Vesnyanka

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Vesnyanka (Plecoptera) ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 3500 yodziwika, 514 mwa yomwe imapezeka ku Europe. Awa ndi nthumwi za dongosolo la tizilombo kuchokera ku Polyneoptera clade osasintha kwathunthu. Akuluakulu amapezeka nthawi zambiri masika, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi dzina - vesnanki. Mitundu yonse ya ntchentche sizololera kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndipo kupezeka kwawo mumtsinje kapena m'madzi oyimirira nthawi zambiri kumakhala chisonyezo cha madzi abwino.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Vesnyanka

Plecoptera (dragonflies) - kagulu kakang'ono ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Lamuloli lakhala ndi mbiri yayitali, koma yosagawanika, kuyambira nthawi yoyambirira ya Permian. Mabanja amakono amadziwika bwino pakati pa zitsanzo kuchokera ku amber ya Baltic, zaka zomwe makamaka zimatanthauza Miocene (zaka 38-54 miliyoni zapitazo). Asayansi afotokoza kale mitundu 3,780 ndipo akupeza mitundu yatsopano padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo 120 mwa iwo ndi zakale.

Kanema: Vesnyanka

Ma Vesnians ali mgulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, Polyneoptera. Ku Polyneoptera, asayansi apereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kugawidwa kwa agulugufe, koma pakadali pano sanagwirizane. Kusanthula kwamolekyulu sikunathe kuwulula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana, zotsatira zake ndizosakhazikika kutengera mtundu wosankhidwa wa kafukufuku komanso taxa wosanthula.

Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo "Plecoptera" limatanthauza "mapiko oluka," kuchokera ku pleinein wakale wachi Greek (πλέκειν, "mpaka kuluka") ndi pterix (πτέρυξ, "mapiko"). Izi zikutanthauza kulumikizana modabwitsa kwa mapiko awo awiri, omwe amakhala ndi ulusi ndikupinda mosanjikiza kumbuyo. Ziwombankhanga, monga lamulo, sizoyendetsa ndege zolimba, ndipo mitundu ina ilibe mapiko

Pachikhalidwe, protoperlaria yopezeka munthawi ya Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) amawerengedwa kuti ndi oimira dongosolo la agulugufe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wotsatira, zidapezeka kuti sizogwirizana ndi agulugufe. Mu 2011, ntchentche yakufa idafotokozedwa koyamba kuyambira nthawi ya Carboniferous, yomwe mikhalidwe yambiri ikufanana kale ndi dongosolo lomwe likupezeka pano.

Malongosoledwe ambiri amiyala yayikulu yochokera ku Eocene ndioyimira mabanja asanu: Nemurids, Perlidae, Perlodidae, Taeniopterygidae, ndi Leuktrides. Mmodzi wa banja la Perlidae adapezekanso mu amber ya Dominican yaying'ono kwambiri, zomwe zinali zodabwitsa makamaka popeza njenjete zaposachedwa sizinapezeke ku Antilles (chiyambi cha amber ya Dominican).

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Mawonekedwe amawoneka bwanji

Ma Vesnians ndi khungu lofewa, lokhathamira ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kapena tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima komanso osakhala olemera kwambiri mosiyanitsa mitundu. Mabanja ena ali ndi udzu kapena utoto wachikaso kuphatikiza maluwa akuda, mitundu ya Chloroperlidae ndi yobiriwira.

M'banja (lomwe siali la ku Europe) Eustheniidae ndi omwe mumapezeka nyama zowala kwambiri. Mapikowo ndi owonekera kapena abulawuni, samakhala ndi mawanga akuda. Amagona pamwamba pa wina ndi mzake pamalo opumula pamsana pawo, nthawi zambiri amakhala opindika pang'ono, pang'ono mozungulira thupi. Mu mitundu yambiri, mapikowo amafupikitsidwa ndipo sagwira ntchito (nthawi zambiri mwa amuna okha).

