Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mu gulu la makoswe beaver amadziwika kuti ndi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kum'mwera kwa dziko lapansi, alibe kukula kwake. Koma Kumadzulo, ndi capybara yokhayo yomwe ingafanane nawo - nyama yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa makoswe a nyama zonse zapulaneti.
Ponena za beavers, iwo omwe amakhala mdera la Eurasia amakhala ndi mita, komanso yokulirapo, pomwe kulemera kwake kumafikira 32 kg. Komabe, ku Canada kuli oimira banja la beaver ndipo ndiochulukirapo. Kulemera kwa okalamba kumatha kufika makilogalamu 45.
Pachithunzicho, beaver wamba
Ndipo sizomwezo beavers Dziko Latsopano limakulirakulira (makamaka zosemphana ndi izi), limangokula osati muunyamata kokha, komanso m'moyo wonse, chifukwa chake amatha kudzitama ndi ukalamba. Nthawi yomweyo, mu mpikisano wa amuna ndi akazi munyama izi zomwe zikukhala m'makontinenti onsewa, ndiye zitsanzo za theka lachikazi lomwe limalamulira pazonse, kuphatikiza kukula ndi kukula kwake.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti makolo amakono a beavers - zolengedwa zomwe zidachokera malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana ku Asia kapena ku North America kumapeto kwa Eocene (zaka 40 miliyoni zapitazo) ndipo zidakhalapo Padziko Lapansi pambuyo pake - zinali ndi pafupifupi mamitala atatu kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi 350 kg (izi ndizabwino zikuwonetsedwa ndi zitsanzo zakale za nthawi imeneyo, zophunziridwa ndi akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale).
Beaver wamakono ali ndi zinthu zotsatirazi. Thupi lake limawoneka lonyansa chifukwa cha miyendo yochepa kwambiri, ndipo miyendoyo ili ndi zala zisanu, zokhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu. Mutu wa nyamayo ndi waung'ono, mphuno yayitali, mphumi ikutsetsereka.
Maso amasiyanitsidwa ndi mabwalo ang'onoang'ono akuda, komanso mphuno yayikulu kwambiri. Makutu a beavers ndi otakata, afupikitsa, ngati odulidwa. Izi ndi zolengedwa zokhala m'madzi, motero, mwachilengedwe, zili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri omwe amawathandiza kukhala mosangalala m'derali.
Koposa zonse, izi ndi nembanemba zomwe zikuluzikulu ndi mchira wautali woboola pakati, womwe umakutidwa ndi tsitsi lochepa komanso masikelo owuma, komanso ubweya wonyowa kwathunthu. Wotsirizirayo amakhala ndi mkanjo wobiriwira, wofewa, pamwamba pake womwe umakhala wonenepa komanso wowuma. Ubweya uwu ndi wowala komanso wokongola modabwitsa, umatha kukhala wakuda, mabokosi mumitundumitundu, kapena bulauni yakuda.
Mitundu ya Beaver
Banja la beaver m'nthawi zamakedzana linali lokulirapo kuposa momwe liliri tsopano. Koma lero ili ndi mitundu iwiri yokha, yomwe tanena kale pamwambapa, chifukwa imagawanika molingana ndi malo awo.
Mtsinje wa beaver
Izi ndi mitundu ya Eurasia ndi Canada. Zimangowafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, kutchula nthawi yomweyo kuti onsewa amadziwika ngati zotsalira. Mpaka pano, pakati pa makoswe, monga apeza akatswiri azamasamba, ma beavers alibe achibale apamtima, ngakhale kale amawonedwa ngati gawo laling'ono longa agologolo.
- Mtsinje (wamba) beaver - monga mwachizolowezi kuyitanitsa mitundu yaku Eurasia. Amapezeka ku Russia, komanso amakhala ku China ndi Mongolia. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira nkhalango (nyanja, mayiwe kapena mitsinje yabata), magombe omwe ali ndi zomera zambiri.
- Beaver waku Canada amapezeka kumwera chakumwera kwa Canada ndipo mayiko ena ku United States. Ndizosangalatsa kuti posakhalitsa mitunduyo idalowa (makamaka, idayambitsidwa) ku Scandinavia. Unafika pamizu pamenepo ndikuyamba kufalikira mpaka Kummawa. Oimira izi, monga mitundu yam'mbuyomu, amakhala pafupi ndi madzi ndipo sangakhaleko popanda iwo. Ndi pachinthu ichi pomwe amakhala gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo.
Mwakuwoneka, mamembala amitundu yonseyi amakhala ofanana. Koma okhala ku Old World ali ndi mutu wokulirapo komanso wocheperako pozungulira; Mphuno, poyerekeza ndi obadwa nayo, ndi yayifupi, malaya amkati ochepa, mchira wopapatiza ndi miyendo yaying'ono. Thupi la nzika zaku America ndilocheperako, makutu ndi akulu, ndipo miyendo ndiyotalika, yomwe imawalola kuyenda pamapazi awo akumbuyo. Amakhala ofiira ofiira kapena akuda.
