Aliyense adamva mawu akuti "kubangula ngati beluga", koma si onse omwe amamvetsetsa bwino momwe nyamayi imawonekera. Kodi ndi beluga yamtundu wanji ndipo ndi chiyani china kupatula kubangula komwe kungakhale kotchuka? Tiyeni tiyesere kuzilingalira. Poyamba, tinene nthawi yomweyo kuti beluga sangathe kubangula konse. Ngati kokha chifukwa cha gulu la nsomba, ndipo nsomba, monga mukudziwa, zimakhala chete.
Kufotokozera kwa beluga
Beluga ndiye nsomba zamadzi zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimakhala m'madamu amdziko lathu.... zaka ndipo, monga ma sturgeon ena onse, aphunzira kusintha kuti azikhala mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Nsombazi zilibe msana, ndipo mmalo mwa mafupa, pamakhala kusintha kosinthasintha.
Maonekedwe
Beluga amadziwika ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu: kulemera kwake kumatha kukhala kofanana ndi theka ndi theka, ndikutalika kwake ndikoposa mita inayi. Ena mwa mboni zowona mpaka adawona ma belugas akutalika mamita asanu ndi anayi. Ngati maumboni onsewa ndiowona, ndiye kuti beluga amatha kuwonedwa ngati nsomba yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ali ndi thupi lakuda komanso lalikulu.
Mutu ndi mawonekedwe a mkamwa mwa beluga umafanana ndi nkhumba: mphuno yake, yomwe imafanana ndi chigamba, ndi yayifupi komanso yosalala, ndipo kamwa yayikulu yopanda mano yomwe imagwira pafupifupi gawo lonse lakumutu, lozunguliridwa ndi milomo yakuda, ili ndi mawonekedwe a kachigawo. Beluga mwachangu okha ndi omwe ali ndi mano, ndipo ngakhale omwewo amasowa patangopita nthawi yochepa. Antenna, atapachikidwa kuchokera pakamwa kumtunda ndikufika pakamwa, amagonja pang'ono pansi. Maso a nsombayi ndi yaying'ono komanso theka-khungu, kotero kuti imayang'ana makamaka mothandizidwa ndi fungo labwino.
Ndizosangalatsa! Dzinalo la beluga (Huso huso) latanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini kuti "nkhumba". Ndipo, mukayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuzindikira kuti zolengedwa ziwirizi ndizofanana m'mawonekedwe komanso mwa kuponda kwawo.
Amuna ndi akazi a beluga amasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo mwa iwo onse thupi limakutidwa ndi masikelo akulu mofananamo. Masikelo ake ndi amtundu wa ma rombus ndipo sawonekera kulikonse. Mulingo wamtunduwu umatchedwa ganoid. Kumbuyo kwa beluga kumakhala kofiirira, mimba ndi yopepuka.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Beluga ndi nsomba yowopsa, imangotengera moyo wapansi. Maonekedwe enieni a cholengedwa chodabwitsachi, chokumbutsa mawonekedwe am'madzi akale a chipolopolo, akuwonetsa kuti beluga samawoneka pafupipafupi pamtunda: pambuyo pake, ndi thupi lalikulu ngati ili kosavuta kusambira m'madzi akuya kuposa osaya.
Nthawi ndi nthawi amasintha malo ake mosungiramo ndipo nthawi zambiri amapita kuya: kumeneko kuli mofulumira, komwe kumalola beluga kupeza chakudya, ndipo pali maenje akuya omwe nsombayi imagwiritsa ntchito ngati malo opumira. Masika, madzi akayamba kutentha, amatha kuwonekera m'madzi osaya. Ndi kuyamba kwa nthawi yophukira, beluga imapitanso m'nyanja kapena mumtsinje, pomwe imasintha zakudya zake, kudya nkhono ndi nkhanu.
Zofunika! Beluga ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri, imatha kupeza chakudya chokwanira chokha m'nyanja. Ndipo kupezeka kwa mabelugas m'nyanjayi ndi umboni wazachilengedwe.
