Pakatikati mwa zaka za zana la 18, Karl Liney anaphatikizira mbalameyi pazomwe zimapangidwira zachilengedwe pansi pa Chilatini, dzina loti Parus ater. M'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anafotokoza dzina lake lenileni ndipo tsopano akutchedwa Periparus ater.
Nthawi yomweyo, dzina lakale silinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mbalameyi ndi ya banja la titmice (Paridae) ndipo ndi ya dongosolo la Passeriformes (Passeriformes).
M'dziko lathu, mbalameyi ili ndi mayina angapo.
- Chifukwa cha mtundu wamutu, nthawi zina amatchedwa tit yakuda.
- Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, ndi kateti kakang'ono.
- Pali dzina lakale la mbalameyo - moss.
- Dzina lofala kwambiri ndi alireza.
Pali mitundu ingapo yamtundu wofala kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti masaya oyera adadziwika ngati chigoba. Chigoba chija chimabadwanso mu Muscovite. Kusintha kwina kwazilankhulo ndipo mbalame imayamba kutchulidwanso.
Pali mtundu womwe umalumikizidwa ndi kukula kwa mbalameyi. M'zaka za zana la 15 ndi 16, ndalama yasiliva inali kufalikira ku Moscow - alireza... Dzinalo, poganizira kuchepa kwa onse awiri, lidapatsira mbalameyo. Mtundu wachitatu ndiwotheka. Mbalame yaing'ono yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito moss pomanga chisa chake yakhala ntchentche. Popita nthawi, mawu awa adasandulika Muscovite, kenako Muscovite.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Pamenepo, mbalame amaoneka bwanji, amafanana kwambiri ndi ma titmice onse. Koma palinso zosiyana. Choyamba, iye ndi wamng'ono kwambiri. Amalemera magalamu 7 - 12 okha. Kuyambira mlomo mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira, kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame yayikulu kumangopitilira masentimita 11. Mtundu waukulu wa nthenga m'thupi, mapiko ndi mchira ndi imvi ndi kulocha kofiirira.
Pa nthenga za pachifuwa ndi pamimba, wachikaso, kirimu woyera, mithunzi yoyera imatha kupezeka, pamapiko - pachimake chobiriwira. Mutu ndi khosi ndizopaka utoto wakuda. Nthenga zamasaya ndizoyera. Palinso malo oyera pamutu pomwe.
Pali mikwingwirima yoyera iwiri pamapiko. Ali wokondwa, mbalameyi imangoyenda - nthenga ngati mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono amatuluka pamutu pake.
Amuna ndi akazi amafanana mofananamo. Mukakumana ndi mbalameyi m'nkhalango, ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi wamkazi kapena uti. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti amuna ali ndi nthenga zowala pang'ono. Mkazi amakhala ndi thupi lobiriwira, pachifuwa ndi pakhosi ndi utoto wowonjezera, ndipo kapuyo ndimatte.
Palibe kuwala. Pali zithunzi zambiri komwe moskovka, mbalame pachithunzichi nthawi zonse amawonetsa mawonekedwe ake, koma, pakuchita, samadzipereka kuti adzidziwitse kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi.
Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi achikulire. Pamwamba ndi imvi yakuda ndi azitona kapena bulauni. Kapu imakhalanso imvi m'malo mwakuda. Pali zokutira zachikasu pamawangama oyera m'masaya ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mikwingwirima yoyera pamapiko samawoneka ngati yosiyana, mtundu wawo siowala kwambiri.
Mitundu
Kusiyana kwa madera nyengo, chakudya, kukhalako kwapangitsa kuti mbalamezi zitheke. Amasiyana kukula, tsatanetsatane wa utoto wa nthenga, komanso kupezeka kwa tuft pamutu.
Pakapanda malire achilengedwe, chisakanizo cha zinthu zakunja chimachitika ndipo nthawi zambiri mbalameyo imakhala ndi zizindikiritso zama subspecies angapo. Asayansi amatenga mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yamitunduyi.
Mitundu yayikulu yomwe imakhala kum'mawa, Central Europe, Scandinavia, gawo lonse la Russia, kum'mawa imakafika ku China ndi Peninsula yaku Korea. Amatchedwa Periparus ater ater.
