Mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Ndizodabwitsa kuti ndichifukwa chiyani iyi ndi mbalame yonyada, yokongola yovala choyambirira chosasangalatsa "manda". M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti chiwombankhanga chimadyetsa zokhazokha, choncho adayamba kuzitcha.
Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa choti mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imakonda kuyendera malo ozungulira milomo, idamubweretsera tanthauzo "manda oyika manda". Komabe, kwadziwika kale kuti chakudya chachikulu cha mphungu ndimasewera atsopano.
Koma, popeza mbalameyo silingatsutse dzina lake, palibe amene adayamba kuipatsa dzina lotere. Manda oyimilira ziwombankhanga Ndi chilombo chachikulu. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 83-85, mapiko ake amafikira 2 mita m'lifupi, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimalemera pafupifupi 4.5 kg. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, akazi ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa amuna.
Ndi mtundu wa nthenga zake, mandawo amafanana kwambiri ndi mphungu yagolide, yakuda kwambiri. Komanso ndi yaying'ono kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide kukula kwake. Muthanso kusiyanitsa mbalame ziwirizi ndi nthenga pamutu ndi m'khosi, pafupi ndi manda omwe ali ngati obiriwira, komanso akuda m'chiwombankhanga chagolide.
Chabwino, ziwombankhanga zagolide zilibe "epaulets" - mawanga oyera pamapewa awo. Koma kusiyanaku kumatha kuwonedwa mwa mbalame zazikulu zokha zomwe zimaposa zaka 5, mpaka nthawi imeneyo mnyamatayo alibe mtundu "womaliza".
Mbalameyi imachita phokoso kwambiri. Chochitika chilichonse, ngakhale chochepa kwambiri, chimatsagana ndi "ndemanga". Kaya ndi momwe mdani amafikira, mawonekedwe a nyama kapena munthu, pachilichonse kuikidwa m'manda imayankha ndi phokoso laphokoso.
Ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri kuti wofuulayo amakhala chete akusaka ndikusaka mnzake. Mawu a mandawo ndi okwera ndipo amatha kumveka patali ndi kilomita. Kulira kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina kumakhala kulira kwa khwangwala, nthawi zina ngati khungwa la galu, ndipo nthawi zina mluzu wautali, wotsika umapezeka. Ziwombankhanga zina sizili "zongolankhula" chonchi.
Mverani mawu amanda
Amakonda steppe, nkhalango-steppe ndi zipululu, adasankha nkhalango zakumwera za Eurasia, Austria ndi Serbia. Amakhala omasuka ku Russia, kumwera chakumadzulo, amapezeka ku Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Mongolia ndi India.
Ngakhale kufalikira kwakukulu kotere, chiwerengerochi ndi chochepa kwambiri. Asayansi oyang'anira mbalame amadziwa nambala yeniyeni ya awiriawiri komwe ali. Zachidziwikire kuti ndi nambala yotere mandawo alembedwa mu Red Book.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ntchito yayikulu ya mbalameyi imagwera patsikulo. Dzuwa likangotuluka ndipo kunyezimira kumadzutsa chilengedwe kuchokera ku tulo usiku, chiwombankhanga chimakwera kale pamwamba panthaka. Amayang'ana wofuna nyama. Ndi m'mawa ndi masana pomwe masomphenya ake amamulola kuti awone ngakhale mbewa yaying'ono kwambiri. Ndipo usiku mbalameyi imakonda kupumula.
Ziwombankhanga sizikhala pagulu, zimatha kuthana ndi mavuto aliwonse mdani. Ndipo alibe adani odziwika, kupatula munthu. Ngakhale kuletsedwa kugwira mbalameyi, anthu amatenga manda kuti agulitsidwe. Akakhala mbalame osowa kwambiri, pamakhala mtengo wokwera mtengo.
Kuphatikiza apo, mizinda ikuluikulu imasiya malo ochepa oti mbalame zizisalira, komanso mizere yomwe magetsi amayendera, zimawononga mopanda chifundo mbalamezi. Mbalameyi ndi yonyada, sikudzakhala pachabe. Ngakhale iwo amene alanda gawo lake manda choyamba amachenjeza ndi kulira, ndipo pambuyo pake wowombayo wopanda manyazi akupitiliza bizinesi yake, kunyalanyaza chenjezo, mbalame ziukira.
Ndi ochepa omwe amapulumuka ziwopsezo zoterezi. Komabe, chiwombankhanga chimenechi sichimenyana ndi oyandikana nawo ndipo sichimaphwanya malire amderalo. Inde, izi sizili zovuta - kulibe mbalame zambiri zamanda, choncho ndende zawo pamalo ochepa ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo magawo omwe ali ndi mbalame imodzi amakhala ndi madera akuluakulu omwe ali ndi chakudya chokwanira.
Chakudya chamanda
Menyu yayikulu ya mbalameyi ndi makoswe ndi nyama zazing'ono. Izi zikuphatikiza ma gopher, mbewa, ma hamsters, marmots, ndi hares. Chiwombankhanga sichinyoza mbalame. Amakonda makamaka grouse ndi corvids. Ndizosangalatsa kuti mandawo ali ndi mbalame zokwanira pokhapokha akauluka, ndipo chiwombankhanga sichimakhudza mbalame zouluka.