Beaver waku Canada
Kusiyanasiyana kwa majini kunalinso kofunika m'mitundu iwiriyi. Chiwerengero cha ma chromosomes awo (48 mumtsinje ndi 40 ku Canada) sichimagwirizana, zomwe zimafotokoza zakusatheka kuwoloka mitundu iwiriyi, pakuwona, mitundu yofananira, ngakhale asayansi ayesa mobwerezabwereza zoyesayesa.
Zaka zana zapitazo, oimira zinyamazi anali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuti atha. Beavers aku Russia nawonso anali osiyana. Koma njira zowatetezera zidatengedwa ndikuwonetsa kuti zothandiza. Lero, nyama zimenezi zimakhala m'dera lalikulu la dziko lathu, kuchokera ku Siberia mpaka Kamchatka.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Dera lomwe ma beaver adakhazikika amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi ena ndi zikwangwani zooneka bwino. M'malo momwe nyama izi zimagwirira ntchito yawo yofunika, nthawi zonse pamakhala mitengo yambiri yakugwa yomwe yadulidwa mwatsopano yopindika. Zinthu ngati izi ndizofunikira kwa zolengedwa zolimbikira pomanga ndi kukonza. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, chofunikira pakupezeka kwa beavers mdera lina ndikupezeka kwa dziwe: nyanja, posungira, mtsinje, kapena mtsinje.
Mwakutero, zolengedwa zam'madzi zam'madzi izi sizingakhale popanda madzi, koma popanda mpweya zimatha kukhala pafupifupi kotala la ola limodzi. Chifukwa chake, pachiwopsezo chilichonse, mwachitsanzo, kubisala adani: nkhandwe, chimbalangondo kapena nkhandwe, zolengedwa izi zimapita pansi pamadzi, pomwe zimakhala. Amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu ochezeka-mabanja, ndipo mamembala awo, ngati kuli kofunikira, amatha kudziwitsa anthu amtundu anzawo za tsoka lomwe likubwera. Nthawi ngati izi chowombera nyama mwamphamvu akugunditsa mchira wake pamadzi. Ndipo mbendera iyi imadziwika nthawi yomweyo ndi aliyense kuchokera kwa omwe ali mgululi.
Zilombozi zimagwira ntchito mwakhama nthawi yotentha, koma zimagwira ntchito mpaka madzulo, zimagwira ntchito usiku wonse mpaka m'mawa, ndipo zimapuma masana. Ntchito yawo ndikudula mitengo ndikumanga. Ndipo mwa izi amathandizidwa ndi mano awo akuthwa modabwitsa, omwe amatha kupukusa nkhuni mosavuta. Beaver amatha kugwetsa mtengo wowonda pasanathe theka la ola, koma pamitengo yayikulu kwambiri komanso yolimba nthawi zina imagwira ntchito mausiku angapo motsatizana. Nthawi yomweyo, zoyesayesa zake sizowoneka kokha, komanso zomveka, ndikumveka kwa beaver kumamveka kwa mita zana mozungulira.
Zinyama za nyama izi ndi malo awo odalirika ku nyengo yoipa komanso adani. Pofuna kumanga nyumba zawo, nyama zotere zimakumba maenje, posankha magombe akuluakulu m'malo omwe nthaka ndi yolimba mokwanira. Mabowo a Beaver ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Ngalande mu izo zimathera mu "zipinda" zapadera, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ndipo zimakhala ndi zolowera pansi pamadzi. Makoma a nyumbayo amalimbikitsidwa ndi dothi komanso matope, pomwe pansi, ndiye kuti, pansi pake pamakhala tchipisi tamatabwa.
Nyama zolimbikira izi zimamanganso nyumba, zomwe ndizolengedwa kuchokera ku nthambi, zokongoletsedwa ndi silt ndi dongo. Chojambula chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi beaver damu... Nyumba zotere nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pamitsinje, ndipo zimakhala zofunikira kumunsi kwenikweni kwa midzi ya nyama izi. Mfundo apa ndikuti athandize kusefukira kwa mtsinjewu ndikuletsa kuti asamayandikire pafupi ndi nyumba zapa bever.
Beavers amapanga madamu kuchokera mumitengo
Ndipo izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa chakudya, komanso zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira m'dera lomwe nyama zimakhala, zomwe ndi njira zabwino zowonjezeretsa moyo. A Beaver amapumula mokwanira kuntchito kwawo m'nyengo yozizira, amakhala nthawi yonse yosavomerezeka m'kanyumba mwawo mwa kugona pang'ono. Nthawi zina amapita panja, koma kukangokhala ndi chakudya.
Mbali inayi, zikuwoneka kuti mababu akuwononga chilengedwe. Komabe, zimapindulitsanso kwambiri zachilengedwe. Kumalo komwe kumamangidwa madamu komanso kumene kusefukira madzi, nsomba zambiri zimaŵetedwa, tizilombo ta m'madzi timaswana bwino ndipo madambo ambiri amapangidwa.
Nyama izi, zowonadi, zimawononga mitengo yambiri, koma makamaka zomwe zimakula pafupi ndi madzi ndizomwe zimadulidwa. Kwa zambiri samadzinamiza. Mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yakugwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ndi beavers pomanga madamu, koma nthambi, zingwe zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, masamba ndi makungwa amazitema.
