Ngamila (Camelus) ndi mtundu wazinyama zomwe zili m'banja la Camelidae ndi Camelidae suborder. Oyimira akulu a artiodactyl order (Artiodactyla) amasinthidwa kuti akhale amoyo kumadera ouma, kuphatikiza zipululu, zipululu zazing'ono ndi madera.
Kufotokozera ngamila
Unyinji wa ngamila wamkulu wamkulu umasiyanasiyana pakati pa 500-800 makilogalamu, kutalika kwake kumafota osaposa 200-210 masentimita... Ngamila zamtundu umodzi zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira, pomwe ngamira zamankhwala awiri zimadziwika ndi chivundikiro chakuda.
Maonekedwe
Ngamila zili ndi ubweya wopindika, khosi lalitali komanso lopindika, ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono ozungulira. Oimira banja la camelid ndi suborder of calluses amadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mano 38, omwe khumi amaimiridwa ndi ma molars, ma canine awiri, ma molars khumi, ma molars awiri, ma canine ndi ma molars khumi ndi awiri.
Chifukwa cha nsidze zazitali komanso zowuma, maso akulu a ngamira amatetezedwa molondola kuchokera ku mchenga ndi fumbi, ndipo mphuno, ngati kuli kotheka, zimatha kutseka mwamphamvu kwambiri. Maso a ngamila ndiabwino kwambiri, motero chinyama chimatha kuwona munthu wosunthira pamtunda wa kilomita, komanso galimoto ngakhale mtunda wamakilomita asanu. Nyama yayikulu m'chipululu imanunkhiza bwino madzi ndi zomera.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila imatha kununkhiza bwino malo odyetserako ziweto kapena kupezeka kwa madzi abwino ngakhale mtunda wa makilomita makumi asanu, ndipo ikawona mabingu kumwamba, chinyama cha m'chipululu chimapita mbali yawo, ndikuyembekeza kukafika kumalo komwe kumagwa mvula.
Nyamayi imasinthidwa bwino kuti ikhale ndi moyo m'malo ovuta komanso opanda madzi, komanso imakhala ndimatumba apadera, dzanja, chigongono ndi mawondo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi nthaka yotentha mpaka 70 ° C. Cholinga chokhala ndi ubweya wokwanira wa nyama kumateteza ku kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi kuzizira usiku. Zala zake zolumikizidwa zimapanga gawo limodzi. Phazi lalitali ndi miyendo iwiri ya ngamila limasinthidwa bwino kuyenda pamiyala yaying'ono ndi mchenga wosakhazikika.
Ngamila imatha kutaya madzi ambiri pamodzi ndi ndowe zachilengedwe. Chinyezi, chomwe chimatuluka m'mphuno panthawi yopuma, chimasonkhanitsidwa mosavuta mkati mwa khola lapadera, kenako chimalowa mkamwa mwa nyama. Ngamila zimatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, koma nthawi yomweyo pafupifupi 40% ya thupi lathunthu amatayika.
Chimodzi mwazipangidwe zapadera za ngamila zamoyo m'chipululu ndi kupezeka kwa ma humps, omwe ndi mafuta ochulukirapo ndipo amakhala ngati "denga" lomwe limateteza msana wanyama kumayendedwe a dzuwa lotentha. Mwa zina, kuchuluka kwamafuta amtundu wonse kumbuyo komwe kumathandizira kuti pakhale kutentha. Ngamila zimasambira bwino kwambiri, ndipo zikamayenda m'madzi, nyamazi zimapendeketsa matupi awo mbali pang'ono.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Kuthengo, ngamila imakhazikika, koma nyama yotere imangodutsa m'malo osiyanasiyana amchipululu, komanso zigwa zamiyala kapena mapiri akuluakulu, kuyesera kukhala m'malo akulu, omwe amadziwika kale. Haptagai aliyense amasankha kusuntha pakati pa madzi osowa, omwe amawalola kuti azibwezeretsanso madzi.