Pali Caucasus awiri subspecies. Pamphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda - Periparus ater derjugini, ku North Caucasus - Periparus ater michalowskii. Amasiyana pang'ono wina ndi mnzake, koma mawere aku North Caucasus ndi achidule.
Zonsezi ndizosiyana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mbalame m'matupi awo akulu, mulomo wawutali wokulirapo ndi mapiko akulu. Gawo logawa mawere okhala ku Caucasus limafika ku Azerbaijan, komwe limakumana ndi tinthu tina tating'ono - Periparus ater gaddi, ndipo malo amoyo a gululi afika kumpoto kwa Iran.
Pali ma subspecies angapo ku China. Ku Himalaya, Taiwan, zilumba za Kuril - mawere akuda amakhala kulikonse ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mbalamezi zadziwa chilumbachi - Great Britain ndi Ireland.
Mumakhala Pyrenees, gombe lonse la Mediterranean ndi zilumba zomwe zili pamenepo. Amawoneka paliponse pomwe ma conifers amatha kukula, mbewu zake zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pazakudya izi. Omaliza anafotokozedwa ngati ma subspecies okhala ku Central Nepal, canyon ya Kali-Gandaki. Izi zidachitika posachedwa mu 1998.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Amayi aang'ono amakhala m'magulu azithunzi zapakatikati. Kuyambira awiri, khumi ndi atatu mpaka mazana angapo anthu. Nkhosazo zimakuta dera lalikulu ma kilomita angapo. Sipanga maulendo apaulendo apanthawi. Koma nthawi zina, gulu lonselo limatha kusamukira kudera latsopano.
Pambuyo pake, gululo limabwerera kumalo omwe anasiya kumene. Kugawikana kwa nkhosa kumachitika. Chifukwa chake, magawo atsopano akukonzedwa. Gulu lankhosa nthawi zambiri limakhala lokonzedwa. Zitha kuphatikiza mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana: Muscovy, mutu wautali, warbler ndi ena. Kukhalapo pamodzi kumawonjezera mwayi wopulumuka.
Kukula pang'ono ndi kulephera kuuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kumapangitsa mbalame kukhala pakati pa mitengo ndi tchire. Iwo (Muscovites) samakhala m'malo otseguka. Amakonda nkhalango za coniferous, m'malire akumwera amtundu wawo amatha kukhala m'nkhalango zosakanikirana ndi pine, larch, juniper momwemo.
Moskovka nthawi zambiri kuposa mawere ena omwe amasungidwa kunyumba ndi okonda nkhuku. Chifukwa chake ndi chophweka - amalekerera ukapolo kuposa ena. Ndipo lili ndi mawu omveka bwino. Nyimbo yake ndi yofanana ndi phokoso la mawu a tit, koma wamphamvu kwambiri, okwera komanso wachisomo. Mbalameyi imalemba zolemba zapamwamba kwambiri, zimatuluka mosiyanasiyana.
Mverani mawu a Muscovite
Titi yaying'ono imazolowera kukhala m'ndende ndipo imawuma. Atha kukhala mu ukapolo kwa nthawi yayitali. Makamaka ngati mumufanana. Mbalame mulimonsemo (kaya ndi yopanda awiri) imalekerera kukhala bwino ndi mbalame zina mu khola lofanana, aviary.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchentche ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri, titha kunena kuti, yosakhwima, imatsutsana kuti izikhala limodzi ndi oyandikana nawo mwamphamvu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mu khola lodziwika bwino, ntchentche imasiya kuimba.
Chakudya chotengedwa ukapolo chiyenera kufanana ndi chomwe mbalameyo imatha kulowa m'nkhalango, ndiye kuti, chakudya chabuluu wamba. Izi ndi mbewu za birch, hemp, mbewu za mpendadzuwa, zouma za spruce.
Zakudya zabwino
M'chaka ndi theka loyamba la chilimwe, mbalame zimadyetsa tizilombo. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Retinoptera, Homoptera amaphatikizidwa pazakudya za mbalamezi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makungwa a khungwa, nsabwe za m'masamba, weevils ndi zikumbu zina - aliyense amene timawawona ngati tizirombo ta m'nkhalango - amadyedwa ndikudyetsa ana awo. Mbalamezi zimadziwa kugwira ntchentche, agulugufe ndi agulugufe.
