Ndi mbalame yanji yomwe ikuphulitsa miyala, kusisita nthenga zake zam'mimba? "Palibe titmouse kapena cuckoo, koma osadziwika chithu... Dzina lachilatini la mtunduwo tirkushek ndi Glareola, kuchepetsedwa kwa mawu chinyezi (miyala), amalankhula zakusankha kwake kwachilendo pomanga zisa. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi mtundu wochepa, koma wowala kwambiri. Zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala zosangalatsa, tiyeni tikuuzeni mwatsatanetsatane.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe
Tirkushki ndi ofanana ndi mbalame zambiri zapakatikati. Nthawi zina amatchulidwa ku dongosolo la ma plover, kenako ku dongosolo la waders. Kunja amafanana ndi gull, ali ndi miyendo yayifupi yomweyo, mapiko ataliatali ndi michira yayitali yazitali.
Mtundu wokhawo ndiye umatulutsa mbalame ina, nthawi zambiri nthenga zawo zimakhala zachikuda kapena zobiriwira. Mlomo ndi mtanda pakati pa mlomo wa nkhuku ndi usiku. Ndipo ndi mbalame zochepa zokha zomwe zimadulidwa kwambiri pakamwa, kufika kumapeto kwa maso.
Tirkushki ali ndi mayendedwe osiyanasiyana "olankhula". Pali zosokoneza pomwe pali chiwopsezo, mbalame zimatha kupanga malingaliro olota, kenako nkuuluka mwadzidzidzi. Amatha kujambula mbalame yovulala ikuuluka pamtchire.
Kapena mosemphanitsa, yesetsani kuukira. Kuphatikiza apo, zosangalatsa zawo amakonda kuyenda m'madzi osaya am'mbali. Mbalame yothamanga, yogwira ntchito, yoyenda yothamangira mpaka m'maondo mumtsinje kapena m'nyanja nthawi zambiri imakopa chidwi cha anthu ndipo imatha kukhala mu chimbale cha zithunzi.
Tirkushka imatha kuwonedwa pafupi ndi madzi osiyanasiyana
Tirkushka pachithunzichi chosangalatsa makamaka pamiyambo yokomera. Magalasi amatha kujambula magule osangalatsa a onse awiri. Pakadali pano, mapikowo adakwezedwa pamwamba kumbuyo, ngati matanga awiri.
Ndipo nthenga zapakhosi zimasunthidwa mpaka kutsindika kolayo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatambasula makosi awo ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe ena opingasa. Zizindikiro zawo zomveka zimakhala chete ndipo sizimveka bwino, zikuimba mluzu pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri zimamveka pakadutsa alamu, ndege isanafike, nthawi yovina mwamwambo komanso kugunda kwamabingu.
Mverani mawu a steppe tirkushka
Mitundu
Kum'mawa tirkushka (Glareola malfvarum). Amadziwikanso kuti dzombe kapena mbalame. Kukula mpaka 25 cm, kulemera kwake mpaka 95 g. Kumbuyo ndi kumutu kumakhala kofiirira, ndipo nthenga zouluka zamtundu wa anthracite zimawonekera pamapiko. Belly yoyera, mabokosi amayenda. Dzinalo la zamoyozi limatiuza kuti ndi mbadwa za Maldives.
Amakhala kumadera ofunda akumwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia, zisa ku Pakistan, amasamukira m'nyengo yozizira kupita ku India, Indonesia ndi Australia. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, adawonedwa kutali kwambiri ndi komwe amakhala - ku UK.
Momwe amafikira kumeneko sizikudziwika. Nthawi yoyamba kujambula kotereku kudachitika mu 1981 ku Suffolk. Mbalame zouluka zimawonedwanso ku Europe, Far East ndi Alaska.
Steppe tirkushka (mapiko akuda), Glareola nordmann... Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi dzina la katswiri wazaku Finland komanso wofufuza malo Alexander von Normann. Mbalame ya "malo otseguka". Amakhala ku Southeast Europe ndi Southwest Asia. M'madera a Russia, amatha kuwona m'zigawo za Voronezh, Tula, nthawi zina zimafika ku Ufa.
