wamba - ngakhale ali ndi dzina ili, ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala mwa hemiptera (Latin Lyristes plebejus). Amalumikizidwa ndi mabanja omwe amaimba cicadas kapena weniweni (Cicadidae), komanso timitengo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, tindalama tating'onoting'ono, zopindika zomwe zimakhazikitsanso gawo lonselo.
Nyimbo zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo, zimawonetsedwa pazithunzi, zikopa zamiyala. Ndiotchuka padziko lonse lapansi kotero kuti panali ngakhale mndandanda wa anime "Cicadas akuliraยป.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mu ma cicadas ambiri, kutalika kwa thupi sikuposa 36 mm, ndipo ngati kuyesedwa ndi mapiko opindidwa, ndiye pafupifupi 50 mm. Antenna omwe ali ndi flagellum, nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa. Pansi pansi pa ntchafu zakutsogolo ndizokongoletsedwa ndi mano awiri akulu.
Pamutu pa nyimboyo cicadas, pakati pa maso akulu, pali maso atatu osavuta. Chombocho ndi chachitali ndipo chimatha kuphimba kutalika konse kwa chifuwa.
Amuna ali ndi zida zopanga bwino zopanga phokoso lalikulu. Pakati pa nyengo yokhwima, yomwe imatha kukhala milungu ingapo, kuyimba kwaphokoso kwawo kumafanana ndi phokoso la sitima yomwe ikudutsa munjanji ndipo imafotokozedwa mu 100-120 dB, yomwe imalola kuti tizitcha tizilombo tolira kwambiri padziko lathuli. Mtundu wa cicadas wamba umakhala wakuda kapena imvi; mutu ndi dorsum yakutsogolo imakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe achikaso.
Nthawi zambiri mphutsi sizipitilira mamilimita 5 kukula ndipo sizimawoneka ngati makolo awo. Ali ndi zikhomo zamphamvu zakutsogolo zomwe amakumba pansi kuti azibisala kuyambira nthawi yozizira ndikupitilira patsogolo kupita ku nymph. Amadziwika ndi thupi lowala, koma mtundu wake umadalira mitundu ndi malo okhala.
Zima cicada palibe wamkulu - chifukwa choti amakhala ndi moyo pang'ono, anthu omwe adapulumuka kusintha kwamatsenga amafa ngakhale chipale chofewa chisanachitike. Ndi mphutsi zokha, zobowola pansi, ndipo nyongolotsi, kudikirira masiku ofunda kuti abwere kuti ayambe kuphunzira, zimatsalira.
Chifukwa chake, tidzangolankhula za mphutsi zokha. Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Crimea imadziwika kuti ndi malo okhala cicada wamba. Komanso, tizilombo timafala kwambiri m'chigawo cha Caucasus komanso ku Transcaucasus.
Mitundu
Ma cicadas opatsa chidwi kwambiri amatha kutchedwa Royal (Potponia imperatoria), yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwake kwa thupi ndi 65 mm, ndipo mapiko ake ndi 217 mm. Zimphona izi zimapezeka kudera la Peninsular Malaysia ndi Singapore.
Mitundu yazinthu zachifumu imafanana ndi khungwa la mtengo, pomwe cicada ya tizilombo ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mapiko owonekera samawononganso kubisala, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuwona nyama yayikulu chonchi.
Kuyimba kwa cicadas ndikotchuka kumadera okhala ndi nyengo zotentha komanso zachinyezi. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi mitundu 1,500 imapezeka m'malo otentha. Ku Ulaya, mitundu 18 ya tizilomboti ndi yofala. Ena a iwo ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Cicadas ndi nzika zokhazikika osati ku Eurasia, Indonesia kokha, komanso malo ena, motsatana, mitundu yawo ndiyosiyana:
1. Cicada wobiriwira... Ili paliponse ku China, Kazakhstan, United States, zigawo zambiri za Russian Federation komanso m'maiko ambiri aku Western Europe. Amakhala makamaka m'malo achithaphwi, m'madzi osefukira kapena malo onyowa, momwe udzu ndi zokoma zambiri zimakula. Mapikowo ndi obiriwira, thupi ndi lachikasu, ndipo pamimba pamakhala buluu. Amaonedwa kuti ndi tizilombo. Mbewu zimakhudzidwa makamaka ndi cicadas wobiriwira.
2. Cicada woyera - chitsulo kapena zipatso. Imakhala yaimvi ndi utoto woyera, kutalika kwake sikuposa 9 mm, tizilombo, limodzi ndi mapiko, timakhala tating'ono. Chimawoneka ngati dontho, chimawoneka ngati njenjete yaying'ono.
Ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti maluwa amphumphu omwe amapezeka pazomera mkatikati mwa masika ndi mphutsi zamoyo zomwe zimawononga mbewu zaulimi.
