Mbalame yachilendo ngati nkhuni, ankatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'maluso osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi ayenera kukumbukira "Zolemba za Hunter" wolemba I.S. Bakuman. Nkhalango ili ndi nthenga zokongola komanso zowoneka bwino, makamaka pamapiko. Tidzayesa kupenda chilichonse chokhudza mbalameyi, kuyambira pomwe idayamba mpaka kukula kwa mbalamezi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Woodcock
Woodcock ndi cholengedwa chokhala ndi nthenga cha banja lodzaza ndi ma charadriiformes. Mwambiri, pamtundu wamatabwa, pali mitundu eyiti yofanana kwambiri. Mbalamezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa mulomo wochepa thupi komanso wamtali, thupi lonyansa ndikubisa nthenga zakuda. Mwa mitundu yonse, ndi mabanja okhaokha omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo anthu enawo amapezeka.
Chifukwa chake, pakati pa mitundu ya nkhono, pali:
- nkhuni;
- Nkhuni ya Amami;
- Nkhuni zaku Malay;
- nkhuni Bukidnon;
- Mtengo wa Moluccan;
- Nkhuni ya ku America;
- mankhwala a nkhuni;
- Nkhuni yatsopano ku Guinea.
Tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane woimira woyamba pamndandanda wa mbalame. Ndikumveka kwa dzina la mbalameyi, munthu amatha kumva kuti ili ndi mizu yaku Germany, ndipo mu Chirasha amatha kutanthauziridwa kuti "nkhalango ya nkhalango". Amatcha nkhuku mwanjira ina, kuitcha krekhtun, sandpiper wofiira, birch, boletus, sandpiper waku upland, slug.
Chosangalatsa: Nkhukhoyi imakhala ndi nthenga ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito penti. Ali ndi nsonga zakuthwa ndipo amapezeka pamapiko a mbalameyo. Zolembera zoterezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ojambula zithunzi zaku Russia zakale, amapanga zikwapu zabwino kwambiri ndi mizere. Tsopano amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupenta mabokosi, zikwama za ndudu ndi zinthu zina zokumbutsa zotsika mtengo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Woodcock bird
Woodcock amatha kutchedwa mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, ndiyofanana kukula kwa nkhunda, ndiyopanga mchenga wokhala ndi malamulo olimba kwambiri. Mbali yapadera ndi mlomo wowongoka komanso wautali. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalame kumasiyana masentimita 33 mpaka 38, mapiko otambalala amatha kukhala masentimita 55 mpaka 65, ndipo kulemera kwa nkhalangoyo kumakhala magalamu 210 mpaka 460.
Kanema: Woodcock
Nthenga za mbalameyi ndi zofiirira kuchokera kumwamba, zakuda, zobiriwira komanso zotuwa zimawonekera. Mtundu wotumbululuka wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yodutsa yamtundu wakuda umakhala pansipa; utoto wakuda ukuwonekera bwino pamiyendo ndi mulomo. Mwambiri, mlomo woonda wa mbalameyo umakhala wozungulira ngati mphindikati komanso wautali wa masentimita 7 mpaka 9. Maso ataliatali a khungwa amasunthidwanso mmbuyo, motero mbalameyo imatha kuona bwino kwambiri ndipo imatha kuyendera malowo madigiri 360 mozungulira. Mzere wofiirira wosiyana kwambiri umayambira pansi pamlomo mpaka pamaso. Pamwamba pamutu pake palinso mikwingwirima itatu yayitali, iwiri yakuda ndi kuwala kumodzi. Chingwe cha nkhuni chili ndi mapiko afupifupi komanso otambalala, ndipo pothawa amafanana ndi kadzidzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ndizovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa thukuta lokhwima kuchokera ku nyama zazing'ono; izi zitha kuchitika ndi katswiri yemwe amadziwa kuti pali mapangidwe ena ake m'mapiko a mbalame zazing'ono, ndipo nthenga zawo zimawoneka zakuda pang'ono kuposa zazikulu.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nkhono yamatabwa ndi luso lodzibisa, ngakhale patali pang'ono silingazindikire, imaphatikizana ndi malo oyandikana nawo, nthenga zake zimakhala zofanana ndi udzu wouma chaka chatha ndi masamba owuma. Kuphatikiza apo, khukungayo satha kudzipereka yekha ndikumveka ndi maudzu osiyanasiyana, osadziwika kuthengo.
