Ndizotheka kunena za mphalapala kuti ndi wokoma ngati mphoyo. Kuphatikizana kwa miyendo yayitali ndi yopyapyala yokhala ndi nyanga zokongola zokhala ndi zokhotakhota zokongola zimapangitsa kuti agwapewa azikhala osiririka komanso otsogola. Tikuwona momwe imadumphira Mbawala kuchokera pamwala umodzi kupita ku unzake, mutha kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo kuunika kwake, kulimba kwake ndi chisomo chake. Tidziwa zonse za chiyambi cha nyamayi, tidziwe mawonekedwe ake, zizolowezi zake, malo omwe amakonda komanso zakudya, onani adani akulu a mbawala kuti timvetsetse bwino ntchito zofunika za ma artiodactylswa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Jeyran
Mbawala ndi nyama yokhala ndi ziboda zogawanika pakati pa mtundu wa mbawala ndi banja la ng'ombe. Mtunduwu umalumikizana mwachindunji ndi banja laling'ono la antelopes. Mawu oti "mbawala" adabwera kuchokera kuchilankhulo cha Chiarabu. Mwambiri, uwu ndi mtundu wa nyama zowonda komanso zamiyendo yayitali, zomwe zimatsimikizika ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi mbawala yokongola. Pali mitundu yambiri yamiyala, pakati pawo mutha kuwona mbawala. Antelope iyi ili ndi gawo limodzi - amuna okhawo ali ndi nyanga mu mbawala, mosiyana ndi mbawala zina zambiri, momwe amuna ndi akazi amakhala ngati nkhuku.
Ponena za mbawala makamaka, amatha kutchedwa nyama zazing'ono komanso zowoneka bwino kwambiri, zonse zakunja ndi mawonekedwe ake ndizogwirizana kwathunthu ndi mtundu wa mbawala, ngakhale pali mitundu ina komanso mawonekedwe ake. Mwambiri, pali mitundu ingapo ya mbawala, koma tsopano asayansi ena amawaika ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa chake, pakati pa mbawala pali:
- Persian;
- Chimongoliya;
- Anthu aku Turkmen;
- Arabiya.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kunja, ma subspecies awa ndi ofanana, koma amasiyana kokha m'dera lomwe amakhala. Chisomo, kulimba mtima ndi kuthamanga kwa mbawala kwanthawi yayitali kumusilira munthu, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa pazandalama ndi masitampu otumizira omwe kale anali USSR, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan ndi Russia.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbawala ya Steppe
Choyamba, tiyeni tiwone kukula kwa agwape odabwitsawa. Kutalika kwa thupi la nyama zokhwima kumatha kukhala pakati pa 93 mpaka 116 cm, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafota - kuyambira masentimita 60 mpaka 75. Unyinji wa miphoyo imakhala pakati pa 18 mpaka 33 kg. Monga tanena kale, ndi amuna okha omwe amakhala ngati anapiye a mbawala. Nyanga zawo zokongola ndi zakuda, zakuda masentimita 28 mpaka 30 komanso zokutidwa ndi mphete zingapo zopingasa. Akazi samapatsidwa nyanga, koma nthawi zina pamakhala zitsanzo zokhala ndi nyanga zazing'ono zazing'ono kuyambira 3 mpaka 5 cm.
Ma Jeyran ndi zolengedwa zamiyendo yayitali, miyendo yawo ndi yokongola komanso yopyapyala, koma ziboda zomwe zili nazo ndizamphamvu komanso zowongoka, zomwe zimathandizira kuyendetsa mwachangu komanso modekha kwa mbawala izi pamiyala ndi nthaka yadongo. Komabe, miyendo ya antelopes siyabwino kwenikweni kuyenda pamphasa ya chipale chofewa, ndipo agwape samasiyana pakupirira kwakukulu, chifukwa chake amafa nthawi zambiri akamakakamizidwa kusintha kwakanthawi.
