Mbalame yaying'ono yakudutsa imafalitsa kamvekedwe kakang'ono, ikulowetsa nyimboyo ndikumveka mwaphokoso. Kulira ndi kusewera kumakhala kosangalatsa ndi mayimbidwe osiyanasiyana, koma uyu ndi woyimba m'modzi - ngati mungayang'ane mosamala mutha kuwona kugwa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Kuphulika kumachokera ku dongosolo la odutsa. Maonekedwe ake, mbalameyi imatha kulakwitsa kuti ndi ng'ombe yamphongo, koma ikayang'anitsitsa ili ndi mulomo wamphamvu wamphamba, womwe umatsimikizira bwino cholinga chake. Ndi chilombo, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kocheperako komanso kubisa kwake, ndikosavuta kuti izembetse nyama yake.
Lingaliro la mbalame yodya nyama ndi mbalame yanyimbo nthawi zonse lakhala losiyana, koma chilengedwe chatha maluso onsewa mu birdie yaying'ono, banja la odutsa nthawi imodzi. Kuphatikiza pa zabwino zina, nyimbo shrike ali ndi luso labwino kwambiri, omvera odabwitsa omwe ali ndi ma roulade osiyanasiyana, amatsanzira kuimba kwa mbalame zina.
Mverani mawu a shrike
Kukwapula kumangosangalatsa kukankhira kadzidzi panthambi, kapena kuseka mphamba, kunyalanyaza zoopsa.
Mtundu wochezeka kwambiri - pamakhala mgwirizano wolimba m'banjamo - amathandizana wina ndi mnzake, kuwateteza ku nyama zolusa zazikulu. Koma ndizowopsa kuzinthu zina, gawo lachiwiri la dzinalo: "ikani" kuchokera kumawu achi Slavic "kuyika" - kuyendetsa. Amayendetsa ake ndi ena omuzungulira, kupatula mitundu ing'onoing'ono yomwe ingakhale yoyenera nyama.
Simunganyalanyaze nkhwangwa, owl, magpie, onse omwe akuchita nawo mpikisano wazakudya. Dzinalo la Chilatini "ekscubitor" limatanthauza mlonda kapena mlonda, wolondera mosangalala adzawononga kusaka kwa mbalame kapena nyama zina, kuchenjeza mokweza za ngozi yomwe ikubwera.
Mlomo wandiweyani, wothinikizidwa pambuyo pake, woopsa ngati wa mbedza, umapereka chinyama chobisalira kuseri kwa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Pichuga ilibe zikhadabo zakuthwa, ngakhale imatha kunyamula nyama yonyamula, kuyigwira m'manja mwake.
Mitundu
Karl Linay mu 1780 m'buku "System of Nature" adafotokozera ndikufotokozera mitundu ya shrike. Izi zisanachitike, akatswiri azachilengedwe adamutcha nyongolotsi yotuwa phulusa. Achibale apafupi kwambiri ndi banja la a corvids.
Mitundu isanu ndi inayi imakhala, chisa ndi kuswana ku Russia.
