Wakale kapena waku Europe ulendo wa ng'ombe - nyama yosowa m'zaka za zana la 16, yomwe ndi kholo la ng'ombe wamba wamakono. Mitundu yoyandikana kwambiri yamphongo zakale zamtchire masiku ano ndi watussi.
Maulendo ankakhala kumapiri akale akum'mawa ndi nkhalango. Lero amawerengedwa kuti ndianthu omwe atheratu omwe asowa padziko lapansi. Chifukwa chachikulu chakusowa kwa nyama zamtchirezi kunali kusaka komanso ntchito zachuma za anthu. Anthu omaliza amtunduwu amwalira chifukwa cha matenda osadziwika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ulendo wa Bull
M'malemba akale, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane nyama zazikulu kwambiri zamanyanga zomwe zimawoneka ngati ng'ombe yamtondo. Uwu ndi ur auerox reemu. Pali mafotokozedwe ambiri ndi zojambula za chilombo chachikulu ichi. Mwachiwonekere, inali nyama iyi yomwe poyamba inali kholo la ng'ombe yamphongo yomwe sinathere pambuyo pake, yomwe idakhala ndikufalikira kulikonse kuthengo, mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la AD.
Kanema: Ulendo wa Bull
M'zaka zam'ma 1600, mawonekedwe omaliza apaderawa adatayika. Padziko lapansi pali nyama zamapasa zomwe zatha - ng'ombe zamwenye ndi zaku Africa, ng'ombe zoweta. Kafukufuku, zaluso, zolemba zosiyanasiyana zimathandiza kuphunzira zambiri zosangalatsa za ulendowu. Poyamba, panali maulendo ambiri padziko lapansi. Chiwerengero cha nyama izi pang'onopang'ono chidatsika mpaka kutheratu.
Izi ndichifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo:
- ndi ntchito ya anthu;
- ndi kusokonezeka ndi zochitika zachilengedwe;
- ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15, zitsanzo 30 za nyama zazikulu zamanyanga izi zidalembedwa kudera la Poland. Posakhalitsa panali ochepa omwe anatsala. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, chiwonetsero chomaliza chaulendo wamtchire womwe umapezeka m'malo ake achilengedwe udafa. Palibe amene angamvetse kuti tsoka ngati ili likadachitika bwanji. Zimadziwika kuti anthu omalizawa sanafe chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, koma chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana kudzera mu cholowa cha makolo awo.
Pambuyo pa Ice Age, ulendowu unali nyama yayikulu kwambiri, monga zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chithunzi cha ng'ombe yamphongo. Masiku ano, njati zakutchire za ku Ulaya ndi zomwe zingafanane ndi kukula kotereku. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wasayansi komanso mbiri yakale, ndikotheka kufotokoza molondola kukula, mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe aulendo womwe sunathenso. Koma palibe amene adakwanitsa kubereka nyama.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ulendo wa ng'ombe zamphongo
Ofufuzawo atsimikizira kuti ulendowu anali nyama yayikulu kwambiri. Anali ndi thupi lolimba, lamphamvu, kutalika kwake kunali mpaka 2 mita. Ng'ombe yayikulu imatha kulemera makilogalamu 800. Anali nyama yamphamvu, kutalika kwa kufota kumatha kufikira mamita 1.8.Mutu wonyada udavala korona ndi nyanga zazikulu zakuthwa, mpaka 1 mita mulifupi, yolunjika mkati. Izi zinapatsa ng'ombeyo mawonekedwe owopsa. Akuluakulu anali akuda ndi mzere woyera kumbuyo. Zazikazi ndi nyama zazing'ono zinali zofiirira.
Panali magawo awiri amphongo zamtchire: Amwenye ndi aku Europe.
Mtundu wamphongo waku Europe udasiyanitsidwa ndi zazikulu komanso zolemera kwambiri. Ndi iye yemwe anali kholo la ng'ombe zamakono zoweta zokongola zomwe zimapatsa munthu zabwino zambiri. Chinthu china chodziwika bwino paulendowu chinali kubwerera kumbuyo. Mbali iyi ya mawonekedwe idalandiridwa ndi ng'ombe zaku Spain.
Zazikazi zamphongo wakale zinali ndi kabere kakang'ono kobisika muubweya wakuda. Ng'ombe yodyetsa idadyetsa ndikuberekanso ngati ng'ombe zam'nyumba zamakono komanso ng'ombe zokonda mtendere, koma zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso mphamvu. Izi zinawapatsa kuthekera kolimbana ndi mdani aliyense ndikuteteza ana awo.