Kupyola Mapiri a Ural kumatha kufikira ku Omsk. Kum'mwera, amapezeka ku gombe la Black Sea. Zima ku Africa. Kukula mpaka masentimita 28, kulemera kwa magalamu 100. Kukula pang'ono dambo ndi kum'mawa mitundu.
Maonekedwe ake ndi kayendedwe kake kofananira ndi kofanana kwambiri ndi kameza. Chitonthozo cha moyo chimaperekedwa ndi zigwa za ku steppe zokhala ndi zomera zosafunikira. Nthawi zambiri zimawoneka pafupi ndi nyanja zamchere komanso matupi amadzi opanda mchere posaka chakudya.
Dambo tirkushka (kolala kapena kolala), Glareola pratincola... Dzinalo limasuliridwa kuti ndi kuphatikiza mawu awiri: "prati "- dambo,"incola"- nzika. Ndikosavuta kuwona m'maiko onse ozungulira Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Black Sea, komanso zigwa zomwe zili pafupi ndi Volga ndi Danube, m'mapiri a kumwera kwa Russia komanso ku Siberia.
Mbalameyi yapatsa tirkushki ina yonse ndi dzina loti "pratincola". Pamwamba pa thupi pamakhala bulauni ndipo mimba ndi yoyera. Kakhosi kofiira pang'ono kofiira kakuzunguliridwa ndi mzere wakuda wakuda, ngati kolala.
Zofanana kwambiri ndi mitundu iwiri yapitayi, zimasiyana mthunzi wa mapiko apansi komanso kutalika kwa mchira. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika - Africa ndi Middle East. Mukuuluka, monga steppe, imafanana ndi namzeze.
Pachithunzicho, tirkushka wamatabwa, wa nthenga zowala pakhosi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kolala kapena kolala
Tigkushka wamakhosi oyera (mwala), Glareola nuchalis... Aboriginal aku Africa. Pali ma subspecies awiri - aku Liberia komanso a Long-necked. Kukula mpaka 19.5 cm, mchira mpaka 6 cm, kulemera mpaka 52 g. Mzere woyera umawonekera pakhosi, kuyambira m'maso pafupifupi mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Amuna ndi akazi onse amatulutsa mawu olira mluzu, nyimbo, koma amatha kumveka phokoso mukakhala okondwa. Amakhala pamiyala m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Pamene zigwa za mitsinje zikusefukira, zimasamukira kudera lina ndi dera. Amagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono okwana 26 ndi chisa pamiyala.
Amakonda kuyendayenda m'madzi ozizira tsiku lotentha. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka atakhala mvuu, zomwe zimamamatira ku gulu la tizilombo. Chakudya chofala ndi agulugufe, ntchentche, kafadala, cicadas, ziwala.
Mabanja okwatirana amasiya paketi ndikupanga dziko lawo laling'ono. Izi zimachitika nthawi ya chilala. Chifukwa chake, zisa zimapangidwa pamiyala, pafupi ndi madzi. Nkhuku zimayamba mwachangu osati kungothamanga, komanso kusambira.
Madagascar tirkushka, Glareola Ocularis... Alibe kolala yakuda pachifuwa pake, monga steppe, meadow ndi abale akum'mawa, ndipo palibe kolala yoyera yomwe imakongoletsa miyala yamiyala. Koma pansi pamaso akuda, ma eyeliners oyera amawoneka bwino, ndipo m'mimba muli utoto pang'ono ndi utoto wofiira.
Amapezeka ku Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Somalia ndi Tanzania. Amawonekeranso ku Mauritius. Nkhalango zowirira zam'madzi, madambo osefukira, nyanja zamadzi, magombe amiyala ndi mafunde akomwe zimakopa mbalameyi.
Pachithunzicho tawuni ya Madagascar
Gray tirkushka (Glareola cinirea)... Wokhala ku Central ndi Western Asia. Kufikira masentimita 20 kukula kwake, mpaka magalamu 37. Mtundu waukulu ndi wakuda kumbuyo, woyera pamimba ndi pakhosi. Mlomo ndi wa lalanje wokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Miyendo ndi yofiira. Nthawi yoswana imadalira dera lokhalamo. Ku Gabon, February-March, ku Congo, June-August, ndi ku Nigeria, March-June.