Beluga amayenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya ndi malo oti azipangira. Pafupifupi belugas onse amalekerera mchere komanso madzi abwino chimodzimodzi, ngakhale mitundu ina imatha kukhala m'madzi oyera.
Kodi beluga amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji
Beluga ndi chiwindi chenicheni... Monga ma sturgeon ena onse, imakhwima pang'onopang'ono: mpaka zaka 10-15, koma imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri. Zaka za nsombazi, ngati zimakhala m'malo abwino, zitha kufikira zaka zana, ngakhale tsopano ma belugas amakhala zaka makumi anayi.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Beluga amakhala ku Black Sea, ku Azov Sea ndi ku Caspian Sea. Ngakhale ndizocheperako, imapezekanso mu Adriatic. Imabala ku Volga, Don, Danube, Dnieper ndi Dniester. Kawirikawiri, koma mutha kuipezanso mu Urals, Kura kapena Terek. Palinso mwayi wocheperako wowona beluga mu Upper Bug komanso pagombe la Crimea.
Panali nthawi pamene beluga anayenda mumtsinje wa Volga kupita ku Tver, m'mphepete mwa Dnieper adakwera Kiev, pamtsinje wa Ural kupita ku Orenburg, komanso ku Kura kupita ku Tbilisi. Koma kwanthawi yayitali, nsomba iyi sinatengeke nayo kumtunda kwa mitsinje. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa chakuti beluga sangathe kupita kumtunda chifukwa cha magetsi opangira magetsi omwe amatseka njira yake. M'mbuyomu, imawonekeranso m'mitsinje monga Oka, Sheksna, Kama ndi Sura.
Zakudya za Beluga
Mwachangu obadwa mwatsopano osapitirira magalamu asanu ndi awiri amadyera pa plankton yamtsinje, komanso mphutsi za ntchentche, ntchentche za caddis, caviar ndi mwachangu za nsomba zina, kuphatikiza mitundu ina ya sturgeon. Akazi achikulire a ku Beluga amadya achinyamata a sturgeon ndi sturgeon. Kudya anthu wamba kumakhala ngati ma belugas achichepere. Pamene beluga wachichepere amakula, zakudya zake zimasinthanso.
Achichepere amu akasamuka mumtsinje kupita kunyanja, amadya nkhanu, nkhono ndi nsomba zazing'ono monga gobies kapena sprat, komanso herring ndi carp mwachangu mpaka zaka ziwiri. Pofika zaka ziwiri, beluga amakhala olusa. Tsopano pafupifupi 98% yazakudya zawo zonse ndi nsomba. Zakudya za beluga zimasiyanasiyana kutengera nyengo ndi malo odyetsera. M'nyanja, nsombayi imadya chaka chonse, ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, imadya pang'ono. Otsalira nyengo yozizira m'mitsinje, imapitilizabe kudyetsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chakudya cha ma sturgeon akuluakulu ndi nyama zazing'ono zingapo zomwe zimakhala pansi, ndipo zazikulu kwambiri zokha - beluga ndi kaluga - zimadyetsa nsomba. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zazing'ono, ma sturgeon ena ngakhale zisindikizo zazing'ono zimatha kukhala omwe akuwakhudzidwa.
M'mimba mwa imodzi mwa ma belugas omwe agwidwa, mbalame yayikulu yayikulu, ma roach angapo ndi bream adapezeka. Ndipo mwa mkazi wina wamtundu uwu, nsombazo zinali zazikulu zazikulu ziwiri, zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri ndi bream zitatu. Komanso, nkhonya yayikulu idakhala nyama yake ngakhale kale: mafupa ake adapezeka m'mimba mwa beluga yemweyo.
Kubereka ndi ana
Beluga ayamba kuswana mochedwa... Chifukwa chake, amuna amakhala okonzeka kubereka ali ndi zaka zosachepera 12, ndipo akazi samabereka asanakwanitse zaka 16-18.