Monga lamulo, ngamila zimakhala ndi gulu laling'ono la anthu asanu mpaka makumi awiri. Mtsogoleri wa gululo ndi wamphongo wamkulu. Nyama zam'chipululu zotere zimawonetsa kugwira ntchito makamaka masana, ndipo mdima utayamba, ngamila zimagona kapena kuchita pang'ono pang'ono komanso mopanda chidwi. Pakati pa nyengo yamkuntho, ngamila zimatha kugona masiku ambiri, ndipo masiku otentha zimayenda motsutsana ndi mafunde amphepo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutentha kwambiri, kapena kubisala tchire ndi zigwa. Anthu achilengedwe ndi amanyazi komanso amwano kwa alendo, kuphatikizapo anthu.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ndi chizolowezi chodziwika bwino momwe amadyetserako mahatchi nthawi yachisanu, mosavuta kukwapula chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa ndi ziboda zawo, pambuyo pake ngamila zimalowetsedwa kudera lotere, kutola zotsalira za chakudya.
Zizindikiro zowopsa zikawonekera, ngamila zimathawa, zimathamanga mosavuta mpaka 50-60 km / h. Nyama zazikulu zimatha kuthamanga masiku awiri kapena atatu, mpaka zitatopa kwambiri. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti kupirira kwachilengedwe komanso kukula kwakukulu nthawi zambiri sikungapulumutse nyama ya m'chipululu kuimfa, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chakukula pang'ono kwamaganizidwe.
Moyo wa anthu oweta zoweta umakhala wotsika kwambiri kwa anthu, ndipo nyama zoweta sizizolowera kutengera moyo wamakolo awo. Amuna akuluakulu komanso okhwima amatha kukhala okha. Kuyamba kwa nyengo yachisanu ndi mayeso ovuta kwa ngamila, zomwe zimawavuta kuyenda pachikuto cha chisanu. Mwazina, kupezeka kwa ziboda zenizeni nyama zotere kumapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kukumba chakudya pansi pa chisanu.
Ndi ngamila zingati zomwe zikukhala
Pazovuta, ngamila zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi, koma moyo wolimba chonchi ndiwofotokozedwabe. Mwa haptagays zakutchire, pali anthu ambiri lalikulu, amene zaka makumi asanu.
Mitundu ya ngamila
Mtundu wa ngamila umaimiridwa ndi mitundu iwiri:
- wina anang'ung'udza;
- awiri-humped.
Ngamila zamtundu umodzi (dromedary, dromedary, arabian) - Camelus dromedarius, apulumuka mpaka lero lokha mnyumba zoweta, ndipo atha kuyimilidwa ndi anthu ena achifwamba. Dromedary yomasulira kuchokera ku Chigriki amatanthauza "kuthamanga", ndipo "Aarabu" nyama zotere zimapatsidwa mayina a anthu aku Arabia omwe amazisamalira.
Ma Dromedaries, limodzi ndi a Bactrian, amakhala ndi miyendo yayitali komanso yolimba, koma ndi yomanga pang'ono.... Poyerekeza ndi ngamila yodumpha ziwirizo, ngamila imodzi-yochepetsedwa ndiyocheperako, chifukwa chake kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu sikuposa 2.3-3.4 m, ndikutalika kwake kufota pakati pa 1.8-2.1 m. 300-700 makilogalamu.
Ma Dromedars ali ndi mutu wokhala ndi mafupa owongoka, nkhope yotukuka, komanso mbiri yakumbuyo. Milomo ya nyama, poyerekeza ndi akavalo kapena ng'ombe, siyopanikizika konse. Masaya amakula, ndipo milomo yakumunsi nthawi zambiri imakhala yopepuka. Khosi la ngamila zamankhwala amodzi limasiyanitsidwa ndi minofu yopangidwa bwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mane waung'ono amakula m'mphepete mwake lonse kumtunda kwa msana, ndipo kumunsi kuli ndevu zazifupi zofikira pakatikati pa khosi. Pamatundu, m'mphepete mulibe kwathunthu. M'dera la masamba amapewa pali m'mphepete, yomwe imawoneka ngati "ma epaulets" ndikuyimiriridwa ndi tsitsi lalitali lopotana.