Zosangalatsa: Mitundu yambiri imakhala 3.5 mpaka 30 mm kutalika. Mtundu waukulu kwambiri ndi Diamphipnoa, wokhala ndi thupi lokwanira pafupifupi 40 mm ndi mapiko a 110 mm.

Mutu wa madonthowo umakankhidwira patsogolo, nthawi zina utapachikika pang'ono, nthawi zambiri umakhala wokulirapo. Pamutu, tizilombo timakhala ndi tinyanga totalika mpaka theka la kutalika kwa thupi. Maso ndi ovuta, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chotupa chachikulu komanso chachikulu. Nthitiyi imakhala yofanana kukula kwake, chimbudzi choyambirira (Prothorax) nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofewa, nthawi zina chimakokoloka. Miyendo ndi yopyapyala, miyendo yakumbuyo ndi yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo.

Pali mapiko anayi ofiira. Mapiko awiri akutali ndi owulungika-oval, awiri akumbuyo amafupikitsa, koma otakata kwambiri. Mitsempha yamapiko imadziwika kwambiri ndipo, kutengera banja, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitsempha yotuluka yopingasa. Mimba nthawi zonse imakhala yolumikizana. Ma mbale am'mbali ndi am'mbali ndi aulere, nthawi zina amaphatikizidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi zigawo zakumbuyo. Magawo khumi amimba amawoneka. Mapeto omaliza, makamaka mwa amuna, nthawi zambiri amakula kukhala ziwalo zowonekera bwino komanso zovuta. Utoto wa mchira utali utali, kutengera banja, umakhala ndi utali wosiyana, nthawi zina umafupikitsidwa komanso suwoneka.

Kodi mankhala amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana

Vesnianki amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica. Amakhala kum'mwera ndi kumpoto kwa hemispheres. Anthu awo ndi osiyana kwambiri, ngakhale umboni wosonyeza kuti zamoyo zinachita kusanduka kuchokera ku zinthu zina zikusonyeza kuti zamoyo zina mwina zinadutsa equator zisanapatukenso kwina.

Mitundu ingapo yopanda kuthawa, monga Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly (Capnia lacustra) kapena Baikaloperla, ndi tizilombo tokha timene timadziwika kuti timakhala m'madzi kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kufa. Tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala m'madzi (Nepomorpha) titha kukhalanso m'madzi amoyo wonse, komanso titha kusiya madzi kuti ayende.

Chosangalatsa: Mu mphutsi za ntchentche (Perla marginata) mu 2004, hemocyanin wabuluu udapezeka m'magazi. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, zimaganiziridwa kuti kupuma kwa ntchentche zamiyala, monga tizilombo tonse, zimangotengera mtundu wa tracheal. M'maphunziro amtsogolo, hemocyanin idapezeka kuti imakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri. Magazi amtundu wapezeka m'magulu ena amphalabulu koma amawoneka kuti sagwira ntchito mwachilengedwe m'mitundu yambiri.

Mphutsi za Stonefly zimapezeka makamaka pansi pamiyala m'mitsinje yozizira, yosadetsedwa. Mitundu ina imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja zozizira, m'matanthwe a zipika zodzaza ndi zinyalala zomwe zimasonkhana mozungulira miyala, nthambi komanso kukometsera kwamadzi. M'nyengo yozizira, mphutsi nthawi zambiri zimatsatira milatho ya konkriti pamitsinje, ndipo mitundu ina imapezeka mchipale chofewa kapena kupumula pamakoma masiku ofunda kumapeto kwa dzinja.