- Japan shrike (Lanius Bucephalus), mbali zofiira, zoyera kumbuyo, zopindika pamimba pamimba;
- Tiger (Lanius tigrinus), kukula kofananira, kumbuyo kwamizeremizere, chikwangwani chakuda m'maso, mimba yakuda yakuda, chachikazi chimawoneka chodzichepetsera - mtundu wa maulawo ndi wosalala;
- Shiko lofiira (Lanius senator), kumbuyo kuli kwakuda, kumutu kumakhala kofiirira, kuli mikwingwirima yoyera pamapewa ake;
Mverani mawu amutu wofiira:
- Mdima wakutsogolo wakuda (Lanius wamng'ono), wocheperapo imvi kukula, mphumi limakhala lodzaza ndi malo akuda, pansi ndi loyera ndi pinki wonyezimira, limasiyana ndi abale ake muulendo wavy;
Mverani mawu amtundu wakuda wakuda:
- Wofiirira (Lanius eckubitor), mphumi loyera, mchira wafupi, mzere wakuda ukuyenda m'maso, pamimba yoyera;
Mverani mawu a the shrike imvi:
- Mphete (Lanius sphenocercus), poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, mbalame yayikulu, mchira wautali woboola pakati, mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko ndi mapewa;
- Siberia Shrike (Lanius cristatus), wapafupi shrike wachibalea dongosolo la odutsa, mutu ndi mchira ndi bulauni wonyezimira, pamimba pamadzaza ndi mawonekedwe owola;
Mverani mawu a chipani cha Siberia:
- Red-tailed Shrike (Lanius phoenikuroides), mchira wofiira wowala, thupi lamchenga;
Mverani mawu a the red-tailed shrike:
- Shrike Shrike wamba, (Lanius collurio) amasiyana ndi a ku Siberia wonyezimira mchira ndi mutu, kumbuyo ndi mabokosi, mawonekedwe akuda amaso.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Dera logawidwa kwa mitunduyi ndi gawo la lamba wofatsa komanso wapansi panthaka ya kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, kuyambira nkhalango kumpoto chakumpoto mpaka ku steppes kumwera. Malo okhalamo amafikira ku kufanana kwa 50.
- Kutalika kwa thupi 24-38 cm;
- Mapiko 30-34cm;
- Kulemera magalamu 50-80.
Habitat ku Russia: kuchokera ku Volga kupita kumapiri akumwera kwa Urals, m'mphepete chakummwera kwa taiga ku Siberia, pafupi ndi Yenisei, komwe kumapezeka ku Bashkiria. Subpecies a nkhalango-steppe amakhala ku Ryazan, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kaluga, Lipetsk. Dera la Moscow ndi madera ozungulira alinso ndi nkhalango zambiri zokopa mbalame kumalo obisalira. Mitundu yaku Russia imadziwika kuti ndi yosamukasamuka, ndipo yakumwera imasamukira.
Pakuluka ndege, imapezeka kutali ndi malo okhala anthu, ngakhale mbalameyi ndi yamanyazi, imapewa kukumana ndi munthu. Mitundu yosakhalitsa yosamuka - nthawi yophukira ndi nyengo yozizira mbalame zosamuka zimapita kumwera, zimayima nyengo yachisanu kumadera akumwera a Ukraine, India, Africa - mayendedwe osamukasamuka akupitilira kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi.
Europe ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 250 - 400,000. Kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mbalame pakati pa Ukraine-Belarusian Polesye, ndipamene kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa malo okhala ndi zisa kumawonedwa. Amawuluka pagulu kapena amodzi. Malo okhala ndi malo okhala zisa amapezeka ku North America, Asia, North Africa.
Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve ndi malo ozizira a mitundu iyi ku Kamchatka. Malo omwe mbalame zimakonda kwambiri ali mumitengo yayitali, ndizovuta kuzizindikira mu korona wandiweyani, koma mutha kuyimba kuyimba, chifukwa ma trilor sonor amamveka nthawi zonse pakati pa masamba obiriwira. Kumva munthu, mbalameyo sindiuluka, imangowulukira kwina.
Zakudya zabwino
Kukula kocheperako kudatumikira bwino, kugwa modekha, osakopa chidwi chambiri, kumakhala pakati pa mpheta zosayembekezeka. Palibe amene amamuganizira, pomwe pang'onopang'ono amasankha mpheta kuti adye chakudya chamadzulo, ndikubalalitsa wovutikayo. Mpheta zimabalalika, koma nyamayo ili kale mkamwa mwake.
Njira yomwe nyamayi imakonda kwambiri ndi kufunafuna chakudya chokha, kuchokera kumtengo wamtali, kenako nkuthamangira pansi mozungulira. Ngati chandamale chili ndi nthawi yokwanira, amamugwira mwachangu akuthamanga pamalo athyathyathya.