Kanema: Jeyran
Ngati timalankhula za utoto wa nyama izi, ndiye kuti, makamaka, ndi mchenga (thupi lakumtunda ndi mbali). Mitundu yoyera imawonekera pakhosi, pamimba komanso mkati mwamiyendo. Kumbuyo, mutha kuwona malo oyera oyera omwe amatchedwa "galasi". Nsonga ya mchira ili ndi mtundu wakuda, imasiyanitsa motsutsana ndi zoyera, ndipo imawonekera bwino pomwe mbawala imathamanga kwambiri. Chifukwa chapadera chakunja, anthu nthawi zambiri amatcha "mchira wakuda". Kugawika kwaubweya waubweya mu chovala chamkati ndi tsitsi loyang'anira sikuwonekera m'miyala. M'nyengo yozizira, malaya awo ndi opepuka kuposa zovala za chilimwe. Kutalika kwa chovala m'kavalidwe ka dzinja kumakhala pakati pa 3 mpaka 5 cm, ndipo nthawi yotentha sikufikira ngakhale masentimita 1.5. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti tsitsi la kumaso ndi miyendo ndilofupikitsa kuposa thupi lonse la antelope.
Chosangalatsa: Manswala achichepere ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pankhope, omwe ndi malo obiriwira pakatikati pa mlatho wa mphuno ndi mikwingwirima iwiri yakuda yochokera m'maso a antelope mpaka kumakona am'kamwa mwake.
Kodi mbawala imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Jeyran m'chipululu
Anthu a ku Jeyr amakonda kukonda zigwa komanso zipululu zokhala ndi mapiri pang'ono, pomwe nthaka ndi yolimba. Nyama zazikazi zokongola zimenezi zimapezeka m'mbali mwa mapiri ndiponso m'malo a zigwa zofewa. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amiyendo, nyama izi zimadutsa magawo amchenga kwambiri, makamaka makamaka m'nyengo yotentha.
Nthawi zambiri mbawala zimakonda zipululu komanso zipululu, zomwe zimakhala:
- chipululu chamchere chopanda mchere;
- theka-shrub saltwort zipululu;
- zipululu za shrub.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zomera zomwe zimakhala m'malo okhala mokhazikika zimatha kusiyanasiyana ndipo zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri nkhonozi zimazolowera kukhala m'zipululu zopanda miyala.
Ponena za madera ena okhala ndi mbawala, tiyenera kudziwa kuti akukhala:
- ku Iran;
- kumadzulo kwa Pakistan;
- kum'mwera kwa Mongolia;
- ku Afghanistan;
- kudera la China;
- Ku Kazakhstan;
- Georgia;
- Kyrgyzstan;
- Tajikistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Turkmenistan.
Ponena za dziko lathu, malinga ndi malo okhala zakale, m'mbuyomu, agwape amakhala kumwera kwa Dagestan, koma tsopano, mwatsoka, samakumana kumeneko, amakonda madera am'chipululu komanso achipululu omwe atchulidwa kale.
Kodi mbawala imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbawala ya Antelope
Sitiyenera kudabwa kuti pankhani yazakudya, mbawala sizosangalatsa kwenikweni, chifukwa zimakhala m'zipululu komanso m'chipululu chomwe sichimapezeka chifukwa cha zomera. Simusowa kuti musankhe, chifukwa ma mbawala ali okondwa kuti ali ndi mndandanda wazakudya zawo, zomwe zimapangidwa, makamaka nthawi yophukira ndi nthawi yozizira, ndizochepa.
Munthawi imeneyi, mbawala zimakhala ndi chotupitsa:
- minga ya ngamira;
- hodgepodge;
- chowawa;
- saxaul mphukira;
- prutnyak;
- ephedra;
- Pamwamba pa tamarisiki.