Zakudya zabwino
Nyama izi ndizabwino kwambiri. Komabe, chakudya chawo sichingatchulidwe chosauka. Akatswiri a zinyama omwe amaphunzira za moyo wawo komanso njira zawo zodyetsera, amati pazakudya zawo pamakhala pafupifupi mazana atatu azomera zosiyanasiyana. Kupezeka kwa chakudya cholemera komanso chosiyanasiyana ndi muyezo wina malinga ndi momwe nyamazi zimachitira posankha malo okhala. Pogwiritsa ntchito makungwa pochita izi, amakonda kudya msondodzi, linden, aspen, birch, poplar, alder ndikuwononga mitengo yambiri. Amadyanso sorelo, nettle, sedge, bango, amakonda maluwa okongola am'madzi.
Beavers ndi azachuma kwambiri, amasamala zaumoyo wamabanja, chifukwa chake amapanga malo ambiri osungira nyengo yachisanu. Amapinda mosamala komanso mosamala nthambi zamitengo mpaka pansi pa dziwe, pomwe amapanga "cellars". Banja lalikulu la ma beavers limatha kusunga zoposa ma cubic metres khumi azakudya zotere m'nyengo yozizira. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti zomwe zili mnyumba yosungira zimatengedwa ndi mtsinje. Ndipamene nyamazo zimayenera kusiya malo awo abwino ndikupita kuzizira kukafunafuna chakudya. Izi sizosangalatsa komanso zowopsa, chifukwa munthawi yanjala iyi ndikosavuta kukhala nyama yolusa, mwachitsanzo, mimbulu.
Anthu amathanso kukhala owopsa pazinyama zolimbikira izi komanso zopanda vuto. Kusaka kwa Beaver imayambira ku Russia kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira ndipo imakhala mpaka koyambirira kwamasika. Okonda ntchitoyi, yomwe ilipo yambiri, zindikirani kuti zolengedwa izi ndizosamala kwambiri. Ndi bwino kuwasaka ndi mfuti.
Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito msampha kuti mugwire nyama, ndiye kuti ubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali ungawonongeke kwambiri. Nyama ya nyamazi imakhala ndi mtundu wofiira ndipo imavomerezeka kuti idye. Zimakoma ngati kalulu. Komabe, ili ndi kukoma kwapadera, chifukwa chake zokometsera zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera.
Zikopa za nyama zophedwa nthawi zambiri zimagulitsidwa kuzipangizo zina. Chovala chaubweya wa Beaver amaonedwa kuti ndi wapamwamba, amawoneka okongola komanso amatha kutentha kwambiri. Amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotere, zomwe zimasungidwa ndikusunga malamulo, zitha kukhala kwa zaka makumi angapo. Beavers akhala akusakidwa kuyambira nthawi zakale chifukwa cha nyama yawo ndi ubweya wofunda. Koma kupatula izi, mu zonunkhira ndi mankhwala, otchedwa ndege ya beaver... Ndi chiyani icho?
Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama izi zili ndi vuto linalake lomwe limapezeka m'chigawo chakufa cha thupi. Kunja, ili ngati matumba awiri olumikizana, ndikupanga chinsinsi chapadera. Izi ndizonunkhira kwambiri, chifukwa chake ma beavers amagwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza gawo lawo. Komabe, anthu amakedzana adazindikira kuti ili ndi mphamvu yochiritsa. Ndipo madokotala amakono adangotsimikizira lingaliro ili.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zikondwerero za Beaver zimachitika mu theka lachiwiri la dzinja. Beavers, omwe kuchuluka kwake kumatha kufikira sikisi, amabadwa patadutsa miyezi itatu (ku Beavers aku Canada, mimba imatenga nthawi yayitali). Ana awa ndi akhungu ndipo amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi. Komanso, m'nyengo yotentha ya mkaka wa m'mawere, amalemera msanga msanga. Komabe, pofika nyengo yozizira, ma beavers sanakhwime mokwanira, chifukwa chake amabisala limodzi ndi makolo awo.
Beavers ang'ono
Ndipo pokhapokha kukula kwachinyamata kukafika zaka ziwiri, kumatha kudzetsa moyo wodziyimira pawokha, komanso kufunafuna ndikukonzekeretsa madera atsopano. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti zikopa zazimayi, monga anthu, zimakhala ndi chizolowezi chonyamula ana awo m'manja, kapena kani, zimawagwira m'manja. Miyendo imodzimodziyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi nyama zikagwira ntchito, kupanga zomangamanga, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala apadera pakati pa nyama.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti msinkhu wazilombozi umadziwika mosavuta ndi mano. Zosinthazi zomwe zimapangidwa mwachilengedwe zimachita gawo lofunikira pamoyo wa beavers, chifukwa chake zimakhala ndi dongosolo lapadera. Mwachitsanzo, otukuka kwambiri pakati pawo ndi ma incisors apamwamba. Ndipo wamkuluyo akamakula, mano ake amakhala okulirapo. Kutalika kwa zamoyozi kuthengo kumadziwika pafupifupi zaka pafupifupi 15.