Amagwira mbalame mouluka - mlenje ndi wosasamala kotero kuti amachotsa mpheta, ngakhale pansi pa dzanja la munthu, pomwe akufuna kuthawa. Kulowa muukonde wokhathamira limodzi ndi chikho, sikuima, kupitiliza kuzunza masewera omwe agwidwawo.
Shikeyi imanyamula nsomba kupita nayo kumalo omwe imakonda kukadya, nthawi zambiri imakhala tchire laminga laminga kapena nthambi zakuthwa. Mlenjeyo amaubaya pamunga, kuwukhadzula ndi mlomo wake wakuthwa. Chifukwa chomwe amachitira izi, akatswiri asayansi alibe tanthauzo lokwanira. Umu ndi momwe oimira mitundu yonse yaziphuphu, omwe adalandira dzina la mitundu yawo: Lanius - wopha nyama.
Shikoko ndi mbalame yodya nyama yomwe imatha kuukira ngakhale mpheta
Zaka zokolola zikamadzafika, nthambi zonse zomwe zimakhalapo akuba zimapachikidwa ndi mbewa kapena mbalame. Nthawi yotsamira - zikopa zokha ndi nthenga zimapachikidwa pa iwo. Kulumikiza koteroko kumathandiza kuthana ndi masewera omwe agwidwawo, kulumikiza paminga sikuwalola kuti ichokere kapena kugwera panthambi.
Monga momwe mbalame zimaphunzitsira ana awo kuwuluka, kusaka, mfuwu imaphunzitsanso mbadwo watsopano kubaya minga. Kuphunzira sikophweka, koma khama limabweretsa zotsatira. Kuphatikiza pa mbalame zazing'ono, shrike wamba kugwira:
- Zinyama zawo: makoswe am'miyendo - ma voles, zikopa, makoswe ang'ono;
- Abuluzi a Nimble, achule, achule
- Milandu yosaka mileme yalembedwa;
- Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a Hymenoptera ndi Orthoptera (May beetle, beetle, weevil);
- Agulugufe a Mayfly odyetsa ana;
- Nkhono, ziphuphu, akangaude.
Nthawi zina imatha kugwira birdie yayikulu kuposa iyo, nthawi yotentha imadya mabulosi akuda, maula, nkhuyu. Imawuluka mamitala 400-500 kuseri kwa chakudyacho, ikumayenda pamwamba pa wovulalayo.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo
Milandu yokhayokha yoswana mu ukapolo imadziwika.
Chaka chimodzi chakubadwa ndi nthawi yakutha msinkhu, moyo wabanja umayamba. Kufala wamba Ndi amtundu umodzi okha, nthawi yogona Epulo - Julayi. Malo abwino kwambiri opangira zisa ndi madambo, madambo onyowa okhala ndi tchire, kapena tchire limodzi.
Komanso zisa m'malo otentha m'nkhalango, moto, malo odula kapena m'mbali mwa nkhalango. Zisa zimakonzedwa pazitsamba kapena mitengo, posankha nthambi yolimba. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imamanga nyumba zazitali, kuyambira mita ziwiri mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi pamwamba panthaka. Nthawi zambiri, zisa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo motsatira, ndikuzikonza kuti zisinthe.
Nyimbo yakukhwimitsa ndiyabwino, yosangalatsa, yophatikizika ndi ma trill, ngakhale yamphongo ili ndi kulira kwathunthu, mluzu, ndikudina kutsata mdaniyo. Mnyamatayo amagwadira wosankhidwa, kufuula, kuyimba, kubisala pakati pa korona wamtengo, kenako ndikuyamba kuwuluka mozungulira.
