Atchuthi kunyanja nthawi zambiri amasilira mbalame zikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi. Ana amawaponyera zidutswa za mkate ndi zipatso. Koma ndi anthu ochepa omwe amaganiza Mitundu ingati yamphongo lilipo pa Dziko Lapansi. Ndipo mapiko a anthu samangokhala pafupi ndi matupi amchere amchere.
Zochitika pabanja
Mwa oimira Chaikov, pali zitsanzo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizocheperako kuposa nkhunda ndipo zimalemera pafupifupi 100 g. Yaikulu kwambiri imafika kutalika kwa 80 cm ndikulemera 2 kg. Kwa okhala pakhomo, magawo wamba ndi mawonekedwe.
Kunja, mbalame zonse zam'nyanja zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Ali ndi thunthu lolimba komanso nthenga zosalala. Mchira ndi mapiko amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zowonera mlengalenga, zomwe zimapangitsa mbalame kuwuluka bwino, zokhoza kuwuluka kwanthawi yayitali ndikupanga mayendedwe akuthwa. Mapazi olowera pa intaneti amakulolani kuti mukhalebe pamadzi molimba mtima, ndipo musasokoneze kuyenda mwachangu pamtunda (ngakhale kuthamanga).
Kusiyana pang'ono pakati pa akulu ndi mawonekedwe a mlomo. Mwa ena, ndi yayikulu, yolumikizidwa. Ena anavekedwa mwachilengedwe ndi chiwalo chowoneka bwino chowonda. Koma onse amasinthidwa kuti agwire nyama yoterera mosavuta.
Mitundu ya seagulls amasiyana mitundu. Ambiri amakhala ndi thupi lowala komanso mapiko akuda (imvi, wakuda). Koma palinso anthu wamba, pakati pawo yoyera ndi pinki imawonekera. Miphika ndi milomo imatha kukhala yachikaso, yofiira, yakuda.
Palibe kusiyanasiyana kwakunja kwakanthawi kogonana, koma ana mgulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zawo zamtundu wa bulauni. Kwa mbalame, kusintha kavalidwe ndi mawonekedwe - pofika nthawi yokwera, nthenga zochepa za dzinja zimapeza mithunzi yowala kwambiri.
Kubereka
Chodziwika bwino cha seagulls ndiukwati umodzi. Okwatirana ndi okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mkazi amapereka ana kamodzi pachaka. "Mutu wabanja" amasamalira chakudya chake panthawi yodzala, yomwe imachitika mu Epulo-Julayi (kutengera dera). M'mitundu yambiri yamphongo, zibwenzi zimasinthana kuswa ana.
Chowotcheracho chimatha kukhala ndi mazira pakati pa 1 mpaka 3, omwe anapiyewo amatha masabata 3-4. Ana okutidwa ndi fluff awoneka kale, atukuka bwino, koma sabata yoyamba sangathe kuyenda palokha. Mimbulu yachinyamata imakula msinkhu pofika chaka chachitatu cha moyo. Nthawi yayitali yakukhalapo kwawo ndi zaka 15-20.
Kudalira
Ma hull of gulls ndiofala - amatha kuwonedwa sikungokwera pamwamba pa nyanja kapena nyanja. Mbalame zimakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi malo osungira madzi abwino. Amapezeka mumtunda komanso m'chipululu, amatha kuwoneka ngakhale m'malo okhala anthu ambiri. Padziko lonse lapansi mbalame zimakhazikika, payenera kukhala madzi ambiri pafupi. Njira yayikulu yosankhira malo ndi mwayi wopindula ndi china chake.
Anthu okhala kunyanja (nsomba, squid, starfish) amakhalabe gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha nkhono. Koma mbalame sizinyoza "chakudya chadziko", kutola zonyansa zaumunthu. M'malo otayira zinyalala pagombe ndi malo okhala zinyalala pafupi ndi nyumba zogona, amayang'ana zotsalira za chakudya cha nyama.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana
Kulikonse komwe nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo - amakhala m'midzi. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, munthu wamtundu wina amadziwika osati ndi zizindikiro zakunja - mtundu uliwonse uli ndi chilankhulo chake, wokhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu.