Komanso ngamila zamankhwala amodzi zimasiyana ndi ziwirizi chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kulekerera ngakhale chisanu chaching'ono. Komabe, malaya amtundu wa dromedaries ndi owopsa, koma osakulira kwambiri komanso ochepa. Ubweya wa ngamila imodzi yokhotakhota sikuti cholinga chake ndi kutentha ndipo umangothandiza kupewa kutaya madzi kwambiri.
Usiku wozizira, kutentha kwa thupi kwa ngamila imodzi-yamphongo kumatsika kwambiri, ndipo pansi pa kunyezimira kwa dzuwa nyama imafunda pang'onopang'ono. Tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limakwirira khosi, kumbuyo ndi mutu wa ngamila imodzi. Dromedaries amakhala mchenga kwambiri, koma pali nthumwi za mitunduyo yokhala ndi bulauni wakuda, ofiira-otuwa kapena oyera.
Ngamila za Bactrian, kapena a Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) ndiomwe akuyimira mtunduwo kwambiri, ndipo ndi nyama zoweta zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu ambiri aku Asia. Ngamila za Bactrian zimatchedwa Bactria. Dera lino m'chigawo cha Central Asia lidatchuka chifukwa cha kuweta ngamila wa bactrian. Komanso, pakadali pano, pali oimira ochepa ngamila zamtchire ziwiri, zotchedwa haptagai. Ambiri mwa anthuwa masiku ano amakhala ku China ndi ku Mongolia, komwe amakonda malo achilengedwe osafikirika.
Ngamila za Bactrian ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zazikulu komanso zolemera. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa munthu wamkulu wamtundu uwu kumafika 2.5-3.5 m, ndikutalika kwa mita 1.8-2.2. Kutalika kwa nyama, limodzi ndi ma hump, kumatha kufikira 2.6-2.7 m. Kutalika kwa gawo la mchira nthawi zambiri kumasiyana pakati pa masentimita 50-58. Monga lamulo, kulemera kwa ngamila ya bactrian wokhwima pakati pa 440-450 mpaka 650-700 kg. Ngamila yamphongo yodyetsedwa bwino yamtundu wofunika kwambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri ya Kalmyk nthawi yotentha imatha kulemera kuchokera pa 780-800 kg mpaka tani, ndipo kulemera kwake kwazimayi nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 650-800 kg.
Ngamila za Bactrian zimakhala ndi thupi lolimba komanso miyendo yayitali... Ma Bactrian amadziwika bwino ndi khosi lalitali komanso lopindika, lomwe poyamba limatsikira pansi kenako limadzukanso. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a khosi, mutu wa nyamawo umakhala mogwirizana ndi dera lamapewa. Nthiti zomwe zimayimira mitundu yonseyi zimasiyana pakati pawo ndi masentimita 20 mpaka 40. Danga pakati pawo limatchedwa chishalo, ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ofikira anthu.
Mtunda woyenera kuchokera pachishalo chamkati mpaka padziko lapansi, nthawi zambiri, ndi pafupifupi masentimita 170. Kuti munthu athe kukwera kumbuyo kwa ngamira yodumpha, nyama imagwada kapena kugona pansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malo omwe ali ngamira pakati pa ma hump awiri samadzazidwa ndi mafuta ngakhale mwa anthu okhwima komanso odyetsedwa bwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila za Bactrian zokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira ndi omwe amakhala osowa kwambiri, omwe kuchuluka kwake sikoposa 2.8 peresenti ya anthu onse.
Zizindikiro zazikulu zamafuta ndi thanzi la ngamila ya bactrian zimayimilidwa ndi zotanuka, ngakhale ma humps oyimirira. Nyama zowonda zimakhala ndi ma hump, omwe amagwa pang'ono pang'ono kapena pang'ono, motero amagwa kwambiri akamayenda. Ngamila zazikulu za Bactrian zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malaya odera kwambiri komanso olimba kwambiri okhala ndi malaya amkati opangidwa bwino kwambiri, oyenera kukhalapo kwa nyama munyengo yovuta kwambiri ya kontinenti, yodziwika ndi nyengo yotentha komanso nyengo yozizira, yachisanu.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti m'nyengo yozizira chizolowezi cha biotopes zanyama thermometer nthawi zambiri imagwera ngakhale pansi pamadigiri osachepera 40, koma ngamila ya bactrian imatha kupilira mopanda chisoni komanso yosavuta kupirira chisanu chotere chifukwa cha kapangidwe kabwino kaubweya. Tsitsi la malaya ali ndi zibowo zamkati, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kutentha kwa ubweya. Tsitsi lochepetsetsa la chovalacho ndilabwino posungira mpweya.
