Kamba wamkulu Ndi imodzi mwazinyama zomwe zimakonda kulumikizidwa ndi zilumba za Galapagos. Amakhulupirira kuti achokera ku akamba ochokera ku kontrakitala omwe adakokota kumtunda ku Galapagos zaka zikwi zapitazo, tsopano pali mitundu ingapo yazilumba kuzilumba zosiyanasiyana. Amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka zopitilira zana ndipo amalumikizana mosagwirizana ndi mbiri ya anthu pazilumbazi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu
Zinthu ziwiri zimawonekera pazamba zazikulu: kukula kwake ndi kukhazikika kwawo. Akamba amphongo amphongo amatha kukula kupitirira 200 kg ndipo amatha kunyamula wamkulu kumbuyo kwawo mosavuta. Nthawi yeniyeni yamoyo wamtchire wa Galapagos siyikudziwika, koma mwina ndi zaka 100 mpaka 150. Kamba wamkulu waku Madagascar, woperekedwa kwa Mfumukazi ya Tonga m'ma 1770, adamwalira ku 1966. Amangofika kukhwima pakati pa 20 ndi 30.
Kanema: Kamba Wamkulu
China chosangalatsa ndichosiyana m'mipikisano yomwe ili pazilumba zosiyanasiyana. Poyamba panali mafuko 14, lirilonse limakhala pachilumba china. Mitundu iwiri, Floreana ndi Santa Fe, idatha pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu. Mpikisano wa Fernandina unatha m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Munthu m'modzi yekha, wamwamuna wotchedwa "Lone George", ndi amene adapulumuka pa mpikisano wa Pinta. Mpikisano wa Hispanola udatsala pang'ono kutha, ukupulumuka chifukwa cha pulogalamu yoswana ya Darwin Research Station.
Akamba amphona amawonetsa "gigantism," zomwe zimawoneka kuti zimathandizidwa ndi nthawi yodzipatula nthawi yayitali pomwe kulibeko kulibe ndipo chakudya chimakhala chochuluka. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti izi zidakonzedweratu, popeza anthu akuluakulu atha kukhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka ulendowu ngakhale kutaya madzi osmotic komanso kuthekera kopirira nyengo youma. Akamba amitundu yayikulu ochokera ku South America South America amathandizira izi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu amawoneka bwanji
Pali mitundu ingapo yaziphamba zazikulu zomwe zimapezeka kuzilumba zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Omwe amakhala kuzilumba zikuluzikulu komwe kumagwa mvula yambiri amakhala ndi zipolopolo zooneka ngati dome, pomwe omwe amakhala m'malo ouma amakhala akamba ang'onoang'ono ndipo amakhala ndi chipolopolo chachishalo.
Zigoba za akamba zimakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu, yoboola pakati komanso yopingasa chishalo. Akamba akalulu ndi akuluakulu ndipo amakhala m'zilumba momwe zomera zimachuluka. Akamba ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zishona amakhala kuzilumba zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba ochepa monga Pinzon ndi Espanola. Choyikapo chishalo ndichizolowezi chomwe chimalola kamba kuti ikweze khosi lake, kuti iziyenda bwino kwambiri kuposa abale awo azigamba.
Akamba okhala ndi zipolopolo zakutchire sakhala ndi mbali kutsogolo kwa chipolopolocho, chomwe chimalepheretsa kutalika kwa mutu wawo. Amakonda kukhala kuzilumba zazikulu, zachinyezi pomwe pali zokolola zambiri. Akamba amakwera chishalo kuchokera pamwamba mpaka kutsogolo kwa chipolopolo chawo, zomwe zimawathandiza kutambasula kufikira mbewu zazitali zomwe zikukula. Amakonda kukhala kuzilumba zowuma za Galapagos, komwe chakudya sichimapezeka kwenikweni.
Chosangalatsa: Akamba amphiri amakhala ndi dzina loti "chimphona", cholemera mpaka 400 kg ndikulemera mamita 1.8. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kukula kwambiri kuposa kuthengo.
Kodi kamba wamkulu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu m'chilengedwe
Kamba wamkulu wa Galapagos ndi imodzi mwazinyama zotchuka kwambiri pazilumbazi, ndipo chilumbachi chimatchulidwanso (Galapago ndi liwu lakale lachi Spanish loti kamba). Kamba wamkuluyo anafika kuzilumba za Galapagos kuchokera kumtunda kwa South America zaka 2-3 miliyoni zapitazo, komwe adagawika mitundu 15, mosiyanasiyana pakapangidwe kake ndi kagawidwe kake. Chiyambireni kumwalira kwa Lonely George ku 2012, kamba womaliza ku Pinta Island, mwina pali mitundu khumi yamoyo yomwe yatsala ku Galapagos. Kuchuluka kwawo pakadali pano kuli pafupifupi 20,000.