Akazi a Caspian beluga amakhala okonzeka kupitiliza mtundu wawo ali ndi zaka 27: pofika zaka izi amakhala oyenera kubereka ndikudziunjikira zolemera zokwanira. Nsomba zambiri zimafa pambuyo pobereka. Koma beluga imabereka mobwerezabwereza, ngakhale kusokonekera kwa zaka ziwiri mpaka zinayi.
Zonsezi, ma 8-9 amabala nthawi yayitali. Amayikira mazira pamchenga kapena mwala wamiyala, pomwe pali kuthamanga mwachangu, komwe kumafunikira kuti mpweya uzituluka mosalekeza. Pambuyo pa umuna, mazirawo amakhala omata ndipo amamatira pansi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Beluga wamkazi amatha kuikira mazira mamiliyoni angapo, pomwe kuchuluka kwake kwa mazira kumatha kufikira kotala la kulemera kwa nsomba komweko.
Mu 1922, mu Volga ndi zisanu-mita beluga masekeli oposa 1200 makilogalamu. Munali pafupifupi 240 kg ya caviar. Mphutsi zoswedwa, kenako nkukhala mwachangu, zinayamba njira yovuta - kufunafuna nyanja. Akazi a "kasupe" a beluga, omwe amalowa mumtsinje kuyambira nthawi yachisanu mpaka kumapeto kwa masika, amabala mchaka chomwecho. Beluga "yozizira", kuti apeze ndikutenga malo oyenera kuswana, amabwera m'mitsinje mu Ogasiti ndipo amakhala komweko nthawi yachisanu. Amangotulutsa mazira chaka chamawa, ndipo izi zisanachitike, zimakhala ngati sizingachitike, atapita pansi ndikutulutsa ntchofu.
Mu Meyi kapena Juni, beluga "yozizira" imachokera ku tulo komanso kubala. Feteleza mu nsombazi ndi zakunja, monga ma sturgeon onse. Mazira omwe amakhala pansi pa dziwe amakhala nyama ya nsomba zina, motero kuchuluka kwa ana a beluga ndi ochepa kwambiri. Beluzhat amakhala m'madzi osaya otenthedwa ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa. Ndipo akakhwima mokwanira, amasiya mitsinje yawo ndikupita kunyanja. Amakulitsa kukula kwawo mwachangu ndipo pofika chaka kutalika kwawo kumakhala pafupifupi kofanana ndi mita.
Adani achilengedwe
Akuluakulu belugas alibe adani achilengedwe. Koma mazira awo, komanso mphutsi ndi mwachangu zomwe zimakhala mumitsinje, zimadyedwa ndi nsomba zodya madzi.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chodabwitsa, koma mdani wamkulu wachilengedwe wa beluga ndi nsomba iyi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti anamgumi a beluga omwe adakula mpaka masentimita 5-8 mosangalala amadya mazira a abale awo m'malo oberekera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XXI, anthu a beluga anali atachepa kwambiri, ndipo mtundu womwewo udayamba kuonedwa kuti uli pangozi ndipo adatchulidwa mu Red Book of Russia ndi International Red Book.
M'chilengedwe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mitundu yake, beluga imatha kuswana ndi nsomba zina za sturgeon... Ndipo mu 1952, chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa asayansi, mtundu wosakanizidwa wa beluga ndi sterlet udabadwa, womwe umatchedwa bester. Amaweta, monga lamulo, m'malo osungiramo zinthu, popeza bester samatulutsidwa mwachilengedwe, pomwe nsomba zina zam'madzi zimapezeka, kuti zachilengedwe za mitundu ina zizikhala zoyera.
Mtengo wamalonda
Beluga nthawi zonse amakhala wofunika ngati nsomba zamalonda. Anthu akhala akuwedza kwanthawi yayitali kuti apeze nyama, khungu, ndipo, chifukwa cha caviar yake. M'madera achi Greek, monga Kafa (tsopano Feodosia) ndi Gorgippia (Anapa wamakono), ndalama zidapangidwa ngakhale ndi zithunzi za beluga.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali nthano zambiri zokhudzana ndi nsomba zodabwitsa izi. Mwachitsanzo, nthanoyo inali ponseponse kuti, akuti, mu impso za beluga pali mwala wamatsenga womwe umateteza mwini wake kumavuto ndi zovuta zonse.