Zimachitika kuti mbalameyo imayenera kudya ndi kuwola. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri nthawi yachilimwe. Pakadali pano, si makoswe onse omwe adadzuka ndikutuluka m'mayenje awo, chifukwa chake manda omwe angobwera kumene kuchokera kuchisanu ndikukonzekera kuwonekera kwa ana alibe nthawi yoti asankhe.
Mbalame imodzi imasowa chakudya ma g 600. Nthawi yabwino, chiwombankhanga chimatha kudya kilogalamu yopitilira kilogalamu imodzi, sichingafe ngati idya 200 g ya chakudya. Koma mchaka, mphamvu imafunikira makamaka, motero mitembo ya nyama zoweta zakufa ndi mitembo ya nyama zomwe sizinakhalepo m'nyengo yozizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kubereka ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Anthu okwatirana sakhalitsa. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira, mbalame ziwiri zimakhala limodzi. Chifukwa chake, akafika kuchokera nyengo yachisanu, masewera okhathamira amakonzedwa makamaka ndi ziwombankhanga zazing'ono, zomwe sizinathe kupanga okha "ukwati" wawo wokha.
Ziwombankhanga zimatha kuyamba kumanga mabanja awo ndikubereka ana pokhapokha zaka zawo zitadutsa zaka 5-6. Ndipo, mu Marichi kapena Epulo, amuna ndi akazi amakhala opanda nkhawa. Amawuluka mumlengalenga ndikuwonetsa zonse zomwe angathe - amachita ma pirouettes osaneneka, amakopa chidwi chaomwe ali.
Luso lonseli limaphatikizidwa ndi kufuula mokweza, kosaleka. Khalidweli ndi lovuta kuti musazindikire, chifukwa chake magulu awiri atsopano amapangidwa mwachangu kwambiri. Maanja achikulire amathawira kumalo komwe adamangapo zaka zapitazo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukonza nyumba zawo, chifukwa chake chisa chimakula chaka chilichonse.
Pachithunzichi pali chisa cha manda cha chiwombankhanga ndi mwana wankhuku
Ziwombankhanga, zomwe zidalibe chisa cholumikizira kale, zimayamba ntchito posankha malo. Pachifukwa ichi, mtengo wamtali umasankhidwa, ndipo pamtunda wa 15-25 m kuchokera pansi, mkatikati mwa korona, nyumba yatsopano ikumangidwa. Oyenera nyumba ndi miyala. Chisa chimapangidwa ndi nthambi, khungwa, udzu wouma ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zomwe zili ngati zomangira.
Kukula kwachisa chatsopano chatsopano kumafika masentimita 150, ndikufika kutalika kwa masentimita 70. Zimachitika kuti munyumba "yayikulu" yotere, mbalame zopanda manyazi zimadzipeza - mpheta, magaleta kapena ma jackdaw, omwe amakhala kumapeto kwa nyumba ya mphungu. Akamaliza, yaikazi imaikira mazira 1-3 ndipo amaasamira kwa masiku 43.
Mphungu yamphongo imathandizira kukulitsa ana, koma yaikazi imakhala nthawi zambiri. Anapiye amawoneka opanda nthenga, komabe, okutidwa ndi zoyera zoyera. Mphungu sizisiya ana ake sabata yonse, zimawadyetsa ndikuwotha thupi. Pakadali pano, mutu wabanja amasamalira chakudya cha mayi ndi ana.
Zimachitika kuti ngati anapiye sakhala 2, mwachizolowezi, koma 3, mwana wankhuku wofooka kwambiri amafa, koma kufa kwa anapiye a chiwombankhanga chotsika kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide ndipo, nthawi zambiri, anapiye amakula bwino mpaka kufika pokhala achikulire. Pakadutsa miyezi 2 - 25, anapiye okutidwa ndi nthenga ndikuima pamapiko.
Komabe, amakakamirabe makolo awo. Ndipo amakula msinkhu atatha zaka 5-6. Kutalika kwa ziwombankhanga zaulere kuchokera ku ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhala m'malo opangidwa mwanzeru ndizochulukirapo. Kumtchire, ali ndi zaka 15-20, ndipo momwe zinthu zimapangidwira ndi munthu, zimatha zaka 55.
Kuteteza manda
Nambala mbalame zimayikidwa m'manda yaying'ono yowopsa. Zakhala zikulembedwa kale mu Red Book, komabe, izi sizimapatsa mitunduyo chitetezo chokwanira. Kuphwanya malamulo, kumanga kwatsopano, kudula mitengo mwachangu - zonsezi zimawononga mitunduyo. Pofuna kupulumutsa chiwombankhanga, nkhokwe zimapangidwa, mbalame zimasungidwa m'malo osungira nyama, zikhalidwe zimapangidwira iwo m'malo otetezedwa mwapadera. Pali chiyembekezo kuti ziwombankhanga sizidzazimiririka, koma zidzauluka m'mwamba motetezeka kotheratu.
