Nightjar - mbalame yokhala ndi dzina lolakwika
Kalekale panali nthano pakati pa abusa kuti mbalame imawulukira kukadyetsa nkhosa madzulo ndi mkaka wa mbuzi ndi ng'ombe. Anatchedwa Caprimulgus. Zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "mbalame yoyamwa mbuzi" potanthauzira. Pano chifukwa chiyani amatchedwa usiku.
Kuphatikiza pa dzina lachilendo, kulira kosazolowereka ndichikhalidwe cha mbalameyi. Zotsatira zake, cholengedwa chovulacho chidakhala ndi mbiri yoipa. Mu Middle Ages, amamuganiziranso zaufiti.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mbalameyi ili ndi mayina ena ambiri. Ichi ndi mphamba usiku, kadzidzi usiku, osagona. Iwo amasonyeza mbali yaikulu - ndi mbalame usiku.Nightjar - mbalame kukula pang'ono. Kulemera kwake ndi 60-100 g, kutalika kwa thupi ndi 25-32 cm, mapiko athunthu amafikira 50-60 cm.
Mapiko ndi mchira amapatsidwa nthenga zazitali, zopapatiza. Amapereka ndege zoyendetsedwa bwino, mwachangu komanso mwakachetechete. Thupi lokhalitsa limakhala ndi miyendo yayifupi, yofooka - mbalameyo sakonda kuyenda pansi. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wotuwa kwambiri ndi zigamba zakuda, zoyera ndi zofiirira.
Ma Nightjar amayenda mosunthika kuyambira phazi mpaka phazi, ngati chidole chotchingira wotchi
Chigaza ndi chaching'ono, chophwatalala. Maso ndi akulu. Mlomo ndi waufupi komanso wopepuka. Mdulidwe wa mlomo ndi waukulu, pansi pamutu. Zipilala zimapezeka kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mlomo, zomwe ndi msampha wa tizilombo. Chifukwa cha ichi, wina wowonjezedwa m'mayina ambiri: usikujar setkonos.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndizobisika. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala okulirapo pang'ono. Palibe pafupifupi kusiyana kwamtundu. Yamphongo ili ndi mawanga oyera kumapeto kwa mapiko. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi mwayi wolankhula zakachetechete usiku.
Kufuula kwa usiku sangatchedwe nyimbo. M'malo mwake, imafanana ndi phokoso, phokoso likumveka mokweza. Nthawi zina imasokonezedwa ndi mluzu. Yaimuna imayamba kuyimba ikubwerako m'nyengo yozizira. Dzuwa likulowa, amakhazikika pamtengo ndipo anayamba kubangula. M'bandakucha kuyimba kumatha. Dzinja limadula nyimbo ya nightjar mpaka nyengo yotsatira yoswana.
Mverani liwu la usiku
Mitundu
Mtundu wa Nightjars (dzina lamtundu: Caprimulgus) wagawika mitundu 38. Asayansi sagwirizana pankhani yoti mitundu ina yaziphuphu zamankhwala amiseche ndi mtundu wina. Chifukwa chake, zidziwitso zamtundu wamitundu ina nthawi zina zimasiyanasiyana.
Tinyanga tokhala pakamwa pa usiku timatchedwa netkonos.
Nightjar wamba (dzina la makina: Caprimulgus europaeus). Akamanena za usiku, amatanthauza mbalame iyi. Zimaswana ku Europe, Central, Central ndi Western Asia. Nyengo kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa.
Ntchito zaulimi za anthu, chithandizo cha mbewu ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa tizilombo. Koma, makamaka, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi sikukucheperako, sikuwopsezedwa kuti kutha.
Mitundu ina yambiri ili ndi mayina awo potengera mawonekedwe apadera a mawonekedwe awo. Mwachitsanzo: zazikulu, masaya ofiyira, zingwe, zingwe, ma marble, zooneka ngati nyenyezi, kolala, ma jala ausiku okhala ndi mchira wautali.
Kukhazikika m'dera linalake kunapatsa dzina mitundu ina: Nubian, Central Asia, Abyssinian, Indian, Madagascar, Savannah, mitsuko yamadzulo ya ku Gabon. Mayina amitundu yambiri amalumikizidwa ndi mayina a asayansi: ma jala ausiku a messi, bates, salvadori, donaldson.
Wachibale wodziwika wa usiku wamba ndi wamkulu kapena usiku wa imvi... Mwambiri, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi usiku wamba. Koma kukula kwa mbalame kumafanana ndi dzinalo: kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 55, kulemera kwake ndi 230 g, mapiko athunthu nthawi zina amatha kupitilira masentimita 140.