Utali waubweya wa ma Bactrian ndi 50-70 mm, ndipo kumunsi kwa msana wam'mimba ndi nsonga za humps pali tsitsi, lomwe kutalika kwake kumapitilira kotala mita. Chovala chotalika kwambiri chimakula mwa mitundu yamtunduwu nthawi yophukira, chifukwa chake nthawi yozizira nyama zoterezi zimawoneka ngati zotulutsa. M'nyengo yamasika, ngamila za bactrian zimayamba kusungunuka, ndipo chovalacho chimagwera pansi. Pakadali pano, nyamayo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasamalika, owoneka bwino komanso osakhazikika.
Mtundu wa mchenga wofiirira womwe umakhala wolimba mosiyanasiyana umakhala wofanana ndi ngamila ya bactrian. Anthu ena ndi amdima kapena owala kwambiri, nthawi zina ngakhale ofiira.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Ngamila zamitundu yonseyi zimafalikira m'malo am'chipululu okha, komanso m'mapiri ouma. Nyama zazikulu zotere sizimasinthidwa nyengo yozizira kwambiri kapena zimakhala kumapiri. Mitundu ya ngamila zoweta tsopano ndizofala m'malo ambiri ku Asia ndi Africa.
Ma Dromedaries nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa, mpaka kumlingo umodzi kumwera chakumwera, komanso ku Arabia Peninsula komanso m'chigawo chapakati cha Asia. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, nyama zoterezi zidaperekedwa ku Australia, komwe zimatha kusintha msanga nyengo yachilendo. Masiku ano, ziweto zonse ku Australia ndi anthu zikwi makumi asanu.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ma Bactrian afalikira kwambiri zigawo zomwe zikuyenda kuchokera ku Asia Minor mpaka Manchuria. Pakali pano pali ngamila pafupifupi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi padziko lapansi, ndipo pafupifupi anthu mamiliyoni khumi ndi anayi amakhala ku Africa.
Somalia lero ili ndi ngamila pafupifupi 7 miliyoni, ndipo ku Sudan - ngamila zoposa mamiliyoni atatu... Makina onyengerera amtchire amakhulupirira kuti adamwalira koyambirira kwa nthawi yathu ino. Kunyumba kwawo komwe kuyenera kuti kunali koimiridwa ndi gawo lakumwera kwa Arabia, koma pakadali pano sizinadziwikebe bwino ngati makolo ake anali ma dromary a nyama zakutchire kapena anali kholo limodzi ndi a Bactrian. N. M.
Przhevalsky, paulendo wake waku Asia, anali woyamba kuzindikira kuti pali ngamila zakutchire, Haptagai. Kukhalapo kwawo panthawiyo kumaganiziridwa, koma sikunatsimikizidwe, chifukwa chake kunatsutsidwa.
Anthu ambiri amtundu wa Bactrian masiku ano amapezeka kokha ku Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region komanso ku Mongolia. Kukhalapo kwa anthu atatu okha kunadziwika komweko, ndipo ziweto zonse zomwe zilipo pakadali pano anthu pafupifupi chikwi chimodzi. Nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ngamila zakutchire m'malo a Yakutsk Pleistocene park zone tsopano zikuwunikiridwa.
Zakudya za ngamila
Ngamila zikuimira oimira ruminants. Mitundu yonse iwiri imagwiritsa ntchito solyanka ndi chowawa ngati chakudya, komanso munga wa ngamila ndi saxaul. Ngamila zimatha kumwa ngakhale madzi amchere, ndipo madzi onse m'thupi la nyama zotere amasungidwa mkati mwa chipinda cha m'mimba. Oyimira onse a suborder calluses amalekerera kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi bwino komanso kosavuta. Kasupe wa madzi ngamila ndi mafuta. Njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zana magalamu a mafuta amalola kuti mupeze za 107 ga madzi ndi mpweya woipa.
