Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Mitundu ya zinyama zotere, zomwe ndi za banja la mustelids, sizili zovuta kuziwerenga. Mukangoganizira za madzi akumwa pamapu adziko lathu ndikuwona malo opanda mitengo pomwe nsomba zimapezeka zambiri. Kumeneko n’kumene zolengedwa zimenezi ziyenera kuti zinapeza pobisalira.
Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nyama zoterezi ndi amodzi mwamtundu wa gulu losangalatsa lazinyama zapadziko lapansi, lotchedwa: zolusa zam'madzi. Chifukwa chake, nyamazi zimakhazikika pafupi ndi madzi abwino, makamaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja.
Ndipo kapangidwe kake kakuthupi kamagwirizana kwathunthu ndi moyo wazinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimayenera kusambira ndikutsika kwambiri komanso mwangwiro.
Mtsinje wamba otter – nyama yokulirapo, nthawi zambiri imakhala yolemera pafupifupi 10 kg. Kukula kwa thupi lake locheperako, lalitali kwambiri komanso losinthasintha, limakhala ndi theka la mita, ndipo nthawi zina limakhala pafupifupi mita.
Otter amakhala ndi thupi lalitali losinthasintha
Chodziwika bwino cha mawonekedwe a otter ndi mchira wake waukulu. Ili pafupi theka la kutalika kwa thupi, lotambalala kumunsi ndikulunjika kumapeto kwake. Nyamayo imawoneka yopanda pake chifukwa cha miyendo yayifupi, pakati pazala zake zakuphazi, monga pafupifupi oimira zinyama zonse zomwe amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, pali nembanemba zosambira.
Khosi ndi lalitali, koma mutu wake ndi wocheperako pang'ono, pomwe umakhala wolimba komanso wopapatiza. Zonsezi otters pachithunzicho kuwonekera mwatsatanetsatane.
Ziwalo za masomphenya a nyama izi zimabzalidwa kotero kuti pakusambira, madzi amalowa mwa iwo kangapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwona. Chifukwa chake, maso a otter amayang'ana m'mwamba komanso mtsogolo. Pachifukwa chomwechi, nyama zotere zimatseka makutu awo ndi mawoko awo poyenda pamadzi, kuteteza ngalande zomvera.
Monga nyama zambiri zam'madzi, ma otter ali ndi ulusi pamapazi awo.
Ubweya wa otter ndiwopadera: waufupi, koma wolimba komanso wolimba, nthawi yomweyo osanyowa, ndi momwe zilili ndi malo omwe chilengedwe chimapatsa zolengedwa zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi. Mtundu waubweya wawo ndi wabulauni wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, nthawi zina kamvekedwe kake kamakhala kopepuka, ndipo miyendo yakuda yakuda imawonekera kumbuyo komwe.
Kapangidwe ka tsitsi kamasintha masika ndi kugwa kulikonse, ndipo izi zimachitika nthawi yakukhetsa. NDI yozizira otter ali ndi chovala chotalikirapo kuposa nthawi yotentha.
Ubweya wa nyama izi siwopadera kokha, koma wolimba komanso wokongola, kupatula apo, ndizodabwitsa kuvala, ndikuthwa pansi. Pakakonza zikopa za nyama, nyama zophedwa, ndiye kuti, ndiye kuti, gawo lofewa la ubweya limatsalira pambuyo poti tsitsi lalikululo lichotsedwa.
Zovala zaubweya ndi zovala zina zopangidwa ndi zinthu zoterezi, chifukwa chake, sizolimba, ngati zikopa za otter, osataya mawonekedwe ake kwazaka zambiri.
Pachifukwa ichi, ubweya wotere ndiwofunika kwambiri. Izi ndizowona makamaka zikopa za otter am'nyanja ndi nyama zamtunduwu zomwe zimakhala ku Alaska. Ndipo sizosadabwitsa, popeza zidalembedwa kuti kupha kosalamulirika kwa eni ake aubweya wofunika kwambiri kwachepetsa kwambiri anthu.