M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, akulu amatha kupezeka atapuma pamiyala ndi zipika m'madzi, kapena pamasamba ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ndi tchire pafupi ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri mphutsi zimakhala pamatumba olimba monga miyala, miyala kapena nkhuni zakufa. Mitundu ina yapadera imakhala mumchenga, nthawi zambiri imakhala yotumbululuka komanso yopepuka (mwachitsanzo, Isoptena, Paraperla, Isocapnia). Mitundu yonse ya Plecoptera siyipirirana ndi kuipitsa madzi, ndipo kupezeka kwawo mumtsinje kapena m'madzi oyimirira nthawi zambiri kumakhala chisonyezo cha madzi abwino kapena abwino.

Kodi freckle amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mushka Vesnyanka

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mitundu ing'onoing'ono imadya algae wobiriwira ndi diatoms + detritus. Mitundu ikuluikulu ndi odyetsa okhala ndi mitu ikuluikulu, nsagwada zakuthwa ndipo amadya mphutsi 3-4 patsiku kapena ntchentche zapakatikati. Mphutsi yayikulu ya Perla imatha kukhala tcheru ndikuluma zala zitakhudza mwamwano. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta mthupi, nyama zimatha kukhala ndi moyo miyezi ingapo osadya.

Zakudya zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana kutengera gawo ndi malo. Makamaka, pali khungu laling'ono komanso losakhwima monga khungu la mayfly ndi udzudzu.

Mitundu yayikulu yazakudya za mphutsi zamatanthwe ndi monga:

  • mphutsi za udzudzu;
  • mphutsi za midges;
  • mphutsi za mayfly;
  • tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono;
  • ndere.

Mphutsi za Stonefly sizimabisala mpaka madzi azizira kwathunthu. Amadyetsa chaka chonse ndikukula ndikuthira mosalekeza. Mphutsi zazikuluzikulu za mwala wa mwala zimasungunuka maulendo makumi atatu ndi atatu (3) m'nthawi ya mphutsi ya zaka 2-3. Ma molts 18 okha amapezeka mchaka choyamba cha moyo wawo. Gawo loyenda la ntchentche ndilofunika ngati gawo lalikulu lokula ndikusankha malo okhala.

Madontho achikulire, mosiyana ndi mphutsi zolusa, sizilombo. Mitundu ina ya ntchentche zazikulu sizimadya konse, koma zokutira algal pakhungwa, matabwa owola, ndi magawo ena ofewa amakhala ngati chakudya chodyera. Mitundu ina imatha kuwirikiza kawiri kulemera kwake ikaswa koyamba isanagwe. Ngakhale m'magulu okhala ndi ziwalo zochepa pakamwa, kudya kumakhala kofala kwambiri kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale. Nthawi ya moyo wa ntchentche imachokera masiku angapo mpaka milungu ingapo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Vesnyanka

Mphutsi za Stonefly zimakonda madzi, kupatula mitundu ingapo yomwe mphutsi zake zimakhala m'malo okhala chinyezi kumtunda. Amawonetsa chizolowezi chakuzizira, nthawi zambiri madzi okhala ndi oxygen, ndipo mitsinje imakhala ndi mitundu yambiri kuposa madzi osayenda. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi mitundu yambiri yakumpoto komanso kotentha kwambiri kuposa kotentha.

Mitundu ina, mphutsi zimatha kutuluka dzira pamadzi otentha 2 ° C. Kutentha kwamadzi kovomerezeka kwambiri, ngakhale kungasinthidwe kukhala madzi otentha, kuli pafupifupi 25 ° C. Mitundu yambiri imakula nthawi yachisanu ndipo imaswa kumayambiriro kwa masika (mitundu yachisanu). Mitundu yachilimwe yomwe imayamba m'miyezi yachilimwe nthawi zambiri imalowa mkati mwa miyezi yotentha yotentha.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuyenda kwa maulendwe pakuwuluka kumachepa chifukwa chakuwuluka pang'ono komanso kutsika kouluka. Pakafukufuku wina waku UK, 90% ya achikulire (osaganizira zachiwerewere) adatsala osachepera 60 mita kuchokera kumadzi abulu, kaya malowa anali nkhalango kapena otseguka.