M'chilimwe ndi masika, zosankhazo zimawoneka zolemera komanso zowutsa mudyo, chifukwa moyo wa zomera umapangidwanso. Munthawi imeneyi, mbawala zimatha kudya tirigu wamtchire, capers, ferulu, barnyard, anyezi, nthawi zina zimadya chimanga, vwende, nyemba. Monga okhala m'chipululu, mbawala zimazolowera kukhala osamwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kupeza malo okwanira othirira atha kukhala pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 15 km, chifukwa chake antelope amamwa madzi kamodzi pa sabata kapena masiku asanu.
Pamphepete mwa tchire, mbawala zimayesetsa kuti zisamwe, chifukwa nyama zolusa zingapo zimatha kubisala pamenepo. Pobowola madzi, antelopes amasankha malo otseguka komanso opyapyala, amapita kukakwera madzi madzulo kapena m'mawa. Nyama zonsezi zimadziteteza. Ngakhale madzi owawa owawa komanso amchere (mwachitsanzo, mu Nyanja ya Caspian) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mbawala, kutsimikiziranso kudzichepetsa kwawo pankhani yazakudya.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Jeyran wochokera ku Red Book
Mofanana ndi mbawala zina, mbawala zimasamala kwambiri komanso zimaopa, zimachita chidwi ndikamveka phokoso lililonse. Ngati antelope akuwona kuwoneka kwa zoopsa, ndiye kuti imayamba kuthawa nthawi yomweyo, kuthamanga kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana pakati pa 55 mpaka 60 km pa ola limodzi. Azimayi omwe ali ndi ana ali ndi njira zopulumutsira zosiyana - iwo, m'malo mwake, amakonda kubisala muubweya munthawi zowopsa ngati izi.
Ngakhale mbawala zili m'gulu la ziweto, zimayamba kusonkhana m'magulu akulu nthawi yachisanu ili pafupi. M'miyezi yotentha, mbawala izi zimakonda kukhala zokha kapena pakampani yaying'ono, komwe kumangokhala ndi mbawala zisanu zokha. Kwenikweni, awa ndi akazi achichepere komanso osabereka chaka chatha.
Pakufika nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimayambira m'magulu akulu, momwe mungakhale nyama zingapo khumi ndi zingapo mpaka mazana angapo. Gulu la antelope likasaka chakudya, amatha kuyenda kuchokera ku 25 mpaka 30 km tsiku limodzi. Pakufika masika, zazikazi zomwe zili pamalo oyenera zimayamba kutuluka m'gululi, kenako amuna otha msinkhu amatsatira, amatsatiridwa ndi ziweto zawo ndi ana okwanira kale okwanira.
Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira, mbawala zimagwira ntchito masana, ndipo madzulo komanso usiku amapuma m'mabedi okumbidwa m'chipale chofewa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala kumbuyo kwa phiri lina kuti adziteteze ku mphepo yozizira. M'nyengo yotentha, antelopes, m'malo mwake, amadya m'mawa ndi madzulo, ndipo amapuma mumthunzi tsiku lotentha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbawala ya Steppe
Monga tanena kale, mbawala ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala m'magulu awo, zimasochera nthawi yozizira ikayamba. Ndipo kugwa, amuna okhwima amayamba kuthamanga. Amayika malo awo ndi ndowe, zomwe amaika m'mabowo omwe adakumba kale omwe amatchedwa zimbudzi za rutting.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zonse, amuna amakalipa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasonkhanitsa gulu lonse la akazi atawazungulira, omwe amawateteza mosatekeseka kuti atsikana ena asavutike nawo. Kulimbikira gawo komanso kukopa chidwi cha akazi mpaka kufika poti amuna ena amakumba zikwangwani za anthu ena ndikuzisinthanitsa ndi zawo.
Kutalika kwa kutenga kwa mkazi ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ana amphongo amawonekera kale mu nthawi ya Marichi kapena pafupi kumayambiriro kwa Epulo. Nthawi zambiri, mwana m'modzi kapena awiri amabadwa. Masabata angapo mwana asanabadwe, amayi oyembekezera amayesetsa kuti azikhala patali, kutali ndi amuna, posankha malo oyenera kuberekera, omwe ayenera kukhala pamalo otseguka pomwe pali kukula kwa zitsamba, kapena m dzenje, lotetezedwa molondola ku mphepo yozizira.
