Saker Falcon - mtundu waukulu wa nkhono. Ndi mbalame yayikulu, yolimba yodya nyama ndi miyendo ikuluikulu ndi mapiko osongoka. Ndi yayikulu kuposa kabavu wa peregine, koma yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa gyrfalcon ndipo ili ndi mapiko otambalala kwambiri okhudzana ndi kukula kwake. Ma Saker Falcons amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira bulauni yakuda mpaka imvi komanso pafupifupi yoyera. Ichi ndi nkhono yosangalatsa kwambiri yomwe imazolowera mwachangu kampani ya anthu ndikuwongolera maluso akusaka bwino. Mutha kudziwa zambiri zamavuto amtundu wodabwitsawu, momwe amakhalira, zizolowezi zawo, zovuta zakutha patsamba lino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon
Munthawi yamtunduwu, mitunduyi inali yosakanizidwa mosaletseka komanso kusanja mizere yosakwanira, yomwe imasokoneza kwambiri kusanthula kwa DNA. Sitingayembekezere kuti maphunziro amolekyulu omwe ali ndi zochepa zazing'ono awonetsa malingaliro olimba pagulu lonse. Kuchepetsa kwa mitundu yonse yamoyo wamakolo a Saker Falcons, omwe adachitika munthawi yamitundu yoyambirira kumayambiriro kwa Pleistocene, ndizovuta kwambiri.
Kanema: Saker Falcon
Saker Falcon ndi mzere womwe umafalikira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa mpaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Asia kudera lakum'mawa kwa Mediterranean. Ali mu ukapolo, falcon ya Mediterranean ndi Saker Falcon imatha kuswana, koma kusakanizidwa ndi gyrfalcon ndikothekanso. Dzinalo Saker Falcon limachokera ku Chiarabu ndipo limatanthauza "falcon".
Chosangalatsa: Saker Falcon ndi mbalame yopeka yaku Hungary komanso mbalame yadziko lonse ku Hungary. Mu 2012, Saker Falcon adasankhidwanso ngati mbalame yadziko la Mongolia.
Ma Saker Falcons kumpoto chakum'mawa chakumpoto kwa mapiri a Altai ndi okulirapo pang'ono, ndi akuda ndikuwonekera kwambiri kumadera otsika kuposa anthu ena. Amadziwika kuti falta ya Altai, amawerengedwa m'mbuyomu ngati mitundu ina ya "Falco altaicus" kapena ngati wosakanizidwa pakati pa Saker Falcon ndi Gyrfalcon, koma kafukufuku wamakono akuwonetsa kuti mwina ndi mtundu wa Saker Falcon.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe Saker Falcon imawonekera
Saker Falcon ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa Gyrfalcon. Mbalamezi zimasonyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi maonekedwe ake, kuyambira chokoleti chofanana ndi chokoleti kupita kumalo otsekemera kapena udzu wokhala ndi mitsinje kapena mitsempha ya bulauni. Balabans ali ndi mawanga oyera kapena otumbululuka mkati mwamatumbo a nthenga za mchira. Popeza utoto umakhala wosaoneka bwino pansi pa phiko, umakhala wowoneka mopepuka mukamayerekezera ndi zikhwapa zakuda ndi maupangiri a nthenga.
Makoko a Saker amakula kwambiri kuposa amuna ndipo nthawi zambiri amalemera 970 mpaka 1300 g, amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 55, mapiko a masentimita 120 mpaka 130. Amuna amakhala olimba kwambiri ndipo amalemera kuyambira 780 mpaka 1090 g, pafupifupi amakhala ndi masentimita pafupifupi 45, mapiko otalika Masentimita 100 mpaka 110. Mitunduyi imakhala ndi "tinyanga" tosaoneka bwino ngati mawonekedwe amdima m'mbali mwa mutu. Pambuyo pokasungunuka mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, mapiko, kumbuyo ndi mchira wapamwamba wa mbalamezo zimayamba kukhala ndi mdima wakuda. Mapazi a buluu amatembenukira chikasu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Maonekedwe ndi mitundu ya Saker Falcon imasiyanasiyana kwambiri pakamagawidwe kake. Anthu aku Europe amakhalabe ndi chakudya chokwanira m'malo obereketsa, apo ayi amasamukira kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean kapena kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa.
Mapiko a balaban ndi ataliatali, otakata ndi owongoka, ofiira pamwambapa, amangamanga pang'ono ndi amizeremizere. Pamwamba pa mchira ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Chikhalidwe chake ndi mutu wonyezimira wonyezimira. Ku Central Europe ndikosavuta kuzindikira mitunduyi ndimalo ake obisika, m'malo omwe falcon ya Mediterranean (F. biarmicus feldeggi) imapezeka, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kosokoneza.
