"Chimbalangondo chamiyendo chimadutsa m'nkhalango, chimasonkhanitsa ma cones, chimayimba nyimbo ..." Chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakonda kutchulidwa m'nthano, mwambi, ndi nyimbo zaana. M'miyambo, amawoneka ngati chotupa chokoma, chovuta, champhamvu komanso chosavuta.
Zikuwoneka mwanjira ina pakulengeza: chithunzi cha chimbalangondo chimakongoletsa zovala zambiri ndi mbendera zadziko. Apa iye ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu, kukhwima ndi mphamvu. "Master of the taiga" - ndi momwe anthu aku Siberia amamutchulira. Ndipo mu izi akulondola Chimbalangondo chofiirira - imodzi mwazilombo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, wosaka mwanzeru komanso wopanda chifundo.
Makhalidwe ndi malo okhala chimbalangondo chofiirira
Chimbalangondo chofiirira (Ursus arctos) ndi cha banja lachimbalangacho ndipo chimakhala chachiwiri pambuyo pa mnzake waku Arctic kukula kwake. Kufotokozera za zimbalangondo zofiirira tiyenera kuyamba ndikukula kwake komwe sikunachitikepo.
Yaikulu kwambiri zimbalangondo zofiirira zimakhala m'chigawo cha Alaska ndipo amatchedwa kodiaks. Kutalika kwawo kumafikira 2.8 m, kutalika kwa kufota kumakhala mpaka 1.6 m, kuchuluka kwa zimphona zamiyendo yamakalabu kumatha kupitilira 750 kg. Ambiri chimbalangondo chachikuluatagwidwa ku Berlin Zoological Park, yolemera 1134 kg.
Zimbalangondo zathu za Kamchatka pafupifupi sizimasiyana kukula kwake. Kutalika kwapakati pa chimbalangondo chofiirira kumakhala pakati pa 1.3-2.5 m, kulemera - 200-450 kg. Monga lamulo, amuna amakhala ndi mphamvu 1.5 komanso olemera kuposa akazi.
Thupi la ngwazi yamtchire limakutidwa ndi ubweya wonenepa kwambiri, womwe umamuteteza ku tizilombo tosasangalatsa m'nyengo yotentha komanso kuzizira kwadzinja-masika.
Chovalacho chimakhala ndi ulusi wanthawi yayitali wotenthetsa komanso wautali kuti chinyezi chisakhalepo. Tsitsi limakula mwanjira yoti mvula ikamagwa, madontho amagubuduza ubweya, pafupifupi osanyowetsa.
Mtundu - mitundu yonse ya bulauni. Zimbalangondo zanyengo zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana: ena ali ndi chovala chagolide, pomwe ena amakhala nacho chakuda.
Zimbalangondo kumapiri a Himalaya ndi Rocky zili ndi tsitsi loyera pamsana pawo, pomwe Asuri amakhala ofiira kwambiri. Zimbalangondo zathu zaku Russia ndizambiri zofiirira.
Zimanyamula molt kamodzi pachaka: zimayamba mchaka kumapeto kwa nyengo, ndipo zimatha nyengo yachisanu isanachitike. Kutha kwa nthawi yophukira kumakhala kofooka komanso kosazindikirika, ubweya wonse umasinthidwa posachedwa musanagone m'phanga.
Khalani nawo zimbalangondo zofiirira pachithunzicho Nthiti yotchuka imawonekera bwino - ili ndi phiri la minofu m'dera lomwe limafota, kulola nyama kukumba pansi mosavuta. Ndikukula kwa kumbuyo kwakumtunda komwe kumapangitsa chimbalangondo kukhala champhamvu kwambiri.
Mutuwo ndiolemera, wokulirapo, wokhala ndi chipumi chodziwika bwino komanso kukhumudwa pafupi ndi mlatho wa mphuno. Mu zimbalangondo zofiirira, sizitali ngati zazimbalangondo. Makutu ndi ang'ono, monganso maso okhazikika. Pakamwa pa nyama pamakhala mano 40, mayini ndi ma incis ndi akulu, ena onse ndi ochepa (zamasamba).
Mphamvu yakulumwa ndi chimbalangondo chofiirira ndiyopusa. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka chigaza, kotchedwa sagittal ridge, kamapereka malo ochulukirapo pakukula ndi kulumikizana kwa minofu ya nsagwada. Mimbulu inayi ya zimbalangondo imaluma ndi mphamvu ya mlengalenga 81 ndipo imatha kudula zidutswa zazikulu za mnofu.
Mawondo ake ndi amphamvu komanso osangalatsa. Iliyonse ili ndi zala 5 ndi zikhadabo zazikulu (mpaka 10 cm), zomwe chimbalangondo sichitha kubweza. Mapazi amaphimbidwa ndi khungu lakuda komanso lolimba, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofiirira.