Ku Russia, nyama zoterezi zimakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula madera akumpoto ovuta, oyenera. Ngati tilingalira kontinenti yaku Europe, ndiye kuti pali nyama zambiri ku Netherlands ndi Switzerland.
Amapezekanso kumpoto kwa Africa, komanso ku Asia. Komabe, ku Antarctica ndi Australia, sali m'gulu la oimira nyama zakomweko.
Asanayambitse kuwononga nyama zonsezi, otter wamba anali wofunikira kwambiri, wofalikira kudera lonse la Europe, ndipo ku Asia kudafika ku Japan ndi Sri Lanka.
Mitundu ya Otter
Zonsezi, mitundu 13 imadziwika mu mtundu wa otters, koma kwenikweni ndi mitundu 12 yokha yomwe ilipo padziko lapansi. Izi zidachitika pambuyo poti kutha kwathunthu kwamtundu umodzi - Japan. Ambiri mwa otter ndi otters amtsinje. Koma pali otters am'nyanja, komanso omwe amakonda kukhala kumtunda ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali pamenepo.
Pamwambapa, ndi otter wamba wamba omwe amafotokozedwa. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone mitundu ina.
1. Sumatran otter amakhala m'chigawo cha Asia kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Kukhazikika m'nkhalango za mango, madambo, nyanja, madera otsika a mitsinje ndi m'mbali mwa mitsinje yamapiri. Chikhalidwe cha nyama zotere ndi mphuno, yomwe imakutidwa ndi ubweya, mosiyana ndi gawo lomwelo la thupi mumitundu ina.
Kupanda kutero, kusiyana kwake kumakhala kochepa. Kulemera kwa nyama zotere nthawi zambiri sikudutsa 7 kg. Koma kukula kwa thupi lokulirapo kumafika mamita 1.3. Tsitsi kumbuyo kwake ndi lofiirira, mkati mwake ndi kopepuka, zikhadabo zake ndizolimba, nembanemba zosambira zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri.
2. Opanda otter asiatic amakhala ku Indonesia ndi Indochina, omwe amakhala mizu m'minda ya mpunga wosefukira ndi madzi, ndipo, nawonso, amapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje. Mwa mitundu yonse ya otters, iyi ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, ndicho chodabwitsa chake.
Kukula kwa achikulire nthawi zambiri sikupitilira masentimita 45. Kuphatikizanso apo, zikhadabo za m'miyendo mwa nyama izi zimangokhalapo ali makanda. Ubweya wawo umatha kukhala wofiirira kapena wakuda pang'ono, komanso beige, komanso wopepuka. Zidazo sizikukula bwino.
3. Giant otter (amatchedwanso Brazil). Nyama zoterezi zimakhazikika m'chigwa cha Amazon ndipo zimakhala m'nkhalango zotentha. Kukula kwa zolengedwa izi, kuphatikizapo kutalika kwa mchira, ndi pafupifupi 2 m, ndipo misa imatha kupitirira 20 kg. Ali ndi zikhomo zazikulu, zazikulu zokhala ndi zikhadabo ndi nembanemba zopangidwa bwino.
Otter ubweya za mitundu iyi ndi yakuda, yodziwika ndi zidendene zonona. Imawerengedwa kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali, pomwe oimira zinyama izi zatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha kusaka kopitilira muyeso, komwe kunachitika nthawi yapitayo. Lero, mtundu uwu amadziwika kuti ndi wosowa kwambiri pakati pa abale ake.
Mutha kusiyanitsa otter chimphona kuchokera kwa ena ndi beige pachifuwa.
4. Cat otter ndi nyama yam'nyanja, komanso, yophunzira pang'ono. Amapezeka makamaka ku Argentina, Peru ndi Chile. Mwa achibale, otters oterewa amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulu kwambiri, omwe amalemera makilogalamu oposa 6 pafupipafupi. Mtundu uwu umatetezedwanso komanso ndi wosowa.
Pali otters amtunduwu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi oyera. Mwambiri, zolengedwa izi zimakonda kukhazikika m'madzi okhala ndi ndere zambiri, m'mitsinje ndi malo okhala ndi miyala yamiyala. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi thunzi lalifupi lalifupi lokongoletsedwa ndi "matumbo oyenda". Miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, monga mitundu yambiri ya otter, ndi yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo.