Kodi Saker Falcon amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon ku Russia
Balabans (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Saker Falcons") amapezeka m'malo omwe ndi ouma komanso nkhalango kuchokera ku Eastern Europe kupita ku Central Asia, komwe ndi "falcon yachipululu" yotchuka kwambiri. Balabans amasamukira kumadera akumpoto chakumwera kwa Asia ndi madera ena a Africa nthawi yachisanu. Posachedwa, kuyeserera kubzala balabans kumadzulo mpaka Germany. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a Palaearctic kuyambira kum'mawa kwa Europe mpaka kumadzulo kwa China.
Amabadwira mu:
- Czech Republic;
- Armenia;
- Makedoniya;
- Russia;
- Austria;
- Bulgaria;
- Serbia;
- Iraq;
- Croatia;
- Georgia;
- Hungary;
- Moldova.
Oimira mitunduyo nthawi zambiri amakhala opitilira nyengo kapena kuwuluka kupita ku:
- Italy;
- Malta;
- Sudan;
- ku Kupro;
- Israeli;
- Igupto;
- Yordani;
- Libya;
- Tunisia;
- Kenya;
- Ethiopia.
M'magulu ochepa, anthu osochera amafika kumayiko ena ambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chimangophunziridwa. Saker Falcons chisa m'mitengo 15-20 mita pamwamba panthaka, m'mapaki ndi m'nkhalango zotseguka m'mphepete mwa mzere. Palibe amene adaonapo balaban akumanga chisa chake. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zisa zamtundu wina wa mbalame, ndipo nthawi zina amathanso kuwachotsa eni ake nakhala zisa zawo. Amadziwika kuti m'malo osavuta kufikako, Saker Falcons amagwiritsa ntchito zisa pamapiri amiyala.
Kodi balaban amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon akuthawa
Mofanana ndi mphamba wina, mbalame zam'balala zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, zopindika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti zigwire nyama. Amagwiritsa ntchito mlomo wawo wamphamvu, wogwira kuti adule msana. Munthawi yoswana, nyama zazing'ono monga agologolo, ma hamsters, ma jerboas, ma gerbils, hares ndi ma pikas amatha kupanga 60 mpaka 90% yazakudya za Saker.
Nthawi zina, mbalame zokhala pansi monga zinziri, hazel grouse, pheasants ndi mbalame zina zamlengalenga monga abakha, zitsamba zamatsenga komanso mbalame zina zodyera (kadzidzi, kestrels, ndi zina zambiri), zimatha kupanga 30 mpaka 50% ya nyama zonse, makamaka m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango zambiri. Saker Falcons amathanso kudya abuluzi akulu.
Zakudya zazikulu za Balaban ndi:
- mbalame;
- zokwawa;
- zinyama;
- amphibiya;
- tizilombo.
Saker Falcon imasinthidwa kuti isake pafupi ndi nthaka m'malo otseguka, ndikuphatikiza kuthamanga mwachangu ndi magwiridwe antchito ndipo motero imakhazikika mu makoswe apakatikati. Imasaka malo okhala ndiudzu lotseguka monga chipululu, theka-chipululu, madambo, madera olima ndi ouma.
M'madera ena, makamaka pafupi ndi madzi ngakhale m'matawuni, balaban imasinthira mbalame monga nyama yawo. Ndipo kumadera ena ku Europe, amasaka nkhunda ndi makoswe am'nyumba. Mbalameyi imalondola nyama zomwe zili panja poyera, kufunafuna nyama kuchokera m’miyala ndi mitengo. Balaban amamuukira mozungulira mopingasa, ndipo sakugwera wolakwiridwa mlengalenga, monga abale ake ena.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungadyetse Saker Falcon. Tiyeni tiwone m'mene khwimbi amakhala kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Saker Falcon
Balaban imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, zipululu, madera otseguka, ndi malo ena ouma okhala ndi mitengo, miyala, kapena magetsi, makamaka pafupi ndi madzi. Zitha kuwonedwa zili pamwala kapena mtengo wamtali, pomwe mutha kuwona mosavuta malo ozungulira nyama.
Balaban ndiwosamukira pang'ono. Mbalame zochokera kumpoto kwa mtundu woswana zimasuntha mwamphamvu, koma mbalame za anthu akumwera ambiri sizikhala ngati pali chakudya chokwanira. Mbalame zachisanu m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira ku Saudi Arabia, Sudan, ndi Kenya zimaswana makamaka kumadzulo kwa mapiri akuluakulu a Central Asia. Kusuntha kwa ma Saker Falcons kumachitika makamaka kuyambira pakati pa Seputembara mpaka Novembala, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kusamuka kwakubwerako kumachitika pakati pa Okutobala-Epulo, anthu omaliza omwe atsala pang'ono kufika kumapeto kwa Meyi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Saker falcon kusaka ndi mtundu wotchuka kwambiri wa mphamba, womwe suli wotsika pakusangalala ndi kusaka ndi mphamba. Mbalame zimakonda kwambiri eni ake, chifukwa chake amasakidwa kwambiri ndi alenje.