Chosangalatsa: Magulu ena ofanana ndi akamba amtundu wa Galapagos ndi kamba wamkulu wa Seychelles (Aldabrachelys hololissa), omwe amakhulupirira kuti adatha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800.
Akamba, omwe amachokera ku dzina lakuti Galapagos, akhala zizindikiro za zilumbazi, nyama zawo zapadera komanso zoopseza kwa iwo. Mitundu ina yokha yamakamba akuluakulu yomwe ili pakati pa dziko lapansi amakhala ku Indian Ocean ku Madagascar ndi Seychelles.
M'mapiri a Santa Cruz ndi phiri la Alsedo ku Isabela ndi kumene kuli akamba amitundu ikuluikulu kwambiri. Anthu amathanso kupezeka ku Santiago, San Cristobal, Pinzona ndi Espanola. Akamba zikuluzikulu za Galapagos amapezeka chaka chonse. Amagwira ntchito kwambiri masana m'nyengo yozizira komanso m'mawa kwambiri kapena masana nthawi yotentha.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene kamba wamkulu amapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chokwawa ichi chimadya.
Kodi kamba wamkulu amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu kumtunda
Akamba amphiri ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndipo amadziwika kuti amadya mitundu yoposa 50 yazomera kuzilumba za Galapagos, kuphatikiza udzu, masamba, ndere, ndi zipatso. Amadya pakati pa 32 ndi 36 kg patsiku, ambiri mwa iwo omwe sagayidwa. Amayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso momveka bwino, akudya zomwe apeza.
Akamba a Galapagos amatha kuyenda nthawi yayitali osamwa madzi, mpaka miyezi 18. Ndiwothandiza kwambiri m'chilengedwe, komanso zidapangitsanso akamba amphona kukhala osangalatsa kwambiri kwa oyendetsa sitima. Poyerekeza ndi mabisiketi owuma ndi nyama ya nkhumba yamchere, nyama yatsopano yamakamba inali yabwino kwambiri. Kuwona kwa akamba omwe anali ataweramira pansi, omangiriridwa m'mabokosi ndikuphimba kwa miyezi ingapo, sizinakhudze chilakolako chawo.
Chosangalatsa: Akamba amphona ambiri amasamuka: amasuntha m'malo awo munthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka, kutsatira mvula kupita kumalo obiriwira komwe chakudya chimakhala chochuluka.
Akakhala ndi ludzu, amatha kumwa madzi ambiri ndikusungira chikhodzodzo ndi pericardium (zomwe zimawapanganso magwero othandiza amadzi pazombo). M'madera ouma, peyala yamtengo wapatali ndi cacti ndizofunikira popezera chakudya ndi madzi. Adawonetseranso mame onyambita kuchokera kumiyala pazilumba zowuma, mpaka kufika paphompho.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu wamtunda
Kamba wamkulu amakhala pafupifupi maola 16 patsiku kupumula. Nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala amakhala akudya udzu, zipatso ndi mapilo a nkhadze. Amakonda kusambira m'madzi, koma amatha kukhala chaka chimodzi opanda chakudya kapena madzi. Mbalame zing'onozing'ono monga mbalame zambiri zimawoneka zili pamwamba pa akamba akuluakulu. Mbalame ndi akamba apanga mgwirizano wofananira momwe mbalame zimabowola nthata kuchokera pakhungu la akamba.
Monga zolengedwa zotentha (zamagazi ozizira), amafunika kutentha kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri kuti azitentha kutentha kwa dzuwa m'mawa asanadye kwa maola 9 patsiku. Pazilumba zowuma, akamba amasamukira kumalo odyetserako ziweto, ndikupanga njira zodziwika bwino zotchedwa "mayendedwe amakamba." Pazilumba zobiriwira bwino, akamba amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amasonkhana m'magulu, pomwe akamba okhala pachilumba pazilumba zowuma amakonda kukhala kwayekha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Maiwe a matope ndi madzi nthawi zambiri amadzaza ndi akamba. Izi zingawateteze ku tiziromboti, udzudzu, ndi nkhupakupa. Malo osambira a fumbi m'nthaka yosasunthika amathandizanso kulimbana ndi tiziromboti.