Ndizosangalatsa!Ngamila zamtchire ndi nyama zosamala komanso zosadalirika, chifukwa chake zimakonda kufa chifukwa chosowa madzi kapena chakudya, koma sizimayandikira kwambiri anthu.
Ngakhale pakakhala kuti madzi alibe kwakanthawi, magazi a ngamila samakhwima konse. Zinyama zotere, zomwe zimakhala ndi suborder callus, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo pafupifupi milungu iwiri osamwa madzi komanso kwa mwezi umodzi osadya. Ngakhale kupirira modabwitsa kotereku, masiku ano ngamila zamtchire zimavutika kwambiri kuposa nyama zina chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo othirira. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikukula kwachangu kwa madera am'chipululu ndi anthu omwe ali ndi posungira mwatsopano zachilengedwe.
Kubereka ndi ana
Msinkhu woberekera ngamila umayamba pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Kutenga pakati pa ngamila zazimayi zamtundu umodzi kumatenga miyezi khumi ndi itatu, ndipo mwa ngamila zazing'ono ziwiri - mwezi umodzi. Kubereketsa kwa ngamila imodzi-ndi-iwiri kumachitika malinga ndi chiwembu cha nyama zambiri zokhala ndi ziboda.
Nthawi ya rutting ndiyowopsa osati ngamira yokha, komanso anthu. Amuna okhwima ogonana pakadali pano amakhala aukali kwambiri, ndipo pomenyera nkhondo akazi, mosazengereza amatha kulimbana ndi mdani komanso munthu. Nkhondo zoopsa pakati pa amuna nthawi zambiri zimatha ndi kuvulala koopsa ngakhale kufa kwa mbali yomwe yatayika. Pakulimbana kotere, nyama zazikulu sizimangogwiritsa ntchito ziboda zamphamvu, komanso mano.
Kukhatirana kwa ngamila kumachitika nthawi yachisanu, nyengo yamvula ikayamba m'malo amchipululu, ndikupatsa nyama madzi ndi chakudya chokwanira. Komabe, dromedary rut imayamba koyambirira kuposa Bactrian. Mkazi, monga lamulo, amabala mwana wamwamuna wabwino, koma nthawi zina amabereka ngamila. Patatha maola ochepa, ngamira yaying'ono imayimirira pamapazi ake, ndipo imathanso kutsatira amayi ake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Nkhondo ya ngamila zokhwima pogonana imakhala ndi chikhumbo champhongo kuti amugwetse mdani wake kumapazi ake kuti adzapondereze mtsogolo mtsogolo.
Ngamila zimasiyana kwambiri kukula ndi kulemera kwake.... Mwachitsanzo, khanda lobadwa kumene la ngamira yodumpha kawiri limatha kulemera makilogalamu 35-46 okha, lokhala ndi masentimita 90. Ndipo ma dromedari ang'onoang'ono, omwe pafupifupi kutalika kwake, amalemera 90-100 kg. Mosasamala mtunduwo, akazi amadyetsa ana awo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Nyama zimasamalira ana awo kufikira zitakula.
Adani achilengedwe
Pakadali pano magulu a nyalugwe ndi ngamila samadutsana, koma m'mbuyomu, akambuku ambiri nthawi zambiri amaukira osati nyama zakutchire zokha, komanso nyama zoweta. Akambuku adagawana gawo lomwelo ndi ngamila zakutchire pafupi ndi Nyanja Lob-Nor, koma adasowa m'malo amenewa atathirira. Kukula kwakukulu sikunapulumutse a Bactrian, chifukwa chake, pali milandu yodziwika bwino pomwe nyalugwe adatafuna ngamila zomwe zidakola munkhalango yamchere. Kuukira kwakanthawi kambulu pa ngamila zoweta kwakhala chifukwa chachikulu chofunafuna chilombocho ndi anthu m'malo ambiri oswanira ngamila.
Ndizosangalatsa! Matenda omwe amapezeka kwambiri ngamila ndi trypanosomiasis ndi fuluwenza, mliri wa ngamila ndi echinococcosis, ndi mphere.