Saker Falcons si mbalame zocheza. Amakonda kusakhazikitsa zisa zawo pafupi ndi awiriawiri ena. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo awo, Saker Falcons amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake, koposa kale. M'madera omwe muli chakudya chochuluka, ma Saker Falcons nthawi zambiri amakhala pachisa pafupi. Mtunda wapakati pa awiriawiri kuyambira pa atatu mpaka anayi pawiri pa 0,5 km² mpaka awiriawiri omwe ali 10 km kapena kupitilira apo kumapiri ndi m'mapiri. Nthawi yayitali ndi peyala imodzi pamakilomita 4-5.5.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon
Kuti akope akazi, amuna amatenga nawo mbali pazowonetsa modabwitsa mlengalenga, monga mamembala ena ambiri amtundu wa falcon. Male Saker Falcons akuuluka m'malo awo, ndikumveka mokweza. Amaliza maulendo awo owonetsa ndege pofika pafupi ndi malo abwino okhala. Poyandikira kwambiri ndi mnzanu kapena amene mukufuna kudzakwatirana naye, a Saker Falcons amagwadirana.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amadyetsa akazi nthawi yogona. Pobwerekera wokwatirana naye, yamphongoyo imawuluka ndikuzungulirako nyama yake, kapena kubwera nayo kwa mkazi pofuna kuwonetsa kuti ndiogulitsa chakudya. Mwa ana pali mazira 2 mpaka 6, koma nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwawo kumachokera pa 3 mpaka 5. Dzira lachitatu litayikidwa, makulitsidwe amayamba, omwe amakhala masiku 32 mpaka 36. Mwambiri, monga mbewa zambiri, ana a anyamata amakula msanga kuposa atsikana.
Chosangalatsa: Anapiye achichepere amakhala okutidwa pansi ndipo amabadwa atatseka maso, koma amawatsegula pakapita masiku ochepa. Ali ndi ma molts awiri asanafike nthenga zazikulu. Izi zimachitika ali ndi zaka zopitilira chaka chimodzi.
Amayi amakula msinkhu pafupifupi chaka chimodzi amuna. Anapiye amayamba kuuluka ali ndi zaka 45 mpaka masiku 50, koma amakhalabe kumalo osungira mazira kwa masiku ena 30-45, ndipo nthawi zina kupitirira apo. Ngati pali chakudya chambiri chokwanira, anawo amatha kukhala limodzi kwakanthawi.
Ali pa chisa, anapiye amalira kuti makolo awo azisangalala nawo ngati ali okhaokha, ozizira kapena ali ndi njala. Kuphatikiza apo, akazi atha kupanga phokoso "losweka" kuti alimbikitse ana awo kutsegula milomo yawo kuti alandire chakudya. Ana akadyetsedwa bwino, anapiye amakula bwino kusiyana ndi ana osowa chakudya. Mwa ana okoma mtima, anapiye amagawana chakudya komanso amafufuzana akangoyamba kuwuluka. Mosiyana ndi izi, chakudya chikasowa, anapiye amateteza anzawo ndipo amatha kuyesa kuba chakudya cha makolo awo.
Adani achilengedwe a Balaban
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon m'nyengo yozizira
Saker Falcons alibe nyama zolusa zomwe zimadziwika kuthengo kupatula anthu. Mbalamezi ndizolusa kwambiri. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe amanyadira kwambiri ndikuti amakhala olimbikira akaganiza zosankha wovulalayo. Balaban amatsata nyama yake mosatekeseka, ngakhale m'nkhalango.
M'mbuyomu, amawagwiritsa ntchito polimbana ndi masewera akuluakulu monga mbawala. Mbalameyi inamutsata mnzakeyo mpaka inkapha nyama ija. Saker Falcons ndi alenje oleza mtima, osakhululuka. Zimayandama m'mwamba kapena zimakhala m'miyendo mwawo kwa maola ambiri, zikuyang'ana nyama zomwe zikukhala ndikukonzekera malo omwe zikulowera. Akazi nthawi zambiri amalamulira amuna. Nthawi zina amayesa kuba anzawo.
Mtundu uwu umadwala:
- magetsi pamagetsi;
- kuchepa kwopezeka chifukwa chakuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa matsamba ndi malo odyetserako ziweto chifukwa cha kulimba kwaulimi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa minda;
- kuchepa kwa ziweto zoweta, komanso chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mbalame zazing'ono;
- kutchera falconry, komwe kumapangitsa kuti anthu asowa;
- kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amatsogolera ku poizoni wachiwiri.