Akamba amphaka amadziwika kuti ali ndi ubale wolumikizana ndi mbalame zapadera za Galapagos zomwe zimachotsa ma ectoparasite okhumudwitsa. Mbalame ina imalumpha patsogolo pa kamba kuti ayambe kukolola. Kamba kamakweza m'mwamba ndikukulitsa khosi lake, kulola kuti mbalame zizimuthira pakhosi, miyendo ndi khungu pakati pa pulasitala ndi chipolopolo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu kuchokera ku Red Book
Akamba amphona amakula msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa 20 mpaka 25, ndipo nthawi ikakhala yoyenera, yamphongo imakhala pamkazi ndikutambasula mchira wake wautali pansi pa mchira wake, womwe umakhala ndi mbolo.
Pansi pake pa chipolopolo chachimuna ndi chotsekemera, chifukwa chake chimakwanira motsutsana ndi dome lozungulira lazimayi ndipo sichitsika.
Chosangalatsa: Kamba wamphongo wamwamuna wa Galapagos ndiwaphokoso kwambiri ndipo amamveka patali kuchokera pafupifupi 100 mita. Amadziwika kuti amuna, odzazidwa ndi mahomoni, amatukula miyala, ndikuwasocheretsa ngati akazi achangu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti palibe zolembedwa zamakhalidwe aana awa.
Zokwatirana zitha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse, koma nthawi zambiri pakati pa Okutobala ndi Juni. Amayi amayenda makilomita angapo kupita kukaikira malo okhala mchenga wouma. Pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo yake yakumbuyo, amakumba dzenje lakuya kwambiri ndikuikira mazira. Akazi owoneka ngati dome amakumba zisa 2-3 pachaka, mazira 20 pachisa. Zishalo zazikazi zomwe zimakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri zimakumba zisa 4 mpaka 5 pachaka, ndi avareji ya mazira 6 pachikopa chilichonse, kuti afalitse chiopsezo. Mulimonsemo, amasunga umuna kuti usakole 1 ndikuwugwiritsa ntchito kupangira mazira angapo.
Chosangalatsa: Kutentha kwa chisa kumatsimikizira kugonana kwa ana, ndi zisa zotentha zomwe zimatulutsa akazi ambiri.
Pambuyo pa miyezi 4-8, achinyamata amatuluka m'mazira ndikuwakumba pamwamba. Amakhala m'malo ofunda kwa zaka 10-15 zoyambirira. Ngati apulumuka pachiwopsezo choyambirira cha kutentha kwakukulu, mafunde, oyendetsa njala ndi akabawi a zilumba za Galapagos, atha kukhala ndi ukalamba.
Adani achilengedwe a akamba amphona
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu
Adani achilengedwe a akamba akulu ndi awa:
- makoswe, nkhumba, ndi nyerere zosaka mazira akamba;
- agalu amtchire omwe amalimbana ndi akamba akulu;
- ng'ombe ndi akavalo omwe amaponda zisa zawo;
- mbuzi zomwe zimapikisana ndi akamba kufuna chakudya.
Amakhudzidwanso ndi zopinga zosamukira, monga kuchinga minda yaminda ndi misewu, komanso kuthekera kwamavuto azaumoyo kukhala pafupi ndi ziweto.
Ziweto zazikulu zomwe akamba amitundu yayikulu mwachiwonekere ndi anthu. Kuti chiwerengero chawo lero ndi 10% yokha pachimake chomwe chikuwonetsedwa kumafotokoza zambiri za kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi mafuta omwe awonongeka mzaka zapitazi. Malinga ndi kalembera wa mu 1974, chiwerengero chawo chidafika anthu 3,060. Kukhazikika kwa anthu koyambirira kudachepetsa kuchepa kwa anthu pomwe amasakidwa ndipo malo awo akukhalamo. Kuyambitsidwa kwa mitundu yachilendo kwakhala kowopsa kwa akamba amphona monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mitundu ina yambiri yopezeka.
Anthu akamba zazikuluzikulu kuzilumba za Galapagos zatsika kwambiri chifukwa chazunzidwa ndi amphawi, achifwamba komanso osaka ubweya. Akamba anali gwero la nyama yatsopano yomwe imatha kusungidwa mchombo kwa miyezi ingapo popanda chakudya kapena madzi. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kamba za pakati pa 100,000 ndi 200,000 zitheke. Anagwiritsidwanso ntchito mafuta awo, omwe amatha kuwayatsa nyali. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitundu ya zamoyo zingapo kumakhudzanso anthu akamba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu amawoneka bwanji
Akamba amphona anali amtengo wapatali kwambiri kwa achifwamba ndi opha nsomba omwe nthawi zambiri amapita kuzilumbazi kuyambira zaka za zana la 17 mpaka 19, chifukwa amatha kusungidwa m'zombo kwa miyezi, motero amapereka nyama yatsopano ndikuthandizira zomwe ziyenera kukhala zotopetsa. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, akamba 200,000 atha kutenga. Mitundu ingapo yatha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuko ena kwachepetsedwa kwambiri. Pafupifupi anthu 15,000 tsopano akukhala ku Galapagos. Mwa awa, pafupifupi 3000 amakhala kuphiri la Alsedo.