Wachibale wapamtima wa otters ndi nyanja otter, yomwe ndi ya banja lomwelo la ma mustelids. Ndimayitananso nyama zoterezi za Kamchatka. Oyimira nyamazi ndiosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa chokhoza kusintha moyo wawo m'madzi am'nyanja.
Kuphatikiza pa dera la Far East komanso madera oyandikana ndi dzinalo, otter wam'madzi amakhala pazilumba za Aleutian, amagawidwa kwambiri ku North America m'mphepete mwa nyanja yakumadzulo, kuchokera kumadera akumwera mpaka ku Alaska.
Amuna amtunduwu ndi akulu kukula ndipo amatha kulemera makilogalamu 36. Ubweya wa nyama izi umasiyanitsidwa ndi dongosolo lolimba komanso lolimba. Nyama zotere nthawi zonse komanso mosamala zimakhala zoyera. Chifukwa chatsitsi labwino kwambiri, mtundu wa otter wam'nyanja wakhudzidwa kwambiri. Pakadali pano pali njira zazikulu zotetezera nyama izi.
Nyama zambiri zam'nyanja zotchedwa sea otter zimatchedwa sea otter
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Mtsinje otteromwe amakhala mdera lotentha ku Europe, kuphatikiza kukula kwa Russia, amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi m'mbali mwa mitsinje yamnkhalango yomwe ili ndi zolengedwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo apa iye makamaka amasankha madera okhala ndi mathithi ndi maiwe, kotero kuti madzi samazizira nthawi yozizira.
Zachidziwikire, izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa cholengedwa chomwe chimakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, nyama zomwe zimakhala mdera lino sizimakonda kukhala m'mayiwe ndi nyanja, zomwe zimaphimbidwa ndi ayezi mosavuta ngakhale kuzizira.
Mphepete mwa mitsinje kumene nyama zoterezi zimakhala, mwanjira zambiri, ndizokwera komanso zowongoka, zokutidwa ndi mafunde amphepo. Ndi mu biotopes zotere kuti nthawi zonse mumakhala malo obisalamo okwanira, momwe m'njira yodalirika ndizotheka kubisa maenje omwe nyama zimakumba kuchokera kumaso opanda chifundo, khomo lomwe liyenera kukhala pansi pamadzi. Nthawi zina pomanga nyumba, nyama izi zimasankha mapanga agombe.
Oposa mita zana kuchokera pagombe pansi, akamatuluka m'madzi, ma otter nthawi zambiri samachoka. Sakonda kwenikweni kupita kumtunda. Pakuti ndipamene zowopsa zazikulu kwambiri zimawabisalira. Amakonda kukhala padera.
Malo aliwonse amoyo ndi kusaka nyama iliyonse, monga lamulo, amakhala osachepera mahekitala angapo kukula kwake. Nyama izi zimadziwika ndi kusamala komanso kubisa. Makhalidwe amenewa amawonekera makamaka pamtunda - madera omwe amadzimva kuti ndi osatetezeka. Ngakhale zolengedwa izi zitha kukhala olimba mtima kwambiri.
Amatha kumenyana ndi otsutsa okwanira komanso olimba. Ndipo amayi amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri, kufuna kuteteza ana awo.
Otters ndi osambira abwino ndipo amasangalala m'madzi
Koma limodzi ndi izi, chikhalidwe cha otters ndimasewera komanso achangu. Amakonda kukwera, monga kutsetsereka, kuchokera kugombe lotsetsereka, kwinaku akuyenda m'madzi mosangalala kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, ntchentche zimayenda chimodzimodzi pa chipale chofewa, zimakwera pamimba pake, ndikusiya njira yozama kwambiri m'chipale chofewa.
Amakhulupirira kuti sikumasewera chabe, kutsetsereka nthawi yozizira komanso kusangalala. Mwinanso, mwanjira imeneyi, "mikwingwirima" imamasula ubweya wawo ku chinyezi chomwe amasonkhanitsa. Otter wokhoza kufuula akachita mantha. Posewera, nyama zotere zimalira komanso zimalira. Nyimbo zina zomwe zimapezeka kwa iwo zimaphatikizapo kuyimba likhweru.