M'banja lofotokozedwali pali mitundu yoposa 60 yamphona yomwe imwazika padziko lonse lapansi. Ena amangokhala, ena amayendayenda. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kukhudza pamutu, mitundu iti ya gulls khalani ku Russia.
Zing'onozing'ono
Kunja, mbalameyi imafanana ndi mbalame yam'nyanja, koma mutu wake ndi wakuda kwathunthu (kuphatikiza kumbuyo kwa mutu). Inde, ndipo kukula kwa mbalameyi sikunatuluke - kumangofika masentimita 30 m'litali ndi mapiko a 62-69 masentimita, sikulemera 100 g.
Chovalacho chimasintha kutengera nyengo. M'nyengo yozizira, mutu umakhala woyera, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda pamutu pake. M'nyengo yokwanira, imasintha - m'malo ambiri amthupi, nthenga zoyera zimakhala ndi utoto wobiriwira. Gull yaying'ono ndi yamtundu wosamuka. Nthawi yowonekera ku Russia imagwera pa Meyi-Ogasiti.
Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimawoneka m'madamu ndi mitsinje ya Tatarstan (Nizhnekamsk, Kuibyshev). Madera akuluakulu amapezeka kumpoto kwa Europe, koma amapezekanso ku Asia. Mbalamezi zimakonda chisa m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi madambo, pazilumba zam'madzi. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba ndi nyama zopanda mafupa.
Mediterranean
Woimira wozama wa Chaikovs - wokhala ndi thupi la 52-58 cm, mapiko ake ndi 1.2-1.4 m. Kumbuyo ndi mapiko amajambulidwa mumtambo wonyezimira, omenyerawo ndi amdima ndi zokongoletsa. Nthenga zonse zotsalazo ndi zoyera.
Milomo ndi miyendo yamphamvu imakhala ndi mawu achikasu-lalanje. Mtundu womwewo ndi iris wamaso, wakuthwa ndi mphete yofiira. Malo okhala kwambiri ndi Bay of Biscay ndi Peninsula ya Iberia. Ku Russia amakhala m'mbali mwa Nyanja Yakuda.
Zisa zimatha kumangidwa paphompho, m'miyala komanso padenga la nyumba zazitali. Samasankha posankha menyu - amadya chilichonse chomwe chingabwere. Kuphatikiza pa okhala m'madzi, sichinyoza tizilombo, makoswe, nyama zakufa. Ikhoza kuwononga zisa za gull za banja loyandikana nalo.
Chitsulo
Umenewu ndi mtundu wa nkhono zazikulu zolemera kilogalamu imodzi ndi theka. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 60 cm, ndipo mapiko ake ndi 1.25-1.55 m. M'mayiko ena, imadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yodya nyama yomwe imatha kulimbana ndi munthu yemwe akubwera kumene amakhala.
Mlomo wamphamvu, wokutidwa kuchokera mbali, wopindika kumapeto. Utoto wachikaso kapena wobiriwira wobiriwira womwe uli ndi chizindikiro chofiira pamunsi mwa mandible. Mwakuthupi, mawotchiwo amasiyana ndi mlomo wa utoto wofiyira. Mbalame yam'madzi yokhala ndi nthenga zoyera amatchedwa mtundu wa mapiko ake, ngati wokutidwa ndi siliva.
Amapezeka paliponse ndipo ndi amtundu wosakhalitsa woyendayenda. Anthu omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo osungira zigawo zakumwera amakhala. Zinyama zakumpoto zaku Europe zimasamukira ku Asia.
Mbalame za silvery sizimangokhala zokonda kudya zokha - zimakhala ngati nyama zosaka nyama mosaka nyama. Sizingakhale zovuta kwa iwo kuba nsomba m'makoka, kupeza phindu m'makola ogulitsa ogulitsa mumisewu, ndikuwononga zisa za mtundu wawo komanso mbalame zamabanja ena. Amadyetsa nyama zazing'ono ndipo samapewa zakufa.