Chiwerengero cha Saker Falcons chomwe chimagwidwa pachaka ndi mbalame 6 825 8 400. Mwa awa, ambiri (77%) ndi akazi achichepere, akutsatiridwa ndi 19% ya akazi achikulire, 3% ya anyamata achichepere ndi 1% ya amuna achikulire, zomwe zitha kupanga kukondera kwakuthengo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe Saker Falcon imawonekera
Kusanthula kwa zomwe zapezeka kunayambitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa 17,400 mpaka 28,800 awiriawiri, omwe ali ndi ziwerengero zambiri ku China (3000-7000 awiriawiri), Kazakhstan (4.808-5.628 awiriawiri), Mongolia (2792-6980 awiriawiri) ndi Russia (5700- 7300 awiriawiri). Anthu ochepa aku Europe akuyerekezedwa kuti ndi ma 350-500 awiriawiri, omwe ali ofanana ndi 710-990 okhwima. Kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Europe ndipo mwina ku Mongolia kukukulirakulira, koma kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawerengedwa kuti ndi koyipa.
Ngati tingaganize kuti kam'badwo kamatha zaka 6.4, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kwayamba kale kutsika (m'malo ena) zaka za 1990 zisanafike zaka za 1990, kuchuluka kwa anthu pazaka 19 zaka 1993-2012 kukufanana ndi kutsika kwa 47% (malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwapakati) ndi kutsika kocheperako kwa 2-75% pachaka. Popeza kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pamalingaliro akuchuluka omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, zambiri zoyambirira zikuwonetsa kuti mtundu uwu watsika ndi 50% pamibadwo itatu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Saker Falconers, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kwakukulu, amasankhidwa ndi mafinya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. M'malo mwake, pafupifupi 90% mwa mbalame pafupifupi 2,000 zomwe zimakodwa chaka chilichonse pakusamuka kwawo kwadzinja ndi akazi.
Manambalawa ndiwodziwikiratu chifukwa ma Saker Falcons ena amagwidwa ndikutumizidwa kunja, motero ndizosatheka kudziwa nambala yeniyeni ya Saker Falcons yomwe imakololedwa kuthengo chaka chilichonse. Anapiye ndiosavuta kuphunzitsa, choncho ma Saker Falcons ambiri omwe atsekeredwa ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mphalapala zambiri zimamasula ziweto zawo chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kusamalira miyezi yotentha ndipo mbalame zambiri zophunzitsidwa bwino zimathawa.
Zolemba Zachinyengo
Chithunzi: Saker Falcon kuchokera ku Red Book
Ndi mitundu yotetezedwa yomwe idatchulidwa mu Red Data Book ya mayiko ambiri, makamaka kumadzulo. Mbalameyi idatchulidwa mu Zowonjezera I ndi II za CMS (kuyambira Novembala 2011, kupatula anthu aku Mongolia) ndi Zakumapeto II za CITES, ndipo mu 2002 CITES idakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa malonda ku UAE, zomwe zidakhudza msika wosavomerezeka kumeneko. Izi zimachitika m'malo angapo otetezedwa mdera lonse la mbalame.
Kuphatikizika kwakukulu ndikuwongolera kwadzetsa chidziwitso chakuti kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Hungary kukukulira. Kuwongolera kwamalonda kosaloledwa kunayambitsidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana akumadzulo m'ma 1990. Kuswana kwaukapolo kwakula kwambiri m'maiko ena, kuphatikiza UAE, m'malo mwa mbalame zomwe zimakulira kuthengo. Zipatala zakhazikitsidwa kuti zithandizire kukhala ndi moyo komanso kupezeka kwa mbalame zakutchire m'maiko osiyanasiyana aku Gulf.
Chosangalatsa: Zisakasa zomangamanga zamangidwa m'malo ena, ndipo makamaka ku Mongolia, ntchito yayamba kumanga zisa 5,000 zothandizidwa ndi Abu Dhabi Environmental Protection Agency, zomwe zikuyembekezeka kupereka malo okhala ndi awiriawiri 500. Dongosolo ili ku Mongolia lidatulutsa nkhuku 2,000 mu 2013.
Saker Falcon Ndi nyama yolusa yofunikira ya nyama zazing'ono komanso mbalame zapakatikati. Global Action Plan ya Saker Falcon idapangidwa mu 2014. Ntchito zoteteza ku Europe zadzetsa mayendedwe abwino a anthu. Mapulogalamu atsopano ofufuzira m'magawo ambiri amtunduwu ayamba kukhazikitsa zidziwitso zoyambira pakugawana, kuchuluka kwa anthu, zachilengedwe ndi ziwopsezo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu amatsatiridwa ndi satelayiti kuti azindikire kusamuka ndikugwiritsa ntchito malo oswanirana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 26.10.2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.11.2019 nthawi 11:59