Kuchokera ku Middle Ages, nyamazi zakhala zikugwidwa ukapolo chifukwa cha ubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali, wapadera. Masiku ano, okonda zachilengedwe ambiri, poyang'ana cholengedwa chokhudza ichi, chomwe chimayandama ndikumizirira modabwitsa pamadzi, amafuna kukhala ndi chiweto chotere kuti azisewera nacho ndikuwona zanzeru zake.
Koma zoweta zoweta sichiwoneka ngati chidole konse. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta zambiri pakuzisunga, chifukwa otters amafunikira kwambiri malamulo onse, malo osungiramo zinthu zonse.
Ngakhale sizachilendo kuti otters azolowere kwambiri anthu ndikukhala osangalala kwambiri ndi moyo. Amakondana ndi eni ake, kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuphunzira ndikutsatira ena mwa malamulo awo.
Zakudya zabwino
Ndikosavuta kuganiza kuti gawo lalikulu lazakudya zam'madzi okhala m'madzi ndi nsomba. Ndipo mtundu wa chakudya umadalira komwe ma otter amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zomwe zikukhala pa Volga zimatha kusaka ma piki akuluakulu komanso carp. Koma mwachangu ndi zina zonse zazing'ono za otter, kulikonse komwe amakhala, amasankhabe zakudya zina.
Komanso, olusa amenewa amatha kugwira nyama m'mabango pakati pa madzi osasunthika, komanso m'mitsinje yokhala ndi mafunde ambiri. Otter okhala kumadera akumpoto amadya cod, brown trout, grayling, ndi trout.
Zimakhala zovuta kukhala nyama yotere nthawi yomwe madzi amakhala okutidwa ndi madzi oundana. Apa muyenera kuyang'ana madera amadzi aulere, apo ayi sikutheka kuti azigwira nsomba zomwe amakonda kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti athe kufunafuna chakudya, ma otter amayenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali, kuyenda pa ayezi ndi chisanu. Otter amatha kuyenda pafupifupi 20 km patsiku.
Omwe amasunga ziweto zotere kunyumba ayenera kudziwa kuti amafunikira chakudya pafupifupi 1 kg patsiku. Amatha kupatsidwa, nsomba zosaphika, komanso nyama, mazira, mkaka. Ndikothekanso kudyetsa otter ndi mbewa ndi achule. Ndipo musaiwale za zowonjezera mavitamini.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Pomaliza nkhani za otters, tsopano tiziwona momwe zimasinthira. Kujambula kumachitika nthawi yachilimwe. Ndipo pambuyo pa kutenga miyezi iwiri, amayi otter amabereka ana anayi. Ana oterewa amalemera 100 g okha, yokutidwa ndi ubweya, koma nthawi yomweyo ndi akhungu.
Pambuyo pa milungu iwiri, amayamba kukwawa. Ndipo ali ndi zaka ziwiri, amakula ndikulimba, aphunzira kale kusambira. Kwina mpaka nthawi imeneyi, mano awo amakula, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amakhala ndi mwayi wazolowera chakudya chokwanira.
Zowona, ma otter ang'ono akadali kukhwima kwathunthu. Ngakhale itakwanitsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, nyama zazing'ono zimayesetsa kukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo, kuyembekeza kuti zizitetezedwa komanso kuti azitha kuzisamalira bwino. Ndipo ma otter a chaka chimodzi chokha ndi omwe angawerengedwe kuti ndi okhwima kwathunthu pa moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Mtsinje Otter Cubs
Ndiyeno mbadwo watsopano umachoka kukafunafuna malo awo okhala. Nthawi zina achinyamata amakhala m'magulu, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala osungulumwa.
Moyo wa otter m'chilengedwe si wophweka. Ngakhale kuti nyamazi zimatha kukhala zaka 15, kwenikweni izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Ntchentche nthawi zambiri zimafa mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama zodya nyama ndi mbalame, kufa ndi matenda komanso ngozi.