Mdani wina wowopsa wa ngamila ndi nkhandwe, yomwe pachaka imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zida zakutchire zakutchire. Kwa ngamila zoweta, nkhandwe imakhalanso pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndipo nthumwi yayikulu ya suborder-miyendo yamiyendo imavutika ndi chilombo chotere chifukwa cha mantha achilengedwe. Mimbulu ikaukira, ngamila siziyesa kudziteteza, zimangofuula mokweza komanso kulavulira zomwe zapezeka m'mimba. Ngakhale akhwangwala amatha kubaya zilonda mthupi la ngamira - pankhaniyi akuwonetsa kutetezedwa kwathunthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Mosiyana ndi ngamila zamankhwala amodzi, zomwe zidasowa kuthengo m'mbuyomu ndipo tsopano zimapezeka mwachilengedwe monga nyama zowopsa zokha, ngamila ziwirizi zidapulumuka kuthengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ngamila zakutchire zalembedwa mu International Red Book, pomwe nyama zotere zimapatsidwa gawo la CR - mtundu womwe uli pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Komabe, ngamila zakutchire za bactrian zidasowa kwambiri koyambirira kwa zaka zapitazi, chifukwa chake lero zatsala pang'ono kutha. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, ngamila zamtchire tsopano zili m'malo achisanu ndi chitatu mwa zinyama zonse zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutayika.
Ngamila ndi munthu
Ngamila zakhala zikuweta anthu kwanthawi yayitali ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama pazochita zachuma:
- «Nar"- chinyama chachikulu cholemera mpaka tani. Mtundu wosakanizidwawu unapezedwa powoloka Arvan yemwe anali ndi chimbudzi chimodzi ndi ngamila ya ku Kazakh. Mbali yapadera ya anthu oterewa imayimiriridwa ndi kupezeka kwa chimodzi chachikulu, ngati kuti chimakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri, hump. Nars amapangidwa ndi anthu makamaka chifukwa chamakhalidwe abwino oyamwitsa. Kuchuluka kwa mkaka wokwanira pa munthu aliyense kumakhala pafupifupi malita zikwi ziwiri pachaka;
- «Kama"- wosakanizidwa wotchuka yemwe adapezeka podutsa ngamila ya dromedary ndi llama. Nyama yotere imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwake pakati pa masentimita 125-140 ndi kulemera pang'ono, kosapitirira 65-70 kg. Palibe hump mu kam, koma nyama yotere imakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri, chifukwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phukusi lazovuta m'malo ovuta kufikako;
- «Zosangalatsa", kapena"Iners"- zimphona zazing'onoting'ono zokhala ndi malaya abwino kwambiri. Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu unapezedwa podutsa ngamila yaikazi ya mtundu wa Turkmen ndi wamwamuna Arvan;
- «Jarbai"- wosakanizidwa wosasunthika komanso wosowa kwambiri, womwe umabadwa chifukwa chakumanga ngamila za haibridi;
- «Kurt”- wosakanizidwa wosakanikirana komanso wosadziwika kwambiri wopezeka potenga mkamwa mwa amayi ndi ngamila yamphongo ya mtundu wa ku Turkmen. Nyama imakhala ndi mkaka wabwino kwambiri, koma mkaka womwe umapezeka umakhala ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri;
- «Kaspak"Ndi mtundu wa haibridi wotchuka kwambiri womwe umapezeka ndikulumikiza Bactrian wamwamuna ndi Nara wamkazi. Nyama zotere zimakwezedwa makamaka chifukwa chotulutsa mkaka wochuluka komanso nyama yodabwitsa;
- «Kez-nar"- imodzi mwamtundu wosakanizidwa wofala kwambiri womwe umapezeka podutsa ku Caspak ndi ngamila ya mtundu wa Turkmen. Imodzi mwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa mkaka.
Mwamuna amagwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa ngamila ndi mafuta, komanso nyama ya achinyamata. Komabe, chomwe chimayamikiridwa kwambiri masiku ano ndi ubweya wangamira wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala zotentha kwambiri, zofunda, nsapato ndi zinthu zina zomwe anthu amafunikira.