Wamutu wakuda
Munthu wamkulu mpaka 70 cm kukula ndikulemera pafupifupi 2 kg. Poyamba ankatchedwa subspecies wa herring gull chifukwa chofanana ndi timphamba tating'onoting'ono. Tsopano amagawidwa m'gulu lodziyimira palokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake akunja.
Mutu wa mbalame wamkulu ndi wakuda. Nthenga zamapiko ndi kumbuyo ndizofewa-phulusa. Manjawa ndi achikasu, ndipo mtundu wa milomo uli pafupi ndi lalanje, kumapeto kwake umadziwika ndi mzere wakuda. Maso azunguliridwa ndi "riboni" yoyera. Amakhala m'madera ambiri. Malo omwe mumakonda kwambiri ku Russia ndi Azov ndi Caspian Seas, Crimea. Ku Europe, amakhala ku Mediterranean.
Chotsalira
Zimakopa chidwi ndi chisomo chake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 44-45. Mutu ndi khosi zimapangidwa utoto wakuda (m'nyengo yozizira amakhala oyera). Malangizo a mapiko otuwa ndi amalire bwino. Nthenga za kumbuyo ndizofanana ndi mtundu wachitsulo.
Mimba ndi mchira ndi zoyera matalala. Potsutsana ndi izi, zikopa zofiira, mlomo wolimba ndi khungu kuzungulira maso zimawoneka bwino. Zilonda zakumtunda ndi zakumunsi "zimayikidwa" ndi mzere woyera. Makoloni am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja amatha kukumana ndi madamu akumwera a Russia, Kazakhstan, ndi China. Ndi za nyama zomwe zili pangozi, chifukwa chake zidalembedwa mu Red Book.
Stepnaya
Mitunduyi imatha kuonedwa kuti ndi yoweta kwambiri - mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian ndi Black Sea, komanso kulanda gawo la Ukraine. Kukula kwakukulu kwa gull kumapezeka ku Poland, Belarus, Hungary, Kazakhstan.
Imadziwika pakati pa mitundu ina yazisomo. Ngakhale kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri (masentimita 55-66 m'litali) ndi kulemera kwake kochititsa chidwi (pafupifupi 1.2 kg), mbalame yocheperako imasuntha pamtunda ndikuyenda bwino m'mlengalenga.
Mbali yapadera ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi chipumi choderereka ndi khosi lalitali. Ali ndi mtundu weniweni wa mitundu yambiri. Miyendo yopyapyala ndi milomo ndi yachikasu mopepuka. Nthenga zazikulu ndi zoyera, mapikowo ndi otuwa. Anthuwo ankatcha mbalame ya steppe kuti kuseka. Nthawi zambiri, amatukula mutu, amamveka m'matumba ofanana ndi kuseka.
M'madzi
Woimira wamkulu wa Chaikov ndi kutalika kwa 75-80 cm, wokhala ndi mapiko pafupifupi 1.7 masentimita ndikulemera kwa 2 kg. Nthenga zonse za mbalameyi ndizoyera, koma pamwamba pake pamapiko ndi papo pakuda kwambiri. Achinyamata mpaka zaka 4 ali ndi nthenga zofiirira. Kufanana ndi mbalame yam'madzi, mlomo wake wachikaso wokhala ndi mapeto ofiira ndiwamphamvu, wautali komanso wopindika. Mapazi olimba komanso otumbululuka a pinki.
Dzina la mitundu yopanda chidwi capaciously akutsindika mbali zawo. Oimira banjali amakhala m'malo akulu akulu kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Amakhalanso ku Central Europe. Anthu ena amasamukira kumwera m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amatha kukumana nawo ku Crimea.