Kodi Woodcock amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Woodcock ku Russia
Titha kunena kuti nkhalango yasankha pafupifupi kontinenti yonse ya ku Europe, posankha nkhalango ndi madera a nkhalango m'malo ake okhala zisa. Mbalameyi imafalikira kudera lakale la USSR, sikuti imangopezeka ku Kamchatka ndi madera angapo a Sakhalin. Woodcock onse amasamukira kwina ndikukhala pansi, zimatengera nyengo yakomwe amakhala. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku Caucasus, Crimea, m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumadzulo kwa Europe, kuzilumba za Atlantic sizimasamukira kulikonse m'nyengo yozizira, zimakhala m'malo awo okhalamo.
Nkhuni zosamuka zimangoyendayenda ndikumayamba kwa nyengo yoyamba kuzizira, mu Okutobala-Novembala, zonse zimadaliranso dera lokhazikika. Woodcock amapita kumalo ozizira m'derali:
- India;
- Ceylon;
- Iran;
- Indochina;
- Afghanistan;
- kumpoto kwa kontinenti ya Africa.
Mbalame zimauluka kum'mwera, zonse m'modzi komanso pagulu, kenako ambiri amabwerera kumalo awo omwe amakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Kuuluka kwake kumwera kumwera kumayamba madzulo kapena m'mawa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zamatabwa zimauluka usiku, nyengo ikalola, komanso masana, mbalame zimakonda kupumula.
Mbalame zimakonza malo okhala ndi nkhalango m'malo osakanikirana kapena osakanikirana, komwe kuli nthaka yonyowa komanso nkhuni zowirira, nkhalangoyi imakhala ndi zipatso za rasipiberi ndi hazel. Woodcock amakhala komwe mabulosi abulu, ferns osiyanasiyana ndi mbewu zina zotsika zimakula. Mbalame zimakonda malo omwe amakhala pafupi ndi madzi ang'onoang'ono, zimakhazikika m'mphepete mwa mathithi, pomwe zimadzisaka zokha, ndipo zimakonda kupumula m'mbali mopepuka komanso youma komanso m'mapolisi. Nkhuni zimapewa nkhalango zowala. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimamatira ku ma biotope omwewo, zimasuntha pafupipafupi, kufunafuna chakudya chawo.
Kodi nkhono imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Woodcock akuthawa
Makamaka, mndandanda wamatchire amakhala ndi mbozi zapadziko lapansi, makamaka panthawi yopanda chisa, ndiye kuti mbalame zimafunafuna komwe kuli nthaka yabwino.
Komanso, chakudya cha mbalame chimakhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ndi mphutsi zawo, zomwe ndi:
- Zhukov;
- akangaude;
- makutu;
- utawaleza;
- zokonda.
Zakudya zamasamba zimapezekanso pazosankha, koma zochepa, zimaphatikizapo: chimanga, chimanga, mbewu za oat, mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba, zipatso. Pakati paulendo wapaulendo, mitengo yamatchire imatha kuwotcha anthu okhala m'madzi ang'onoang'ono (nkhanu, nkhono za bivalve, nsomba mwachangu ndi achule ang'ono).