Ulendowu, kapena ng'ombe yamphongo wakale, inali ndi zabwino zambiri zomwe zidamuthandiza pakulimbana kwake kuti apulumuke:
- chipiriro;
- nyamayo inali ndi malaya akunenepa kwambiri ndipo imatha kupirira bwino nyengo yozizira yozizira bwino;
- kudzichepetsa;
- maulendo ankadya msipu, kudya zomera zilizonse;
- kusintha kwabwino;
- Zinyama zimasinthidwa bwino pamtundu uliwonse wamtundu uliwonse komanso mdera lililonse. Kudera la nkhalango, amamva bwino pakati pa mitengo ndi tchire; m'chigwa, nyama zimatha kukhala ndi ufulu woyenda ndi ng'ombe zazikulu;
- kukana matenda ambiri;
- zozungulira zinali ndi chitetezo chokwanira chokwanira pakulimbana ndi matenda onse ndi matenda, zomwe zidathandizira kupulumuka kwamwana;
- chonde;
- Akazi auroch amabala ana chaka chilichonse, kuyambira azaka chimodzi. Izi zidapereka kukula bwino kwa ziweto m malo okhala onse;
- mafuta abwino mkaka;
- akazi anali ndi mkaka wonenepa kwambiri. Izi zidathandiza kuti ana amphongo akule mwamphamvu, osagonjetsedwa ndi matenda komanso matenda.
Kodi ulendo wamphongo umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ulendo Wosaka Bull
Malo okhalamo akale m'nthawi zakale anali mabwinja ndi mapiri. Kenako adayenera kukhala ndi nkhalango komanso nkhalango, momwe nyama zitha kukhala zotetezeka ndikudzipezera chakudya chokwanira.
Nthawi zambiri, ng'ombe zamphongo zamtchire zimakonda kukhala m'malo athyathyathya. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amakono apeza mafupa ambiri a ng'ombe m'dera la Obolon ndi Poland. Kumeneku, kumwalira kwa nthumwi yomaliza ya anthuwa kuchokera ku matenda osadziwika a majini kudalembedwa.
Kodi ulendo wa ng'ombe udadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyama yoyendera ng'ombe
Ng'ombe yakaleyo inali yodyetsa kwathunthu.
Adadya chilichonse chomwe chinkabwera, chakudya chake chinali:
- udzu watsopano;
- mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo;
- masamba ndi zitsamba.
M'nyengo yotentha, ng'ombe zamphongozo zinali ndi zobiriwira zokwanira kumera m'madera a steppe. M'nyengo yozizira, ziweto zinkakhala m'nkhalango nthawi yozizira kuti zizidzidyetsa osati kufa ndi njala.
Pogwirizana ndi kudula mitengo mwachangu, chakudya chomera chidayamba kuchepa, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri m'nyengo yozizira, maulendo amayenera kufa ndi njala. Ambiri a iwo adafa pachifukwa chomwechi, osatha kupirira kusowa kwa chakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Ulendo wa Bull
Maulendo akutchire adakhala ndi moyo woweta, momwe mutu wake umakhala wachikazi nthawi zonse. A gobies achichepere nthawi zambiri amakhala m'gulu lina, momwe amatha kusewera momasuka, akusangalala ndi unyamata wawo komanso ufulu. Anthu okalamba amakonda kupuma pantchito yakuya m'nkhalango ndikukhala mosiyana ndi aliyense, ali chete. Azimayi omwe ali ndi ana amphongo amakhala mkatikati mwa nkhalango, poteteza anawo kuti asayang'ane.
M'ndakatulo zachikhalidwe zaku Russia, ulendowu watchulidwa m'mabuku otchuka a Dobryna ndi Marina, za Vasily Ignatievich ndi Solovy Budimirovich. M'miyambo yakale ya Asilavo, ng'ombe yamphongo ndimunthu wodzibisa yemwe amabwera nthawi ya Khrisimasi. M'miyambo yakale yachiroma ndi miyambo ina yachipembedzo, chithunzi ichi cha ng'ombe ya ulendowu chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chisonyezo cha mphamvu, mphamvu komanso kusagonjetseka.
Maulendo akutchire omwe adatha adasiya zokumbukira zabwino komanso ana othandiza awo. Mitundu yamakono ya ng'ombe imadyetsa umunthu mkaka ndi nyama, pokhala maziko azakudya padziko lonse lapansi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wild Tour
Chizoloŵezi cha maulendo chinagwa m'miyezi yoyamba yophukira. Amuna nthawi zonse akhala akumenya nkhondo yolimbana kuti akhale ndi akazi. Nthawi zambiri nkhondo zoterezi zimathera pomupha mdani wofooka. Mkazi nthawi zonse amapita kuchinyama champhamvu kwambiri.
Kubereka kunachitika m'miyezi yachisanu. Mkazi wapakati, pozindikira kuyandikira kwa kubereka, adapuma pantchito yakuya, pomwe mwana adawonekera. Mayiyo ankabisa mosamala ndi kuteteza mwana wake kwa adani komanso kwa anthu kwa milungu ingapo. Ngati kubereka kunachitika pambuyo pake, ndiye kuti anawo sangakhale ndi moyo nthawi yozizira ndipo amwalira.
Nthawi zambiri amuna aurochs amakhala ndi ng'ombe zoweta. Zotsatira zake, ana a ng'ombe osakanizidwa adabadwa omwe analibe thanzi labwino ndipo adamwalira mwachangu.