3. Buffalo cicada kapena humpback cicada... Pamwamba pamutu pawo pali mtundu wokula womwe unapatsa dzinali mtundu. Imawuma pamitengo yobiriwira ya mphesa, momwe imabisala mazira, ikadula khungwa la mphukira ndi ovipositor, yomwe imayambitsa kufa kwa zimayambira zowonongeka.
4. Cicada wamapiri... Kugawidwa ku China, USA, Turkey, Palestine, kumakhalanso ambiri ku Far East ndi kumwera kwa Siberia. Thupi lake lili pafupifupi 2.5 cm, lalitali kwambiri, pafupifupi lakuda, mapiko ake ndi owonda komanso owonekera.
5. Phulusa cicada... Ndi theka kukula kwa wamba. Akatswiri a tizilombo amati ndi banja loimba. Dzinalo limachokera pamtengo wa manna, womwe nthambi zake zidasankhidwa ndi tizilombo kuti tiikire mazira. Kukula kwa thupi lazinthu zina kumafika 28 mm, mapiko ake mpaka 70 mm.
Pamimba wandiweyani, wowonekera bwino, zigawo zofiira ndi tsitsi laling'ono zimawoneka bwino. Pali mawanga abulauni pamitsempha ndi pamwamba pa mapiko. Amadyetsa zipatso zokha, zomwe zimachokera ku zomera, nthambi zazing'ono za zitsamba. Amakonda azitona, bulugamu, mphesa.
Ma cicadas apadera (Magicicada) ochokera ku North America, omwe amakhala zaka 13 ndi 17, amatchedwanso oimba. Amasiyana chifukwa amabadwanso mwamphamvu kukhala akulu. Tizilombo nthawi zina timapatsidwa dzina lotchulidwira - "dzombe la zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri". Koma alibe chochita ndi dzombe.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Akuluakulu cicadas m'chilimwe anakwawa kuchokera pansi ndikutulutsa khungwa la timitengo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi chotsekemera. Kenako amabisala pansi pake. Mphutsi zomwe zimabadwa zimagwera pansi, zimaluma ndikulimba kwake, ndikupitiliza kukula kwake kupitirira mita.
Amaluma kudzera muzu wa mitengo ndikudya msipu wake. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi thupi lowala, losawoneka bwino, poyamba loyera, ndipo pambuyo pake zimakhala zopindika, zokhala ndi tinyanga totalika komanso miyendo yamphamvu yakutsogolo. Amatha zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi ali mink yawo, pafupifupi mpaka atakula, ndipo asanakwane amasintha.
Cicada m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zonse imadzibisa yokha komanso yozizira. Pakadali pano, mphutsi imayamba ndikusintha kukhala nymph, ndipo ikatha kutentha kwadothi, imatuluka ndikuyamba kukumba zipinda zazing'ono zophunzirira.
Anthu ambiri amamva phokoso lomwe ma cicada amapanga patali mpaka 900 m, popeza mphamvu yamatayala awo achikondi imafika pa 120 dB. Amuna "amayimba" mokweza kwambiri - amayitanitsa anzawo mtsogolo motere ndikuwapatsa chithunzi choyenera.
Nthawi zina cicada phokoso imayamba kufanana ndi kusadina kapena kulira, koma kulira kwa macheka ozungulira. Pofuna kuthyola mokweza, amagwiritsa ntchito minofu ina, mothandizidwa nayo pazitsulo - zingwe ziwiri (ziwalo za timbal).
Phokoso lamphamvu lomwe likuwoneka pano likukulitsidwa ndi kamera yapadera. Amagwiranso nawo ntchito limodzi nawo. Zikuwoneka bwino cicada pachithunzichi, komwe mungapende mawonekedwe ake mwatsatanetsatane.
Akazi amatha kupanganso mawu, koma samaimba kawirikawiri komanso mwakachetechete, nthawi zina ngakhale kwambiri kotero kuti mawuwo sadziwika m'khutu la munthu. Nthawi zina cicadas amasonkhana m'magulu akulu ndiyeno phokoso lomwe tizilombo timatulutsa silimalola nyama zolusa zomwe zimafuna kulawa chokoma kuti ziziwayandikire.
Komabe, ndizovuta kugwira ma cicadas popeza amatha kuwuluka. Nthawi yamvula kapena yamvula, cicadas sagwira ntchito ndipo makamaka amanyazi. Nthawi yotentha imakhala yolimbikira.
Zakudya zabwino
Kupatsa thanzi kwa cicadas ndikuti m'maiko ambiri amawerengedwa ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Minda yamphesa, zomera m'munda ndi mitengo zimavutika ndi kuwukira kwawo. Ma cicadas akuluakulu amawononga zimayambira, nthambi, masamba ndi proboscis yawo, kutulutsa madziwo.
Akakhuta, amachotsedwa, ndipo chinyezi chopatsa moyo chimapitilira "chilondacho", pang'onopang'ono chimasanduka mana - chinthu chomata chotsekemera (utomoni wamankhwala). Mphutsi za Cicada zomwe zimakhala m'nthaka zimawononga mizu, chifukwa zimayamwa madzi kuchokera mmenemo. Kukula kwangozi yawo kubzala mbewu sikunakhazikitsidwe.