Mtundu wa nthenga ndi wotuwa. Kuwala kwakutali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yamtundu wosasunthika imayenda pachikuto chonse. Thunthu lakale la mtengo ndi chikondwerero chachikulu chausiku ajambulidwa chimodzimodzi.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Masana amagona ngati usiku. Mtundu woteteza umakupatsani mwayi woti musawonekere. Kuphatikiza apo, ma jala a usiku amapezeka m'mbali mwa nthambi ya mtengo, osati kuwoloka, monga mbalame wamba. Kuposa nthambi, mbalame zimakonda kukhala pazidutswa za mitengo yakale. Nightjar pachithunzichi nthawi zina zosazindikirika ndi hemp kapena mtengo.
Mbalamezi zimakhulupirira kwambiri kuti zimatha kutsanzira. Samasiya malo awo ngakhale munthu atayandikira. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, mbalame zomwe zikugona masana zitha kutengedwa ndi manja anu.
Njira yayikulu posankha malo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Pakatikati pamisewu, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi m'mbali mwa nkhalango nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa ngati malo okhala zisa. Nthaka yamchenga yokhala ndi zofunda zowuma ndiyofunika. Mbalameyi imapewa madera osefukira.
Kupeza chojambulira sikophweka, chifukwa cha nthenga zake mbalameyo imatha kuphatikiza ndi thunthu la mtengo
M'madera akumwera, madera okhala ndi ziyangoyango, zipululu zokhala pakati ndi zipululu ndizoyenera kukaikira mazira. Ndikotheka kukumana ndi jala la usiku kumapiri ndi zigawo zamapiri, mpaka kutalika kwamamita zikwi zingapo.
Mbalame yayikulu imakhala ndi adani ochepa. Masana mbalameyo imagona, imakhala yogwira madzulo, usiku. Izi zimapulumutsa kwa omwe amakhala ndi nthenga. Kubisa kwabwino kumateteza adani. Makamaka mikanda ya mbalame imakhala ndi adani. Anapiye omwe sangathe kuuluka amathanso kulimbana ndi zilombo zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono.
Kukula kwa ulimi kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu m'njira ziwiri. Kumalo kumene ziweto zimapezedwa, mbalame zimachuluka. Kumene mankhwala owononga tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, chimawonongeka nchiyani amadya chiyani, chifukwa chake, mbalamezo zimakhala zovuta kukhala ndi moyo.
Nightjar ndi mbalame yosamuka. Koma, monga zimachitika nthawi zambiri, mitundu ndi anthu omwe amakhala m'madera aku Africa amakana kusamuka kwakanthawi, amangoyendayenda pofunafuna chakudya. Njira zanyengo yakusamukira kwa nyengo yodziwika yozizira imachokera ku zisa za ku Europe kupita ku Africa. Anthu ali kum'mawa, kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa.
Subpecies okhala ku Caucasus ndi Mediterranean amasamukira kumwera kwa Africa. Kuchokera kumapiri ndi kumapiri a Central Asia, mbalame zimauluka kupita ku Middle East ndi Pakistan. Ziwombankhanga zouluka zokha. Nthawi zina amasokera. Nthawi zina zimawonedwa ku Seychelles, zilumba za Faroe ndi madera ena osayenera.
Zakudya zabwino
Nightjar imayamba kudyetsa madzulo. Chakudya chake chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi tizilombo. Nightjar imazigwira pafupi ndi mitsinje, pamwamba pamadambo ndi nyanja, pamwamba pa malo pomwe nyama zimadyera. Tizilombo timagwira ntchentcheyo. Choncho, mbalameyi imauluka mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri imasintha kumene ikulowera.
Mbalame zimasaka mumdima. Kukhoza kwa echolocation, komwe kumakhala kofala kwa mbalame ndi mileme usiku, kumapezeka mu guajaro, wachibale wapamtima wa nightjar wamba, yoyandikira kwambiri kotero kuti guajaro amatchedwa mafuta ophera usiku. Mitundu yambiri yamitsuko yamadzulo ilibe kuthekera kotere. Amadalira pakuwona kuti asaka.
M'madera ambiri, tizilombo timagwidwa pa ntchentche. Mbalameyi imauluka osayimilira pamulu wa zinsomba zopanda mapiko. Njira ina yosakira imachitidwanso. Pokhala panthambi, mbalameyi imayang'ana kachilomboka kapena njenjete yayikulu usiku. Atagwira wozunzidwayo, abwerera kumalo ake owonera.
Pakati pa tizilombo, zouluka zouluka sizimakonda. Zosusuka ndi mawonekedwe a anatomiki zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kudya coleoptera yayikulu, yomwe anthu ochepa amafuna kudya. Mulole anyongolotsi, crickets, ziwala.