Yakwana nthawi yovumbulutsa tanthauzo la chinsinsi cha mlomo wa mbalame yayitali komanso yopyapyala, mawonekedwe ake ndi kukula kwake zimathandiza khungwa kupeza chotupitsa chochepa kwambiri m'matumbo a khungwa la mtengo pafupifupi popanda zopinga zilizonse. Kunsonga kwa mulomo kumakhala ndi mathero osasunthika, omwe amatha kuzindikira momwe nyongolotsi zimakhudzira dziko lapansi ndi mafunde oyenda omwe amachokera. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimatuluka kunja kutada kapena usiku, zimayenda pang'onopang'ono pakati pa dambo kapena m'mphepete mwa dambo, kufunafuna chokoma mwa kumiza mlomo wawo wamtali m'nthaka yofewa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Woodcock
Woodcock amatha kutchedwa kuti ziweto, amakonda kukhala okha, ndipo amakhala pagulu pokhapokha akasonkhana kumadera akumwera. Mbalameyi imakhala chete, mawu ake mumangomva nthawi yokhwima. Munthawi imeneyi, zazimuna zimangodumphadumpha, kumveketsa phokoso lofanana ndi kudandaula, alenje amawatcha "akung'ung'udza". Pambuyo pa nyimbo zitatu kapena zinayi zoterezi, mathero a nyimbo amabwera, omwe amadziwika ndi likhweru lalitali kwambiri "qi-ciq", lomwe limamveka mamitala mazana. Amuna akamathamangitsa opikisana nawo mlengalenga, ndizotheka kumva kulira kokweza mtima kwa "plip-plip-piss", nkhondo zotere zimachitika pakati pa amuna-chaka choyamba.
Woodcock m'malo mobisa, momwe amakhalira nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku. Ndi nthawi yamdima pomwe amapita kukafunafuna chakudya, ndipo masana amadzibisalira mwanzeru m'mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya zitsamba, akuchita izi mwaluso kwambiri, chifukwa cha mtundu wa nthenga. Zochita za moyo wa nkhuku zikufanana ndi kadzidzi, mbalamezi zimawopa ziwopsezo za adani ndi anthu, chifukwa chake amakhala otakata pakayamba mdima. Pakuthawa, matambala amafanana ndi akadzidzi.
Ngati chilombocho chayandikira kwambiri nkhandweyo, ndiye kuti mbalameyo imanyamuka mwadzidzidzi. Mitundu yowala ya nthenga yomwe ili pansi pa mapiko imasokoneza mdani kwakanthawi, ndikupatsa nthawi mbalameyo kubisala pamtengo wamtengo. Woodcock ali ndi luso lowuluka kwenikweni, chifukwa chake zimakhala zachilendo kuti azitha kutembenuka movutikira kwambiri ndi ma pirouette paulendo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Woodcock m'nyengo yozizira
Zadziwika kale kuti nkhandwe amakhala osungulumwa, chifukwa mgwirizano wamabanja siwo njira yawo. Mitundu ya mbalame imapangidwa kwakanthawi kochepa kuti ibereke ana. Amuna amafunafuna anzawo, ndikupanga mayimbidwe apadera angapo akauluka kudera lililonse. Amayembekezera kuti azimayi ena angayankhe pama trill awo.
Kapangidwe kwakanthawi, angapo amayamba kukonza malo awo okhala pansi, pogwiritsa ntchito masamba, moss, udzu ndi nthambi zazing'ono pomanga. Pazitsulo zamatabwa, pali mazira 3 kapena 4, omwe chipolopolo chake chimakhala ndi timadontho. Kuswa kwa ana kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 25. Zitatha izi, ana anapiye amabadwa, okongoletsedwa ndi kansalu kothamangira kumbuyo, komwe mtsogolo kumadzasintha kukhala mtundu wawo wapadera, womwe ndi khadi yolira mbalame.
Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti ndi mayi wamphongo yekhayo amene akuchita nawo ntchito yolera ana, abambo satenga nawo mbali pamoyo wa ana awo. Mkazi amakhala ndi zovuta, amafunika kufunafuna chakudya ndikuteteza ana kwa adani osawadyera. Poteteza anawo ku ngozi, mayi amawatenga ndi mapazi ake kapena milomo kuti awatenge kupita nawo kumalo obisika kumene nyama zolusa sizingafikeko. Ana amakula ndikudziyimira pawokha mwachangu mokwanira.
Pakadutsa maola atatu anaswa, anapiyewo amayimirira pamapazi awo, ndipo ali ndi zaka zitatu atuluka kwathunthu pachisa cha makolo kufunafuna moyo wawo wodziyimira pawokha, womwe, mwangozi, umapangitsa mbalamezi kukhala zaka 10 mpaka 11.