Adani achilengedwe ozungulira ng'ombe
Chithunzi: Ulendo wa Bull
Maulendo anali nyama zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, zotha kupirira chilombo chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, analibe adani. Mdani wamkulu wa ng'ombezo anali munthu. Kusaka kosalekeza kwa maulendo sikunayime kwazaka zambiri. Ng'ombe yamphongo yophedwa inali chikho chachikulu.
Nyama ya nyama yayikulu imatha kudyetsa anthu ambiri. Pali nthano zambiri zotamandika m'mbiri yonena za momwe olemekezeka akale anali kuchita bwino posaka ng'ombe, kuwagonjetsa ndi zida kapena luso lawo, kupeza ubweya wamtengo wapatali ndi nyama yambiri.
Maulendowa anali odekha komanso nthawi yomweyo nyama zolusa. Amatha kupirira chilombo chilichonse. Imfa yayikulu yamphongo zamtchire idalembedwa ndi anthu. Anthu adayesetsa kupulumutsa nyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Amayesetsa kuteteza, kuchiza, kuswana kunyumba komanso kuthengo. Amadyetsedwa m'nyengo yozizira, akumapereka udzu kuzinyumba zanthengo ndi minda. Koma zoyesayesa zonse za anthu sizinaphule kanthu, kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zamtchire kunachepa ndikucheperachepera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kuthamangitsidwa kwa Bull
M'nthawi zakale, ulendowu udapezeka pafupifupi ku Europe, Asia, North Africa, Caucasus ndi India. Pa Africa ndi ku Mesopotamia, nyama zinawonongedwa ngakhale nthawi yathu ino isanakwane. M'mayiko aku Europe, maulendo anali osakanikirana kwanthawi yayitali, mpaka zaka za zana la 16.
Pali mitundu yotsatirayi yaulendo waku Europe:
- Bos primigenius namadicus - Ulendo waku India;
- Bos primigenius africanus - Ulendo waku North Africa.
Kutha kwa anthu kunathandizidwa chifukwa chodula mitengo kwambiri ku Europe. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo komanso chitukuko chantchito yamatabwa mdziko lonselo.
Pofika m'zaka za zana la 14, maulendowa anali atakhala kale m'malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa komanso nkhalango zakutali zomwe zili mdera la Belarus, Poland ndi Lithuania wamakono. Ng'ombe zamtchire zimatengedwa motsogozedwa ndi malamulo amayiko awa ndikukhala ngati ziweto m'malo achitetezo achifumu. M'zaka za zana la 16th, gulu laling'ono lidalembedwa pafupi ndi Warsaw, mitu yopitilira 20.
Ulendo woyang'anira ng'ombe
Chithunzi: Ulendo wa ng'ombe zamphongo
Masiku ano, mbadwa za auroch zimapezeka ku Spain kapena ku Latin America. Amafanana kwambiri ndi kholo lawo pazosanja zakunja, koma kulemera ndi kutalika kwa mwanayo ndizotsika kwambiri.
Ndikuchepa kwa nkhalango, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Turkey kudatsikanso. Posakhalitsa, kuletsa kwathunthu kuwombera nyama kunayambitsidwa. Koma palibe chomwe chingapulumutse anthu kuti asatheretu ndipo ulendo wa ng'ombe udatayika ndi anthu mzaka za m'ma 1600 kwamuyaya, kulowa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zasoweka padziko lapansi. M'mayiko amakono aku Spain ndi Latin America, ana amphongo omenyera nkhondo, abale achibale, amakwezedwa makamaka m'mafamu apadera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita nawo ziwonetsero pamasewera olimbana ndi ng'ombe, omwe ndi otchuka kwambiri m'magawo awa.
Potengera kapangidwe ka thupi lawo komanso mawonekedwe ake onse, ng'ombe zamphongo zomenyera zimafanana ndi abale awo achilengedwe, koma ndizolemera kwambiri, zomwe zimafikira matani 0,5 ndi kutalika - zosakwana 1.5 m, zomwe ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa makolo awo. Chojambulachi chikuwonetsedwa pazovala zamakono za Moldova, pamalaya am'mizinda monga Lithuanian Kaunas, mzinda waku Ukraine ku Turka mdera la Lviv.
Ulendo umapezeka nthawi zambiri m'miyambo ya Asilavo, dzina lake "amakhala" m'mawu, mwambi, ma epics ndi miyambo yaku Ukraine, Russia, Galicia yomwe idakalipo mpaka pano. M'miyambo yanyimbo yaku Ukraine, ulendowu umatchulidwa kawirikawiri mu nyimbo zaukwati ndi zamiyambo, ma carol ndi masewera achikhalidwe.
Asayansi akuyesetsabe kuti ayesetse kupeza fanizo la ng'ombe yapaulendo, yomwe ili ndi torso yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yamphamvu kwambiri. Koma mpaka pano palibe amene wakwanitsa kuchita izi. Bull ulendo amasunga zinsinsi zake mosamala, osaziulula kwa aliyense. Mbiri ya mbiri siyingasinthidwe. Chifukwa chake, anthu akuyenera kuvomereza izi zomvetsa chisoni zaulendo wamphongo ndikuyamika chimphona chakale ichi chifukwa cha ng'ombe zawo zokongola, zokoma komanso zothandiza.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 22:30