Zikhomera sizapangidwira kusaka; nawo, chimbalangondo chimakumba mizu, ma tubers, mababu omwe amaphatikizidwa pazakudya zake. Kupatula anthu, zimbalangondo zokha ndizomwe zimayenda moimirira, kudalira miyendo yawo yakumbuyo.
Makina achilendowa, omwe sanatchulidwepo konse m'nthano, amafotokozedwa ndikuti chimbalangondo, pakuyenda, chimaponda mosinthana m'manja onse awiri akumanzere, kenako pamapazi onse awiri akumanja, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti chikungoyenda uku ndi uku.
Mwa mphamvu zonse, chimbalangondo chofooka kwambiri ndi kuwona, kumva kuli bwino, koma mphamvu ya kununkhira ndiyabwino (maulendo 100 kuposa munthu). Chimbalangondo chimatha kununkhiza uchi mtunda wa makilomita 8 kuchokera pamng'oma ndikumva kulira kwa gulu la njuchi pamtunda wa makilomita asanu.
Madera Kodi chimbalangondo chofiirira chimakhala kuti - ndi zazikulu. Amakhala pafupifupi ku Eurasia ndi North America konse, kupatula zigawo zakumwera. Kulikonse, nyama izi zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosowa, anthu ambiri ali kumpoto kwa United States, Canada, komanso ku Siberia ndi Far East.
Chimbalangondo chofiirira - nyama nkhalango. Amakonda nkhalango zowoloka za nkhalango za taiga zokhala ndi peat boggy ndi mitsinje yosaya. M'malo amiyala, phazi lamiyendo limakhala pansi pamithunzi ya nkhalango zosakanikirana, pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yamapiri.
Kutengera malo okhala, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya chimbalangondo chofiirira, chomwe chimasiyana kukula kwake ndi mtundu wake. Sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti grizzly si mtundu wosiyana, koma ndi mtundu wina wa bulauni womwe umakhala ku North America.
Kunena kuti, pafupi ndi mzati, ndikukula kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira. Izi zimafotokozedwa mosavuta - m'malo ovuta, ndizosavuta kuti nyama zikuluzikulu zizitentha.
Chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa chimbalangondo chofiirira
Zimbalangondo zakuda ndizosungulumwa kumadera ena. Madera amuna amatha kufika 400 km², akazi omwe ali ndi ana amakhala ocheperako kasanu ndi kawiri. Chimbalangondo chilichonse chimayika malire a katundu wawo ndi zonunkhira komanso mikwingwirima pa mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo. Nyama zimakhala moyo wongokhala, zimangoyenda molowera kumaloko ndi chakudya chofikirika komanso chochuluka, kapena kutali ndi anthu.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pakakhala chimbalangondo ndikulimbikira kwake. Kuuma mtima kumawonetsedwa ponse pamene mupeza chakudya chochuluka, komanso chifukwa cha chakudya chokoma.
Chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwadzinja, atawona chipatso chosungulumwa pamtengo wa apulo, chimbalangondo chimayesa kufikira kaye, kenako chimayesa kukwera, ndikulephera panthambi zosinthika, chimayamba kugwedeza mtengo mpaka utatenga apuloyo.
Khalidwe lina lomwe limakhala ndi zimbalangondo ndi kukumbukira kosangalatsa. Ndiosavuta kuphunzitsa, makamaka akadali achichepere, komanso anzeru modabwitsa. Alenje ambiri amadziwa kuti zimbalangondo, zomwe zidawona msampha ndi ntchito yake, zimaponya miyala ikuluikulu kapena timitengo, ndipo, popeza sizowopsa, zimadya nyambo.
Zimbalangondo zimachita chidwi kwambiri, koma zimayesetsa kupewa kukumana ndi anthu. Koma ngati izi zichitika, momwe chilombocho chimakhalira chimadalira kwambiri nthawi yomwe adazindikira munthuyo komanso yemwe adalipo kale.
Amatha kuwona anthu akutola zipatso kapena bowa, kenako ndikuwoneka mwaulemerero, wokhumudwitsidwa ndi kufuula kapena kuseka kwamunthu wina. Pambuyo pake, nthawi zambiri amapanga kudumpha pang'ono koma lakuthwa patsogolo, amafufuta mosakondwa, koma samenya.
Patadutsa mphindi, mwini nkhalangoyo amatembenuka ndikuchoka pang'onopang'ono, akuyang'ana kozungulira kangapo ndikusiya. Kusintha kwachangu ndimachitidwe a zimbalangondo.
Chitsanzo china, chimbalangondo chikakumana ndi munthu mwangozi ndipo mwadzidzidzi, mantha, monga lamulo, chimatulutsa matumbo. Apa ndipomwe dzina la matendawa "chimbalangondo" lidachokera.
Si chinsinsi kuti zimbalangondo zofiirira zimabisala. Asanabisala, amakhala achangu makamaka kuti apeze mafuta okwanira.Brown chimbalangondo m'dzinja limakula ndi 20%. Kupita kumalo a dzenje (kukhumudwa komwe kumadzazidwa ndi chimphepo kapena malo obisika pansi pa mizu ya mtengo wakugwa), chimbalangondo chimazemba, kutsekereza mayendedwe ake.