Sedentary arthropods amaphatikizidwanso pazakudya. Mitundu ina ya mivi ya usiku imagwira zinyama zazing'ono. Sizovuta m'mimba kulimbana ndi chakudya choterocho, choncho mchenga, timiyala tating'ono ndi zidutswa za zomera zimaphatikizidwa ku chakudya wamba.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Nyengo yokwatirana imayamba masika ndikubwera kwa mbalame kuchokera kumalo ozizira. Kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kumwera kwa Europe, izi zimachitika mu Marichi-Epulo. M'malo otentha - kumapeto kwa masika, koyambirira kwa Meyi. Amuna amawonekera koyamba. Amasankha malo omwe akufuna chisa. Akazi amatsatira.
Pakufika akazi, mating amayamba. Mwamuna kuyambira m'mawa mpaka m'mawa amayimba nyimbo zaphokoso. Mukawona mkazi, amayamba kuvina mlengalenga: amawuluka pamalo ake, akuwonetsa kuthekera kokugwedezeka komanso ngakhale kulendewera mlengalenga.
Ndege yolumikizana imapangidwa kupita kumalo oyenera kukonza chisa. Chisankho chimatsalira ndi mkazi. Kujambula ndikusankha malo okhala ndi chisa kumamalizidwa ndi kukwatira.
Chisa ndi malo padziko lapansi pomwe amaikira mazira. Ndiye kuti, dothi lililonse lamthunzi wokhala ndi chivundikiro chouma chachilengedwe limatha kukhala malo omanga. Amuna kapena akazi sataya mtima poyesetsa kumanga ngakhale malo osavuta oti azira ndi anapiye.
Pakati panjira, kugona kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi. Izi zimachitika kale kumadera akumwera. Mkaziyo si wachonde kwambiri, amaikira mazira awiri. Amaswa mazira pafupifupi pafupipafupi. Nthawi zina amuna amangowalowetsa m'malo. Kuchepa kwa mazira omwe akuwayikira kumawonetsa kuti mbalame, nthawi zambiri, zimaswana bwino.
Chisa cha Nightjar chokhala ndi mazira
Pakakhala ngozi, mbalamezi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe amakonda: zimaundana, zimalumikizana kwathunthu ndi chilengedwe. Pozindikira kuti kubisala sikuthandiza, mbalame zimayesa kutenga chilombocho pachisa. Pachifukwachi, wolondera usiku amayerekezera kuti ndi nyama yosavuta, yosakhoza kuwuluka.
Masiku 17-19 amakhala pa makulitsidwe. Ana awiri amatuluka tsiku lililonse. Iwo ali pafupifupi kwathunthu okutidwa ndi fluff. Kwa masiku anayi oyambirira, ndi azimayi okha omwe amawadyetsa. M'masiku otsatirawa, makolo onse akuchita nawo chakudya cha anapiye.
Popeza kulibe chisa choterocho, anapiyewo amakhala pafupi ndi pomwe adayikapo. Pakatha milungu iwiri, anapiyewo akuyesetsa kuti anyamuke. Patadutsa sabata limodzi ndipo anapiye amakwanitsa kuwuluka bwino. Ali ndi zaka zisanu, zigoba zazing'ono zoyenda usiku zimauluka komanso achikulire.
Nthawi yakufika popita kumalo achisanu, anapiye aswa chaka chino samasiyana ndi mbalame zazikulu. Amabwerera kuchokera kuzizira ngati mitsuko yodzaza ndi usiku, yokhoza kutalikitsa mtunduwo. Ziwombankhanga zausiku sizikhala motalika, zaka 5-6 zokha. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama. Ali mu ukapolo, moyo wawo umakulirakulira kwambiri.
Kusaka usiku
Zozunza usiku sizinasakidweko kawirikawiri. Ngakhale ubale wa mbalameyi ndi munthu sunali wophweka. M'zaka za m'ma 500 mpaka m'ma 1500, majakisoni ophedwa usiku ankaphedwa chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro.
Ku Venezuela, anthu akomweko asonkhanitsa anapiye akulu m'mapanga. Anapita kukafuna chakudya. Anawo atakula, anayamba kusaka anthu akuluakulu. Azungu atsimikiza kuti iyi ndi mbalame yonga mbuzi. Popeza anali ndi mawonekedwe angapo apadera, banja lapadera la guajaro ndi mtundu wa monotypic guajaro adamupangira. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa mafuta obisalako.
Anapiye a usiku amatenga chisa
M'nkhalango za Argentina, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico amakhala usiku waukulu... Anthu amderali adatolera mbalame yayikuluyi mumitengo, ndikuwaponyera zingwe. Masiku ano kusaka usiku.
Nightjar ndi mbalame yofala, sichiwopsezedwa kutha. Sitiwona kawirikawiri, timamva kawirikawiri, koma tikakumana nayo, poyamba sitimvetsetsa kuti ndi chiyani, ndiye timadabwa kwambiri.