Mphutsi zimakula pang'onopang'ono. Chiwerengero cha ma molts chimadalira momwe mungakhalire. Ku Central Europe, nthawi yoberekera nthawi zambiri imakhala chaka chimodzi, mitundu ina yayikulu imatenga zaka zingapo kuti ikule. Mitengo yachisanu nthawi zambiri imasankha zimbudzi zomwe zimapangidwa pambuyo pozizira kwambiri pansi pa madzi oundana, koma sizingathe kuwuluka m'malo ozizirawa ndikumachoka pagombe nthawi zonse. Mitundu yambiri imakonda kubisala m'malo obisalako amdima: pansi pamilatho, pansi pamitengo ndi masamba, m'ming'alu ya makungwa a mitengo. Zina zimatchedwa nyama zakubadwa zomwe zimauluka mowala komanso chinyezi chambiri.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Atsikana angapo a kasupe

Mosiyana ndi zazikazi, amuna omwe angoswedwa kumene sanathe kukwanilitsa. Zimatengera nthawi kuti zikhwime bwino, makamaka kufikira pomwe matupi ndi ziwalo zawo zimalimbikira. Maliseche achimuna amasiyana mitundu ndi ina. Kukhathamira kumachitika pansi, kotero kuti pansi pake imatha kudzizindikira ndikumveka kwa gawo lapansi. Drum "yamphongo" pamimba ndi mayimbidwe apadera, ndipo chachikazi chimayankhira. Drum roll imatenga masekondi ochepa ndipo imabwerezedwa pafupipafupi masekondi 5-10 aliwonse.

Mazirawo amaikidwiratu ngati dzira lokwanira pamwamba pamadzi patangotha ​​masiku ochepa kuchokera atakwatirana kapena patadutsa gawo linalake lokhwima, kutengera mtunduwo. Unyinji wa dzira umafalikira mwachangu m'madzi. Mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, banja la Capniidae), mphutsi zimaswa nthawi yomweyo zikagona. Gulu lochepa kwambiri limabereka parthenogenetically. Yaikazi imatha kuikira mazira chikwi. Adzauluka pamwamba pamadzi ndikuponya mazira m'madzi. Vesnianka amathanso kupachika pamwala kapena nthambi ndikuikira mazira.

Zosangalatsa: Kuphatikiza kumatenga mphindi zochepa ndipo kumabwerezedwa kangapo. Komabe, mazira onse amapatsidwa umuna nthawi yoyamba kukwatira, motero masango ena alibe tanthauzo lachilengedwe.

Mazirawo amakhala okutidwa bwino ndipo amawathandiza kumamatira pamiyala kuti asayende ndi mtsinjewo. Mazira nthawi zambiri amatenga milungu iwiri kapena itatu kuti aswetsedwe, koma mitundu ina imasokonekera, pomwe mazira amakhalabe opanda nthawi yachilimwe ndipo amangokhwima pokhapokha ngati kuli koyenera.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhalabe tating'onoting'ono kwa chaka chimodzi kapena zinayi, kutengera mtunduwo, ndipo timadutsa molimba 12 mpaka 36 tisanalowe msinkhu wachikulire kuti tikhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala padziko lapansi. Amuna nthawi zambiri amathyola msanga kuposa akazi, koma nthawi zambiri zimachuluka kwambiri. Asanakule, nymphs amachoka m'madzi, amadziphatika pamalo osasunthika komanso molt komaliza.

Akuluakulu amangopulumuka milungu ingapo ndipo amangowonekera munthawi zina pachaka pomwe zinthuzo zimakhala zabwino. Akuluakulu sakhala zouluka mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mtsinje kapena nyanja yomwe adaswa. Akakwatirana, mphamvu ya moyo ya ntchentche imasowa mwachangu kwambiri. Amuna amakhala pafupifupi masabata 1-2. Nthawi yakutha kwa akazi imatenga nthawi yayitali - masabata 3-4; koma amafanso atangogona.