Kuyambira theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, a Muscovites amasintha kukhala zakudya zamasamba. Pakhomo lolowera ndi mbewu za mitengo ikuluikulu komanso yolimba. Katemera wotereyu ndiwothandiza kwambiri pokonza ma pine ndi ma spruce. Menyu imatha kusiyanasiyana ndi zipatso, mwachitsanzo, mlombwa. Monga nyama zambiri, mbalame zimabisa zonse zomwe zingadyedwe nthawi yozizira m'maenje ndi ming'alu.
Chipale chofewa ndi chisanu zimatha kuyendetsa mbalame kuchokera m'nkhalango kupita kunyumba za anthu. Kumidzi ndi matauni. Apa chilichonse chimakhala chakudya, kuyambira zomwe zimadyetsedwa mpaka zinyalala. Zimawoneka kuti nyengo yachisanu m'mapaki ndi m'mabwalo amzinda ndizomwe zimakonda mbalame.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Mbalame zimasunga maanja pamoyo wawo wonse. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi mkazi mmodzi. Asayansi sanapeze zomwe zimachitika m'modzi mwa anzawo atamwalira. Zowonjezera, awiri atsopano akupangidwa. Nyengo yakumasulira imayamba kumapeto kwa Januware mpaka Seputembala. Pakati ndi kumpoto, imayamba mu Marichi. Gululo limagawika pawiri.
Monga kuyimba kulikonse tit, Muscovy, kapena m'malo mwake wamwamuna wake, akuyesera kusangalatsa mkaziyo, amayamba kuimba. Pamwamba pamutu wa spruce amasankhidwa ngati katawala. Kuphatikiza pa ma trill, kukupiza mapiko, kuwuluka ndi nthenga zosalala amaphatikizidwa munthawi ya chibwenzi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, wamwamuna amasokonezedwa kuti atole chakudya. Amadzidyetsa yekha ndipo amadyetsa wamkazi. Kukhazikika kwakanthawi kwamwamuna, kutsitsa mapiko opukutika bwino, phokoso lapadera - zonse zimalankhula za mwambo wa zomwe zachitikazo.
Mkazi amayankha wamwamuna poganiza kuti afalikira, kutsanzira momwe mwana wankhuku amapempherera chakudya.
Chisa chimayikidwa mu dzenje, lomwe linasiyidwa ndi nkhonya, tit kapena mbalame ina. Ndikofunika kuti dzenje likhale pamtunda wochepa (pafupifupi mita imodzi). Chitsa cha mtengo wovunda kapena chodulidwa chimapusitsanso.
Ndizothandiza mbalame - Muscovy amatha kupanga chisa ngakhale mdzenje la mbewa. Chinthu chachikulu pogona ndi khomo laling'ono (pafupifupi masentimita awiri kapena atatu m'mimba mwake). Idzakhala ngati phompho. Mkazi amachita nawo chisa. Mkati mwake, mumakhala ndi moss, fluff, ubweya komanso wopangidwa ngati mbale.
Nthawi yokolola, timagulu tiwiri timapangidwa. Yoyamba ndi mu Epulo, koyambirira kwa Meyi. Ili ndi mazira 5 mpaka 13. Lachiwiri mu Juni. Lili ndi mazira 6 mpaka 9. Zing'onozing'ono, 12 ndi 18 mm kukula kwake, zotsekedwa mu chipolopolo chosalimba cha dzira.
Mazirawo amasamalilidwa ndi yaikazi. Iye pafupifupi samasiya zowalamulira. Amuna ali ndi udindo wathunthu kudyetsa wamkazi. Anapiye amaswa patatha masiku 14 mpaka 16. Amalira mokweza kufuna chakudya. Mkazi amakhalabe m'chisa masiku atatu ena, kuteteza ndi kuwotha anapiye.
Kenako, pamodzi ndi yaimuna, imayamba kupezera anapiye chakudya. Pakatha milungu itatu anawo ayamba kuchoka pachisa, koma amakhala mmenemo kwa kanthawi. Pakutha chilimwe, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa ndi akulu, ndipo onse pamodzi amasonkhana pamodzi.
Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo, monga onse oimira banjali, ndi zaka 8 - 10. Chiwerengero cha mawere chimasinthasintha kutengera kukula kwa nyengo yozizira komanso momwe chakudya chimakhalira. Kuchepa kwamderali kumachitika m'malo omwe nkhalango za coniferous zidulidwa. Pakadali pano, mtundu uwu suli pachiwopsezo cha kutha.