Chimbalangondo chimakhala m'miyendo yoimitsidwa kuyambira miyezi 2,5 mpaka 6, kutengera malo okhala ndi zanyengo. M'maloto, kutentha kwa thupi kumasungidwa 34 ° C. Amuna ndi akazi akuyembekezera ana kugona tokha. Zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ana a chaka choyamba - zimagona limodzi. Zoyamwa zoyamwa zimangokhala za ana okha.
Tulo ta zimbalangondo ndizovuta kwambiri. Mukamudzutsa pakati m'nyengo yozizira, sathanso kugona ndipo adzangoyendayenda m'nkhalango yachisanu, osowa chakudya, wokwiya komanso wokwiya.
Choyipa chachikulu ndikakumana ndi chimbalangondo cholumikizira. Mosiyana ndi nthawi zina, adzawukira. Munthawi ya hibernation unyinji wa chimbalangondo chofiirira imachepa ndi avareji ya 80 kg.
Brown amakhala ndi zakudya zabwino
Zimbalangondo zakuda zimadya chilichonse. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi mizu yosiyanasiyana, zipatso, mababu, mphukira zazing'ono zamitengo. Gawo lazomera ndi 75% yazakudya zamiyendo yamiyendo.
Amayendera minda ya zipatso, minda ya chimanga, oats ndi mbewu zina. Amagwira tizilombo: kafadala, agulugufe, kuwononga nyerere. Nthawi zina, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimasaka abuluzi, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, ndi nsomba.
Zimbalangondo nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa m'mitsinje yapafupi nthawi yomwe nsomba zimathamanga. Amasambira bwino ndipo mwaluso amagwira nsomba zomwe zimapita kukaswana. Chakufa ndi gwero lina la chakudya.
Ngakhale kusaka si njira yodyetsera zimbalangondo zofiirira, zimatha kumenyana ndi agwape, mphalapala ngakhalenso nkhandwe. Amagwira ntchito makamaka madzulo - kunja kutacha kapena madzulo, ngakhale atha kuyendayenda m'nkhalango komanso patsiku loyera.
Kubereka ndi chiyembekezo cha moyo wa chimbalangondo chofiirira
Zimbalangondo zimabereka ana pakadutsa zaka 2-4. Kuyenda kumayamba mu Meyi ndipo kumatha masiku 10 mpaka mwezi. Zimbalangondo zamphongo panthawiyi zimadziwika ndi kubangula kwakukulu komanso kwamphamvu komanso mwamakani. Kulimbana pakati pa omenyana ndi zochitika kawirikawiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumathera ndi imfa ya imodzi mwa zimbalangondo.
Chimbalangondo chili ndi pakati masiku pafupifupi 200. Kukula kwa mazira kumachitika kokha mukamabisala. Ana (nthawi zambiri amakhala 2-3) amabadwira m dzenje pakati pa dzinja, ogontha, akhungu komanso osakwanira. Pokhapokha pakatha masabata awiri amayamba kumva, patatha mwezi umodzi - kuti awone. Kulemera kwa wakhanda ndi pafupifupi 0,5 makilogalamu, kutalika ndi 20-23 cm.
Ndizodabwitsa kuti chibadwa cha amayi chimakhala chosiyana nthawi yobwerera komanso atachoka. Chimbalangondo chikadzadzidzimutsidwa, chisiya pogona pake ndi ana opusa opanda chitetezo ndipo sadzabwerera kumalo ano.
Mayi amadyetsa ana pafupifupi masiku 120, kenako amasinthana kukabzala chakudya. Mkaka wa chimbalangondo umapatsa thanzi nthawi 4 kuposa mkaka wa ng'ombe. Nthawi zambiri, ana ochokera m'mbuyomu amasamalira azichimwene awo, amawasamalira ndikuyesera kuwateteza. Wina akhoza kunena mosapita m'mbali za chimbalangondo chofiirira: si bambo.
Pofika zaka zitatu, zimbalangondo zazing'ono zimatha kuchita zogonana ndipo pamapeto pake zimatsanzikana ndi amayi awo. Adzakula zaka zina 7-8. Kutalika kwa moyo m'nkhalango pafupifupi zaka 30, mu ukapolo - mpaka 50.
Mu Red Book, chimbalangondo chofiirira imawoneka ngati "mitundu yowopsezedwa". Padziko lapansi, pakati pa nkhalango zosadutsika, pali anthu pafupifupi 200,000, omwe 120,000 amakhala m'chigawo cha Russia.
M'kalasi lawo, zimbalangondo zofiirira ndi imodzi mwazinyama zolemekezeka kwambiri komanso zamphamvu, koma monga oimira nyama zina zapadziko lonse lapansi, siziteteze anthu. Kukhala nkhani yosakira cholinga chopeza zikopa, nyama ndi bile, awonongedwa mopanda chifundo lero.