Adani achilengedwe a ntchentche

Chithunzi: Mawonekedwe amawoneka bwanji

Chifukwa timadontho tomwe timadalira madzi ozizira, okhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti apange mphutsi, amakhala pachiwopsezo chotaya zimbudzi mumitsinje. Madzi alionse amene amachepetsa mpweya wa m'madziwo adzawononga msanga. Ngakhale magwero ang'onoang'ono a kuipitsa, monga ngalande pafamu, amatha kuwononga agulugufe mumitsinje yapafupi. Kuphatikiza apo, kukwera kwambiri kwa kutentha kwa madzi chilimwe kumatha kuthetsa agulugufe m'malo awo.

Adani akulu a mphutsi za ntchentche ndi nsomba + mbalame zam'madzi. Nsomba zam'mimba zambiri zimadya mphutsi zochuluka kwambiri, ndipo nsomba zazing'ono zimatha kudya mazira a dragonfly. Mphutsi ndizakudya zomwe amakonda kwambiri mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa mchenga wokhala ndi bango komanso zomera zina zam'madzi.

Izi zikuphatikiza:

  • mbalame zam'madzi;
  • azitsamba;
  • matani;
  • abakha;
  • ngolo zoyera;
  • kusuntha kwakuda;
  • odyetsa njuchi zagolide;
  • woponda matabwa wowoneka bwino, ndi zina zambiri.

Gawo la nsikidzi zam'madzi ndi kafadala osambira amasaka mphutsi za ntchentche zamwala. Mphutsi zazing'ono zimagwidwa ndi madzi amchere. Madontho achikulire amatha kulowa mu kangaude wa akangaude owukira, akangaude osakhazikika, akangaude a tetragnatid, omangidwa pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Madontho akuluakulu agwidwa ndi ntchentche za ktyri. Palibe adani a ntchentche pakati pa zokwawa kapena nyama.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana

Sizokayikitsa kuti mtundu uliwonse wa ntchentche zamiyala zidaphatikizidwa m'ndandanda wa Red Book womwe uli pangozi kapena pangozi. Komabe, chifukwa cha ichi ndikuti kuphunzira kugawa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa magulu azinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri samvetsetsa kapena kuzindikira kufunika kwa nyama zazing'onozi m'malo azachilengedwe.

Palibe kukayika kuti mitundu ina ya ntchentche zimasoweka pangozi ndipo mwina zatsala pang'ono kutha. Zowonjezera, izi ndi mitundu yomwe ili ndi zofunikira zochepa zachilengedwe ndipo imakhala m'malo apadera omwe sanasokonezedwe ndi zochita za anthu. Malo opangira zimbudzi zodzaza kwambiri amataya zinyalala zochokera m'zochita za anthu, zomwe zimawononga mpweya wonse pakubola.

Chiwerengero cha madontho madontho amachepetsa kwambiri chifukwa chakumwa kwa zinthu zapoizoni, zomwe ndi:

  • mpweya wochokera ku mafakitale ndi migodi;
  • zinyalala zaulimi;
  • kasamalidwe ka nkhalango;
  • chitukuko cha m'tawuni.

Vesnyanka akukumana ndi chiwopsezo chodetsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosalandiridwa. Vutoli limabwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa michere ndi mvula yomwe imalowa mumitsinje, mitsinje, mayiwe ndi nyanja kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe ndi zovuta kuzitsata. Mitundu yambiri yamawangamawanga imawonongeka chifukwa michere yambiri ndi matope zimaphimba malo omwe mphutsi zawo zimayenera kubisala. Lero padziko lapansi pali nkhondo yayikulu yolimbana ndi mpweyawu ndipo pang'onopang'ono ukucheperachepera.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 30.01.

Tsiku losinthidwa: 08.10.2019 nthawi 20:24

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