Mchira wakuda
Ndi ya sing'anga kukula ndipo ili ndi mlomo wamphamvu, wopindika pang'ono wachikaso wokhala ndi zolemba zofiira ndi zakuda kumapeto. Chimaonekera pamitundu yoyera yoyera ndi imvi pakati pa mitundu ina yomwe ili ndi nthenga zakuda za mchira.
Malo ofunikira kwambiri ndi East Asia. Koma pali anthu ku North America, Alaska. Ku Russia, mbalame zakuda zakuda zimapezeka m'madamu akumwera.
Likulu "okhala"
Mbalame zam'nyanja izi zimazolowera kutawuni kwakuti zimawonekeranso ku likulu la Russia. Kuganizira mitundu ya seagulls ku Moscow, ambiri amadziwika - imvi ndi lacustrine. Posachedwapa, anthu a silvery awonanso.
Malo okondedwa kwambiri m'maderawa ndi malo a Kopotnya, Severny (pafupi ndi msewu waukulu wa Dmitrovskoe), Nyanja ya Kiyovo. Kuphatikizana koteroko kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya chachilengedwe komanso malo ochulukirapo ambiri komwe mungapindule ndikuwononga chakudya. Poterepa, mbalame za m'nyanja zidatenga ntchito ya onyoza.
Sizaya
Ngakhale kuti mbalameyi imalemera kuyambira 300 mpaka 550 g, simungayitchule kuti yaying'ono - kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita osachepera 46. Mapiko ake amafikira 1.2 mita.Iwo amafanana ndi kanyama ka herring, koma nthenga zake ndizodzaza ndi utoto wabuluu. Pamalangizo, mapikowo amajambulidwa mokongoletsa wakuda ndi zoyera. Mlomo wachikaso, wokhotakhota pang'ono ulibe kadontho kofiira kofanana ndi mbewa zaming'onoting'ono.
Okhala kuzilumba zokha komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso amapezeka m'madzi am'madzi a Eurasia ndi North America. M'nyengo yozizira imasamukira kumtunda kwa Africa ndipo imakhazikika m'magawo aku Mediterranean, komwe imabala.
Zimasiyana pang'ono ndi mitundu ina m'njira ya chakudya. Olusa sakhala okangalika kwambiri, okhutira ndi chilichonse chomwe chingabwere. Koma imatha kutenga nyama kuchokera kunyama zofooka zakunyumba yakunja. Amakonda kudya zipatso.
Ozernaya
Mbalame yofala kwambiri yomwe imapezeka mdzikolo. Mutha kumuzindikira ndi thunthu loyera ndi mutu, mutu wakuda ndi mapiko amvi. Nthenga za mchira zimapakidwa utoto womwewo. Manja ndi milomo yopyapyala ndi yofiira kwambiri. Gull wamutu wakuda amawerengedwa ngati mbalame yaying'ono - mapiko amodzi amafikira pafupifupi mita. Wamkulu amalemera 350 g, thupi ndi masentimita 40 kutalika.
Mbalamezi zimakhazikika m'mbali mwa nyanja komanso pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja. Mitunduyi imapezekanso m'mizinda yokhala ndi madzi ambiri. Zisa zimamera m'mabango, ndikuikira mazira aubweya wobiriwira mkati mwake. Anapiye aswedwa ali okonzeka kuuluka okha pakatha masiku 30.
Anthu akunja
Gull monga mitundu ya mbalame - wokhala bwino wa magawo Russian. Koma mitundu ina sikupezeka pano.
Imvi
Malo akuluakulu okhala ndi anthu ku South America (Peru, Chile). Alendo obwera pafupipafupi kugombe la Pacific. Oimira banjali amatha kutchedwa mbalame wamba. Kutalika kwa thupi kumangofika masentimita 45, ndipo chombocho chimalemera pafupifupi 360-450 g.