Anawo amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu awiri, koma amatha kuyimirira pamapazi awo ndikudzidalira. M'masabata oyamba atakhwima, ng'ombe zimabisala tchire, komwe zimakonda kubisala, ndipo mayi wachikondi mwiniwake amawayendera, kudyetsa mkaka wa m'mawere 3-4 pa tsiku. Kukula kwa ana amphongo ndikofulumira kwambiri. Kale pamwezi woyamba wamoyo, amalemera pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwa nyama yayikulu.
Amphongo amakula msinkhu pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ngakhale akazi ena omwe ali ndi zaka chimodzi chaka choyamba amakhala ndi ana. Amuna amakula msinkhu atakwanitsa zaka 1.5. M'malo awo achilengedwe, mbawala zimatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 7, ndikumangidwa, zonse 10.
Adani achilengedwe a mbawala
Chithunzi: Jeyran m'chipululu
Moyo ndi wovuta kwa mbawala yokongola ya goitala, yomwe ndi yosalimba ndipo siyosiyana ndi kupirira kwapadera. Adani ambiri osiyanasiyana amakumana nawo panjira, anthete zokhwima komanso zazing'ono kwambiri. Mwa ena ofunikira kwambiri komanso obisalira amiyala, mwina, titha kutchula mimbulu, ambiri a mbawala zimamwalira m'mano mwa odyetsawa nthawi yozizira, pomwe kuli chisanu chochuluka, ndipo mphalapala zouma ndi njala sizingathawe zoopsa.
Pamodzi ndi mimbulu, mbawala zomwe zili m'dera la Turkmenistan zikutsatidwa ndi akambuku ndi nyama zakufa. Zachidziwikire, achichepere omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu omwe sanadziwe konse, omwe kufa kwawo kumatha kufikira 50 peresenti pafupi ndi nthawi yophukira, zomwe ndizowopsa kwambiri.
Adani a ana ang'onoang'ono obadwa kumene ndi awa:
- nkhandwe;
- ziwombankhanga zagolide;
- ziwombankhanga;
- agalu amtchire;
- chiwombankhanga;
- manda;
- ziphuphu zazikulu.
Monga mukuwonera, ngozi sikudikira mbawala osati pansi zokha, komanso mlengalenga. Makhalidwe oipawa samathandizanso nyamazi, zomwe zimafera kwambiri nthawi yachisanu, pomwe pamakhalanso ayezi. Anthu a ku Jeyrry amatha kufa ndi njala, chifukwa pansi pa chipale chofewa sichimakhala chophweka kupeza chakudya, kuyenda m'misewu ya chipale chofewa, ndipo, makamaka, pakhoma, imavulaza nyama ndipo imatha kupangitsanso imfa, kubisalira nyama zolusa nthawi ngati imeneyi. Musaiwale za anthu omwe adawononga kwambiri mphoyo, zomwe zimawatsogolera kuti azisaka mwakhama komanso mopanda chifundo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Jeyran
Zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa mbawala kunali kochuluka kwambiri m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipululu ndi chipululu cha mayiko ambiri. Ngakhale kusaka tsiku ndi tsiku kwa nzika zakomweko sikungakhudze kwambiri kuchuluka kwake. Antelopes anadyetsa anthu nyama yokometsera (mpaka 15 kg kuchokera ku mbawala imodzi), amawapatsa khungu lolimba kwambiri, koma chidwi chamunthu chopanda malire chopeza phindu chidapangitsa kuti nyamazi ziyambe kufafanizidwa ndi liwiro la mphezi komanso pamlingo waukulu. Mothandizidwa ndi magalimoto, anthu adaphunzira kuyendetsa gulu la antelope m'misampha, ndikuchititsa khungu nyama ndi nyali zowala, kenako ndikupha ma artiodactyls, chithunzi chake chinali chowopsa.