Akamba zikuluzikulu za ku Galapagos pano zimawerengedwa kuti ndi "osatetezeka" ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature, ndipo njira zambiri zikuchitika kuti apulumutse ma subspecies osiyanasiyana. Zowopsa zidakalipo, ndipo akuti akuti nyama zopitilira 200 zaphedwa ndi ozembetsa nyama kwazaka zingapo zapitazi. Chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula komanso alendo akuwonjezeka, kupanikizika kukupitilizabe.
Mukapita ku Darwin Center ku Santa Cruz, mudzawona zoyeserera zachilengedwe. Achichepere amaleredwa ndikubwezeretsedwa kuthengo kuzilumba komwe subspecies zawo zimakhala. Kukula pang'ono, kutha msinkhu, komanso kutha kwa chilumbachi kumatanthauza kuti akamba amphona amakhala osachedwa kutha popanda oteteza zachilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, cholengedwa cholimbikitsachi chakhala mitundu yayikulu kwambiri pazachitetezo ku Zilumba za Galapagos.
Chiwerengero cha akamba amphona zakutchire kuzilumba za Galapagos chatsika kwambiri. Chiwerengero chawo chiwerengedwa kuti chinali pafupifupi 250,000 m'ma 1500 pomwe adapezeka koyamba. Komabe, akambawa apulumutsidwa kuti asatheretu kudzera m'mapulogalamu oswana, ndipo akuyembekeza kuti mapulogalamu oteteza zachilengedwe apitilizabe kuthandiza anthu awo kukula.
Kusunga ziphuphu zazikulu
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu kuchokera ku Red Book
Pomwe kuchuluka kwa akamba amfulu kuzilumba za Galapagos ukuyamba kukwera, akuwopsezedwabe ndi zovuta za anthu, kuphatikiza mitundu yowopsa, kutukuka kwamizinda ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthaka. Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa zosowa zachilengedwe za akamba ndikuwaphatikiza pakukonzekera malo ndikofunikira kuti azisamalira bwino.
Pambuyo pakukhazikitsidwa kwa National Park ya Galapagos, mazira adatengedwa kuchokera kuthengo ndikuwakokera ku Charles Darwin Research Station. Kusunga akamba omwe angotulutsidwa kumene kumawalola kukula mokwanira kuti apewe kugwidwa ndi makoswe ndi agalu akangotulutsidwa.
Ntchito zothetsa zinyama zikuchitika kuti zichotse nyama zomwe zayambitsidwa zomwe zimawopseza kuti zipulumuke. Galapagos Turtle Movement Environmental Program, motsogozedwa ndi Dr. Stephen Blake, ikufuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zingapo zofufuzira.
Kuphatikizapo:
- Kukhazikitsa zosowa za akamba amphongo a Galapagos;
- kumvetsetsa ntchito zachilengedwe za akalulu akulu a Galapagos;
- kuwunika kwamomwe kamba amasinthira pakapita nthawi, makamaka poyankha ziwopsezo ndi kulowererapo kwa oyang'anira;
- kumvetsetsa momwe zochita za anthu zimakhudzira thanzi la kamba.
Gulu lotsatirali limagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zowunikira (monga kuwona machitidwe) ndi maluso apamwamba kwambiri monga kuyika akamba kuti atsatire kusamuka kwawo. Pakadali pano, ayika anthu amitundu iwiri yamakamba - kuphatikiza awiri ku Santa Cruz ndi amodzi ku Isabella ndi Espanola.
Kamba wamkulu wa Galapagos ndi imodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zilumba za Galapagos, ndichifukwa chake gululi limagwira nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa ndi maphunziro.Mwachitsanzo, amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali kuti amvetsetse momwe akamba amagwirira ntchito ndi anthu kuti athetse mikangano ya kamba. Amaphatikizaponso mibadwo yaying'ono pazofufuza zawo ndikuthandizira kufalitsa ntchito zawo kumadera akumidzi.
Akamba amphona Kodi ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya akamba padziko lapansi, yomwe imatha kulemera makilogalamu 300 kuthengo (ngakhale atakhala muukapolo) ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amakhala zaka pafupifupi 100. Pali mitundu ikuluikulu ikuluikulu ing'onoing'ono 10 ku zilumba za Galapagos, kukula kwake, kapangidwe ka zipolopolo, ndi magawidwe adziko.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.12.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07.09.2019 pa 19:08