Tirkushka yaying'ono (Glareola lactea). Indian pratinkola yaying'ono, mpaka kukula kwa masentimita 18. Amagawidwa kumadera otentha a Asia. Amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India. Zimaswana kuyambira Disembala mpaka Marichi pamiyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mchenga pafupi ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi ma swifts kapena Swill.
Pansi pamawoneka osawoneka - imvi yotuwa, pafupifupi mkaka wamkaka (chifukwa chake dzina la mitunduyo "wamaliseche"- mkaka). Zimaphatikizana ndi fumbi louma. Pamwamba kokha pamutu pamatulutsa chokoleti pang'ono, ndipo zonyezimira zoyera ndi zakuda zimawoneka pamapiko. M'chisa chawo nthawi zambiri mumakhala mazira awiri amtundu wa beige, ndi pulasitala wosweka.
Munda wa tirkushka waku Australia - mitundu yokhayo yamtundu wa Stiltia, dzina lodziwika bwino Stiltia isabella... Amabereka ku Australia, amapitilira pamenepo, koma nthawi zina amasamukira ku New Guinea kapena Indonesia kuti akasinthe. Ndiwombankhanga woyendayenda amene amakhala bwino m'madera ouma a dzikoli.
Chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 60 zikwi. Imabereka makamaka kuchokera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Queensland kupita kumpoto kwa Victoria komanso kudutsa pakati pa Australia kupita kudera la Kimberley. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amasamukira kumpoto kwa Australia, Java, Sulawesi ndi South Borneo. Mbalame yoonda ndi mlomo wopindika.
Kutalika mpaka masentimita 24, mapiko mpaka 60 cm, kulemera mpaka 75 g. Pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, koma nthenga m'nyengo yokhwima zimasiyana ndi muyezo. Kenako thupi lonse lakumtunda limakhala mthunzi wambiri wa khofi ndi mkaka.
Pamapeto pa mapiko pamakhala makala amoto, pamimba pamakhala mzere wotseguka wofanana. Khosilo ndi loyera ndipo bere ndi lamchenga. Mlomo ndi wofiira kwambiri ndipo pansi pamakhala pakuda. Mphuno kunja kwa nyengo yokwera nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka.
Moyo ndi malo okhala
Tyrkushka amakhala m'chipululu cha steppe ndi malo amiyala ku Eurasia, Africa ndi Australia. Amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu okha paulendo. Monga magawo, amakonda madera akummwera. Mitundu yomwe imakhazikika nyengo yotentha imasamukira kutali.
Iwo anali odziwika bwino ngakhale ku Egypt Yakale, kuweruza ndi zithunzi zapamanda. Kumeneku mbalame yamtengo wapatali idawonetsedwa ngati chinthu chosakidwa, kapena gawo lina losangalatsa. Chowonadi ndichakuti tirkushki ndi othamanga ofanana nawo amawerengedwa ngati mbalame zomwe ng'ona zimakonda.
Anatsuka pakamwa pawo, ndipo adaniwo sanakhudze mbalamezo. Chifukwa chake, tirkushki ku Africa nthawi zambiri imatha kuwonedwa atakhala chagada osati pakati pa mvuu zokha, komanso pakati pa nyama zoyipa zazikulu. Habitat - mapiri opanda mitengo, otseguka komanso ochepa, madambo ndi malo amiyala.
Kwenikweni, maderawa amakhala m'malo amvula yambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ouma. Kenako mbalame zimauluka pafupi ndi madambo, mitsinje, mitsinje, ngalande, akasupe ndi nyanja zam'madzi. Tirkushki amakonda madzi, makamaka nthawi yogona.