Adani achilengedwe a Woodcock
Chithunzi: Woodcock m'nkhalango
Ngakhale ma coccock amadziwika ndi talente yoposa yodzibisa, adakali ndi adani ambiri. Nyama zamasana zamasana sizimavulaza mbalame, chifukwa Woodcock sangapezeke masana, amayamba kugwira ntchito madzulo. Koma nyama zodya mapiko zouluka usiku ndizoopsa kwambiri kwa mbalamezi. Kwa akadzidzi ndi akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, khukumwini ndi nyama yolandiridwa bwino, amatha kuigwira akuthawa. Kuphatikiza pa ziwopsezo zam'mlengalenga, chiwopsezo chimadikirira kuti agwe pansi, apa akhoza kukhala ozunzidwa ndi weasel, badger, ermine, marten, nkhandwe, ferret. Ma Weasel ndi owopsa makamaka kwa zazikazi zikusamira mazira ndi anapiye awo obadwa kumene.
Pakati pa adani a nkhono zamphongo pali makoswe ndi mahedgehogi omwe amaba mazira a mbalame ndi ana amithenga. Mbalamezi zimakhalanso ndi zigawenga ziwiri zoyipa zotchedwa munthu. Makamaka mbalame zambiri zimafa mukamauluka, ndipo izi zimachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika za anthu. Munthu amawona kusaka nyama zamtunduwu ngati ntchito yotchuka komanso yosangalatsa. Paulendo, ndege nthawi zambiri zimafuula, kudzipereka kwa alenje, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zonyenga zapadera kuti atenge chikho chomwe akufuna.
M'mayiko ena, ndizoletsedwa kusaka nkhuku, m'maiko ena pali nthawi yapadera yosaka. Palinso njira zotetezera zomwe zimaloledwa kusaka amuna okhaokha. Kulimbana ndi kupha nyama moperewera ndi njira zina zodzitetezera komanso zoletsa zimateteza mbalamezi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezo zisafike potheratu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Woodcock bird
Zinthu zambiri zoyipa zimakhudza nkhono, koma, mwamwayi, mbalamezi sizili pachiwopsezo, ndipo gawo lomwe amakhala limakhalabe, monga kale, lambiri. Monga tanena kale, nkhalango ndi chikho chosakira chosakidwa, nthawi zambiri akatswiri amakonda kupanga nyama zodzaza, chifukwa mbalameyo imawoneka yokongola komanso yokongola.
Chosangalatsa: Woodcock anganene motsimikiza kuti ndi mbalame "zachikale", chifukwa nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa munkhani za olemba achi Russia zakusaka (Chekhov, Turgenev, Troepolsky, Tolstoy, etc.)
Pofuna kuteteza nkhalango kusaka, mayiko ambiri akhala akuchita zinthu zoletsa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbalame zizikhala pamiyeso yoyenera. Kwa mbalame, chiwopsezo chachikulu sichikusaka mwachindunji, koma momwe zachilengedwe zimakhalira komanso kuchepa kwa malo okhala mbalamezi, chifukwa chake anthu ayenera kulingalira za zochitika zawo zowononga komanso zosaganizira zomwe zimavulaza abale athu ang'onoang'ono, kuphatikiza nkhandwe.
Ponena za kusamalira mbalame zosangalatsa izi, malinga ndi IUCN, mbalamezi sizimasamala kwenikweni, yomwe ndi nkhani yabwino. Titha kungokhulupirira ndikuchita zonse zotheka kuti zinthu zabwino zotere zokhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalame zikadali mtsogolo.
Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera izi nkhuni wokongola modabwitsa chifukwa cha nthenga zake. Kumuwona ndi chozizwitsa chenicheni, chifukwa nthengayo imakonda kubisala ndipo ndi luso lodzibisa. Nthawi zambiri, timatha kusilira kukongola kwake kokha pachithunzithunzi, koma podziwa kuti mbalameyi sichiwopsezedwa kuti ikutha, mtima umakhala wowala, wowala komanso wosangalala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.02.2020
Tsiku losintha: 12.01.2020 ku 20:46