Chifukwa cha milomo yawo yamphamvu, ma cicadas amatha "kuyamwa" ndikuwononga ngakhale ziwalo zazomera zomwe zili mkati. Zotsatira zake, zitatha zakudya zotere, mbewu zimatha kufa. M'madera olima omwe ali ndi ma cicadas ambiri, nthawi zambiri alimi amati kukolola kwatsika. Onse mphutsi ndi akulu akhoza kukhala owopsa.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Amuna, kuyitana abwenzi awo, nthawi zambiri amalira nthawi yotentha kwambiri masana. Amafuna mphamvu zambiri pa izi, zomwe amadzazanso molunjika kuchokera kutentha kwa dzuwa. Koma mitundu ina, posachedwapa, ikuyesera kuti isakope nyama zolusa ndikuyamba serenades madzulo, madzulo.
Amuna amayesa kusankha malo amdima ngakhale masana. Platypleura cicadas adazolowera makamaka izi, adziwa kutentha thupi ndipo amatha kudziwotha, amafinya minofu yomwe akuuluka nayo.
Kukopa azimayi okondeka, ma cicadas achimuna kumwera kwa United States ayamba kupanga phokoso, mwina kukukumbutsa likhweru la sitima yapamtunda. Kuswana cicadas zimachitika modabwitsa pamitundu yambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikangomupatsa feteleza, timamwalira nthawi yomweyo.
Koma akazi amayenerabe kuikira mazira. Amatha kukhala ndi mazira kuchokera pa 400 mpaka 900 m'modzi woikira dzira limodzi. Kuphatikiza pa khungwa ndi zimayambira, mazira amatha kubisidwa bwino mumizu ya zomera, nthawi zambiri m'nthawi yachisanu, zovunda.
Pafupifupi, tizilombo tambiri todziwika ndi moyo wautali; amaloledwa kukhala patchuthi osapitirira milungu itatu kapena inayi. Pali nthawi yokwanira yoti mupeze wokondedwa ndi kuikira mazira, omwe amabisika ndi akazi pansi pa khungwa, m'masamba a masamba, mumitengo yobiriwira yazomera.
Ndi zonyezimira, zoyera poyamba, kenako zimada. Dzira limakhala pafupifupi 2.5 mm kutalika ndi 0.5 mm mulifupi. Pambuyo masiku 30-40, mphutsi ziyamba kuonekera.
Malongosoledwe azikhalidwe za cicadas zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kwa asayansi-entomologists komanso okonda zachilengedwe zokha. Mphutsi za ma cicadas apadera akhala ali mobisa kwazaka zambiri, kuchuluka kwake kumafanana ndi mzere woyamba wa ma primes - 1, 3, 5, 7 ndi ena ambiri.
Amadziwika kuti mbozi imeneyi imakhala zaka zosaposa 17. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi imawerengedwa kuti ndi mbiri ya tizilombo. Kenako, poyembekezera kusintha kwamankhwala, cicada (nymph) yamtsogolo imatuluka mdziko lakelo lokoma ndikusintha. Phiri la cicada silikhala zaka zopitilira 2, cicada wamba kawiri kuposa zaka 4.
Mapeto
Cicadas amadya ndi anthu akumayiko aku Africa ndi Asia, amadya mosangalala kumadera ena aku Australia ndi USA. Zimakhala zokoma komanso zokazinga. Amakhala ndi mapuloteni mpaka 40% ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi ma calories ochepa. Kukoma kwawo, kophika, kumafanana pang'ono ndi kukoma kwa mbatata, pang'ono ngati katsitsumzukwa.
Cicada ndi nyama yachilengedwe ya nyama zazing'ono ndi tizilombo tambiri. Amachita mbali yofunikira posamalira zachilengedwe. Mavu apansi amasangalala kudyetsa mphutsi zawo nawo. Nthawi yakuberekera ikafika ndipo ma cicadas masauzande ambiri atuluka m'manda awo, ambiri amakhala nyama zolusa monga nkhandwe ndi mbalame, chifukwa zina mwa izi ndi njira yokhayo yopulumukira.
Akuluakulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asodzi ngati nyambo chifukwa chakuti amakopa nsomba ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba ndi mapiko awo olimba. Chifukwa chake, cicada m'manja mwa munthu wodziwa bwino nthawi zonse imamupatsa mwayi.
Ma Cicadas alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu, ndi chiwembu chokha chomwe chitha kukhudzidwa. Zikakhala kuthengo, cicadas ndiwofunika ngati njira yopulumutsira nyama zazing'onoting'ono, kwa anthu ndi tizirombo tokha tosavuta tomwe timakhala ndi poizoni wa mankhwala. Komabe, izi sizilepheretsa anthu ena kuti azisilira kulira kwawo kwamphamvu panthawi yopangira.