Okwatirana nawonso amatenga nawo gawo pobereka ana, maudindo awo okha ndi osiyana. Mwamuna amasamalira chachikazi, amamuyimbira nyimbo zabwino, amasankha malo okhala ndi zisa, amaika nthambi zingapo zazikulu pansi.
Ngati chibwenzi chikuvomerezedwa, ndiye kuti mkazi amapitilizabe kumanga chisa mopitilira apo, kuwonjezera nthambi, masamba a udzu. Zotsatira zake ndi dengu lonenepa, limayala pakati ubweya wa nyama zomwe zatha ndi nthenga za mbalame. Womanga wamapiko amamanga pamwamba pa chisa ndi udzu wobiriwira, mwina kuti abise kapena kukongola.
Amayankhulana ndi mkwati ndikuikira mazira. Mazira nthawi zambiri amaikidwa mu theka lachiwiri la Epulo ndi Meyi, nthawi zina mazira omwe amayikidwa mu Juni amapezeka, zikuwoneka kuti akuyikanso m'malo mwa omwe abedwa ndi chilombocho. Mtundu wa mazira umayera ndi maudzu obalalika.
Zaka zapamwamba kwambiri zidalembedwa ndi akatswiri azakuthambo ku Slovakia. Zili zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Hafu yotsatira ya mwezi imathera potola mazira. Clutch nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 5 - 7, osachepera 8 - 9, makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 15. Bambowo akuyesetsa kuti azipeza chakudya cha iwo ndi mkazi wawo. Anapiye amaswa khungu, osasunthika pang'ono pamagolo. Pakamwa mkatimo ndi lalanje, lowala, kuti akope chidwi cha makolo.
Amadyetsa ana awo mwakhama milungu itatu. Anapiye amasiya chisa ali ndi zaka 18 mpaka masiku 20, ndipo pakatha milungu iwiri amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Mu Juni, mutha kuwona kale mbalame zoyambirira zouluka, koma sizimapita kutali ndi makolo awo.
Mpaka kugwa, amapitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zowonjezera za makolo, kufikira nthawi yakusonkhana pagulu. Milandu imawonedwa pomwe theka la anapiye adalumikizana ndi mayiyo, ndipo theka lina adalumikizana ndi abambo.
Shrike mwana wankhuku
Nambala kuletsa mbalame ikuchepa mwachangu chifukwa chakuchepa kwa madera opanda ntchito zaulimi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo. Kuti tisunge zamoyozi, ndikofunikira kusungitsa malo oyenera mbalame zisaikira, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala m'munda waulimi, komanso kukhazikitsa njira zachilengedwe zotetezera chilengedwe.
Malo otetezera ku Oksky akuchita nawo maphunziro okhalamo ndi kusamuka kwa mitunduyu, kuteteza nkhalango, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ndi imvi ndi ma peyala 50 pa mahekitala 230. Kupambana kwa zisa m'malo ophunzirira ndi 58%.
Malo ena achitetezo omwe ali otetezedwa ali m'malo osungidwa a Kandalaksha, Lapland, Central-Lesnoy. Amachita kafukufuku wokhudza komwe mitunduyo ili, kuwunika malo okhala zokhazikika, ndikuwunikanso zina.
Shrike adatchulidwa mu Red Data Book kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka
Shrike amatetezedwa ndi Red Data Book of Russia, European Community for Environmental Protection. Msonkhano wa Berne udaphatikizira mu Zowonjezera Na. 2 mgwirizano pakati pa Russia ndi India wonena za kuteteza mbalame zosamuka, kuphatikiza shrike yakuda, yakuda, kambuku, Siberia.
Munthu ayenera kusamalira bwino chilengedwe, kutenga nawo mbali poyenda kuti asunge nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Magulu oyang'anira alonda mbalame, nkhalango, ndi osamalira masewerawa amasamalira kukonza nkhalango ndikubwezeretsa mbalame zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.Shrike pachithunzichi imawoneka ngati mbalame yamtendere yopanda vuto lililonse.