Amatha kuonedwa ngati osaka mthunzi, popeza amakhala otakataka m'mawa ndi madzulo. Masana, amakhala atcheru, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Ndipo usiku iwo amagona mu steppe. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu ndikuwuluka kwawo kokongola komanso kosasinthasintha. Ili ndi mitundu yonse ya mawonekedwe, kutembenuka, kusinthana kokongola, mayendedwe mosiyanasiyana.
Ngati mbalameyo ili ndi njala, imauluka pamwamba penipeni pa nthaka. Ngati mwakhuta, mutha kusangalala ndi kuthawa kwakutali, chifukwa kumakwera. Ngati mbalame yodya nyama ikuwonekera, tirkushki imagwirizana, ndipo onse pamodzi amayesa kuthamangitsa wotsutsa. Ndipo pakuwona munthu, akukayikira ndikuyenda mozungulira, amayesa kupatutsa ngozi kuchokera pachisa.
Zakudya zabwino
Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndimachitidwe awo osakira. Nthawi zambiri amakonda kuwuluka, monga namzeze, ngakhale amathanso kudya pansi. Milomo yawo yaifupi imapangitsa kusaka kwa ndege mosavuta. Kusuntha kwawo kumakhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta, amapambana mwamphamvu wovutikayo.
Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi tizilombo touluka (njuchi, ntchentche, kafadala, udzudzu, nyerere zamapiko), akangaude, dzombe, ziwala ndi milonyolo. Chiswe sichikusiyidwa m'madera otentha a mu Africa. Ngati amathamangitsa chakudya pansi, ndiye kuti samangosonkhanitsa, koma amathamangira nyama yomwe yatambasula mapiko awo.
Kuwathamangitsa kumawoneka kosangalatsa: dash, kuyima, kugwedeza mchira, ndipo nthawi zina kudumpha mpaka mita. Amathamangira pamwamba pa udzu, bango, nthawi ndi nthawi amathamangira pansi kukagwira tizilombo. Kumeza kwathunthu. Amamwa madzi abwino komanso amchere, chifukwa ali ndi zopangitsa zamchere.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Kukula msinkhu kwa kugonana kumafikira mchaka choyamba cha moyo. Tirkushka mbalame awiriawiri okhulupirika, olimba, pindani asanafike nyengo yachisanu ndikugwiritsabe ntchito moyo wawo wonse. Onse awiri ali pachibwenzi. Choyamba, wina amavina mwamwambo, kugunda pakamwa pake, kuponyera tinthu tating'ono pambali ndikupukusa m'mimba mwake pansi.
Ndani akudziwa, mwina dzina "chithu"Adawonekera atawona mwambowo? Atabwerera kumalo awo, mkaziyo ali wokonzeka kale kubala ana posachedwa. Zisa zimapangidwa mwachindunji kapena pamiyala. Amasankha kukhumudwa, kapena kupeza kakhwawa kakang'ono, ndikufalitsa timiyala tating'ono, ndowe zouma, udzu, moss ndi mapesi kumeneko.
Chisa nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mazira awiri kapena anayi a kirimu wonyezimira kapena mtundu wofiirira wamiyala wokhala ndi mikwingwirima ya wavy, mawanga ndi mabanga. Kukula 31 * 24 mm. Makolo onse amatenga nawo mbali powawaza, komanso kudyetsa kumeneku. Anapiye onyezimira amtundu wa mchenga wachinyontho amayamba kuthamanga atangomaswa.
Pachithunzichi pali mwana wankhuku
Nthenga zimawoneka patatha masiku 10, pakadutsa milungu itatu zili ndi nthenga zonse. Makolo amapitiliza kudyetsa anapiye mpaka atha kuwuluka, mpaka milungu 4-5. Pakutha chilimwe, ziweto zimadzazidwa ndi alendo atsopano okonzeka kuwuluka kupita kumalo ozizira.
Kutalika kwa mbalame kumakhala kofanana ndendende ndi mbalame zam'madzi - pafupifupi zaka 15. Mitundu yambiri imafunikira chitetezo, popeza ili kale mu Red Book, kapena pafupi kulowa. Ziwerengerozi zimakhudzidwa ndi zochitika za anthu komanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Komanso, mu chilala chachikulu, mbalame zimasowa kuswana.