Pali umboni kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, anthu a mbawala anali pafupifupi nyama zikwi 140, koma malinga ndi ziwerengero zamasiku aposachedwa, kuthamanga kwake kwakuchulukirachulukira ndi gawo lina lachitatu, lomwe silingakhale koma nkhawa. Jeyrans tsopano sapezeka ku Azerbaijan ndi Turkey. Kukula kwa Kazakhstan ndi Turkmenistan, ziweto zawo zidatsika kangapo.
Chowopsa chachikulu komanso chifukwa chazovuta zotere za artiodactyls ndizochita mosaganizira komanso zadyera za anthu, zomwe zimakhudza nyama osati zowononga zokha (koma ozembetsa nyama), koma molunjika (kuchepetsa malo okhala chifukwa cholima nthaka komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa msipu). Chifukwa cha zoopsa izi zokhudzana ndi chiwerengerochi, njira zingapo zodzitetezera zatengedwa kuti zitsitsimutse kuchuluka kwa mbawala zodabwitsa izi, zomwe pakadali pano ndi nyama zosavutikira.
Mbawala yokongola
Chithunzi: Jeyran wochokera ku Red Book
Zachisoni, koma agwape ochepa ndi ochepa, motero anthu pamapeto pake adayamba kuganiza kuti antelope iyi ikhoza kutheratu padziko lapansi. Tsopano mbawala imalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi, yokhala ndi "mitundu yovuta" yazinyama. Mu Red Book of Kazakhstan, mbawala imapezeka m'gulu la mitundu yosawerengeka, yomwe nambala yake imachepa. Mbawala yotchedwa Goitered imadziwikanso kuti ndi Buku Lofiyira m'chigawo cha Russia.
Monga tanena kale, zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuphatikizapo zochita za anthu, zomwe zimasokoneza moyo ndi malo okhala nyama. Anthu opha nyama mozemba akupitirizabe kuwombera mphezi mosaloledwa, ngakhale kuwasaka ndikoletsedwa. Anthu akuthamangitsa nyama zopanda ziboliboli pamalo awo omwe azikhalirako, kulima malo atsopano ndikukulitsa malo odyetserako ziweto.
Kuphatikiza pa kulembedwa pamabuku osiyanasiyana a Red Data, njira zodzitetezera kupulumutsa nyamazi ndi izi:
- kuswana kwamphesa m'malo osungira, momwe zinthu zonse zimapangidwira moyo wawo wabwino;
- kuletsa kusaka kwafalikira komanso kuchulukitsa chindapusa chaupha;
- kuzindikira ndi kuteteza madera omwe mbawala zili zochuluka kwambiri, kuwapatsa malo achitetezo.
Posachedwa, anthu akhala akuyesera kutchera khutu kwambiri ku vuto lakutha kwa mphesa. Chifukwa chake, pachikondwerero cha pachaka ku Azerbaijan chotchedwa "Maiden Tower", ojambula nthawi zambiri amajambula antelope okongola awa pamiyala yayikulu, ndikupereka chifukwa choganizira kuchuluka kwawo kocheperako komanso nthawi zambiri zochita za anthu mosaganizira, zowononga.
Pamapeto pake, zatsalira kuwonjezera izi, monga Mbawala wokongola modabwitsa komanso wowoneka bwino, alibenso chitetezo komanso chiopsezo. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira nyama yofatsa komanso yowopa, molemekeza komanso molemekeza malo omwe akukhalamo kwamuyaya, kuyesera kupondereza chilichonse chosavomerezeka komanso chopanda umunthu, ndiye kuti dziko lonse lapansi likhala lokoma mtima pang'ono komanso lowala, ndipo mbawala zitha kusangalala ndi moyo wawo wosangalala.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.02.2020
Tsiku losintha: 17.12.2019 pa 23:27