Mbalameyi imalungamitsa dzina lake - nthenga zonse ndizotsogola. Kodi ndiye kuti mimbayo ndiyopepuka kuposa kumbuyo. Inde, nthawi yakumasirana, mutu umakhala wotuwa. Nthenga za mchira zili m'malire ndi mzere wakuda ndi woyera. Miyendo ndi milomo imakhala yofiira malasha, ndipo khungu lamaso ndi lofiirira.
Wolemba Krasnomorskaya
Dzina lenileni la mitunduyo likuwonetsa "kulembetsa" - Gulf of Aden ndi gombe la Red Sea. Mutha kusilira kuthawa kwake ku United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iran, Oman, Turkey.
Mbalame yaying'ono (43 cm kutalika ndi mapiko a 1-1.2 m) imadziwika chifukwa chakuwonda kwake komanso kukongola kwake. Ili ndi miyendo yayitali yachikaso ndi mlomo wofiyira wautali wakuda wakuda ndi nsonga yakuda.
Msana ndi wakuda imvi. Mthunzi wowala wa chifuwa ndi mapewa. M'malo ena, mutha kuwona nthenga zoyera. Pamapikowo, utoto wotuwa m'munsi umasandulika wakuda m'mbali.
Mutu ndi khosi zimaphimbidwanso ndi nthenga zakuda nthawi yokolola. Malire oyera oyera amaonekera bwino mozungulira mdima wakuda. Kuchokera apa, mbalameyi idatchulidwanso - maso oyera.
Zowonjezera
Nyanja iyi ndi nthumwi yaku North America. Malo ake okhala ndi zisa amapezeka kulikonse kuyambira zigawo zikuluzikulu dzikolo mpaka m'malire a Canada. M'nyengo yozizira, madera amasamukira kum'mwera kwa kontrakitala. Mbalameyi imakhala ndi kukula kwake - thupi la 41-49 cm ndi mapiko a 1-1.2 m. Thupi laling'ono limakongoletsedwa ndi mutu waukulu, wokhala pakhosi lalifupi. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mapiko owonda, atali, otambalala ndi mchira wawufupi.
Nthenga zazikulu za thupi ndizoyera pansi, pamwamba pake pamvi. Mtundu wakuda ulipo pamwamba pa nthenga zouluka. Nthawi yodzikongoletsera, mutu umasanduka woyera, mzere wopingasa wakuda umaonekera kumapeto kwa mulomo wachikaso. Maso ndi zikopa za mbalameyi ndizopakanso zachikasu. Palibe fluff mozungulira maso - khungu lofiira limawonekera pamenepo.
California
Ndiwonso wokhala ku United States, akuchoka ku Canada kupita ku Colorado ndi kum'mawa kwa California. Kwa nyengo yozizira, mabanja amapita kugombe la Pacific, komwe amaswana anapiye.
Kunja, mbalameyi ndiyofanana pang'ono ndi nkhono, koma ili ndi mutu wokulungika komanso wokulirapo. Mapazi ndi achikaso, ngati mlomo wokhala ndi mphete yakuda kumapeto. Nthenga zokongoletsa pakhosi zimakongoletsedwa ndimadontho abulauni. Nthenga zam'mapiko kumbuyo ndi kumtunda ndizimvi. Ziwalo zina zathupi zimakhala zoyera.
Zoseketsa zabodza
Posachedwa, atolankhani anena izi Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale ku Ukraine apanga mitundu yapadera yam'madzi... Palibe dzina kapena zizindikilo zoperekedwa. Chidziwitso chokha ndikuti mbalame zimakhala ndi guano lakupha lomwe lingawononge chitsulo. Potengera zochitika zandale m'zaka zaposachedwa, titha kuganiza kuti gulu lankhondo laku Ukraine lili ndi "supernova air chida" chokhoza kuwononga mlatho wa Crimea ndi ndowe.
Kutsiliza
Zochitika zenizeni mitundu ya seagulls pachithunzichi... Mbalame zingatchedwe zolusa, koma cholinga chawo chenicheni chimatsimikizika mwachilengedwe. Okhala m'malo mosungira amayeretsa kuipitsa kwa dziko lapansi.