Mankhwala amathandizidwanso ndi mwala uwu. Iwo ananena kuti mwala beluga akhoza kuchiritsa munthu matenda alionse, komanso kukopa zabwino zonse ndi kuteteza iye ndi sitima yake ku mkuntho ndi mkuntho.
Ngakhale pakati pa asodzi panali mphekesera zoti munthu akhoza kupatsidwa poizoni pakudya nyama ya beluga, yomwe imapsa mtima. Zinanenedwa kuti nyama ndi chiwindi cha nsomba zazing'ono ndizowopsa, komabe, izi sizinatsimikizidwepo ndi kafukufuku aliyense wasayansi. Chifukwa chake, siziyenera kutengedwa ngati nthano chabe, yofanana ndi nthano zonena za mwala wa beluga.
Pakadali pano, usodzi wa beluga watha mwachilengedwe, komabe, chifukwa chakuti nsomba iyi idayamba kulimidwa m'malo opangira, nyama yake ndi caviar zikupitilizabe kugulitsidwa.
Tsoka ilo, kuphatikizidwa kwa mitunduyi mu Red Book ndikupatsidwa mtundu wa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono ku beluga, komanso kuletsa kupanga kwake mumitsinje ndi m'nyanja, sikunakhudze kuwononga chilichonse. Usodzi wosavomerezeka wa nsombayi ndiwowopsa pamilandu, koma mtengo wa kilogalamu ya beluga caviar ndiwokwera kwambiri kotero kuti sungaletse osaka nyama: kuyesedwa kopeza ndalama pogulitsa zosemphana ndi zakudyazi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri.
Zofunika! Beluga caviar amadziwika kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya sturgeon caviar. Amadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda wakuda ndi wonyezimira wonyezimira, kununkhira kwamphamvu, komanso kununkhira kosavuta komanso kowoneka bwino.
Nyama ya Beluga ndi yolimba kuposa nyama yamtundu wina wa sturgeon ndipo si yonenepa kwambiri... Chifukwa cha ichi, chitha kutengedwa ngati chinthu chabwino kwambiri pazakudya. Beluga caviar ndi chakudya chokoma chomwe palibe mbale ina iliyonse yomwe ingafanane nayo. Zitha kunenedwa ndi chifukwa chabwino kuti "zimasungunuka mkamwa mwako". Mazira a Beluga ndi akulu komanso osakhwima, ndipo mtundu wawo ndi wofiirira ngale, womwe poyang'ana koyamba ungaoneke wachilendo komanso wachilendo. Beluga caviar ndiye wopepuka, wamkulu nsomba yomwe adachotsedwa. Ubwino wake komanso phindu lake pachakudyachi sichingakhale chikaikiro.
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
- Salimoni
- Sturgeon
- Carp ya siliva kapena carp yasiliva
- Nsomba Pinki
Koma chifukwa chokwera mtengo, beluga caviar ndi nyama yake sizipezeka m'maphikidwe amakono. Zomwe sizosadabwitsa: ngakhale, ngakhale nsomba iyi inali ponseponse, ndipo kusodza kwake sikunali koletsedwa, kunkaperekedwa kokha patebulo lachifumu ndi lachifumu, popeza kale m'masiku amenewo beluga ndi caviar yake amawononga ndalama zambiri kotero kuti anthu olemera okha ...
Umu ndi momwe alili - nsomba yodabwitsa iyi, yotchedwa beluga. Akuwoneka mamiliyoni azaka zapitazo ndikufika pachimake m'masiku omwe ma dinosaurs amayendabe Padziko Lapansi, wapulumuka pamavuto ambiri ndipo nthawi zonse wakhala wopambana polimbana ndi zovuta za moyo, ngakhale atakhala ovuta motani.
Anthu akhala akuyamikira kukoma kwa nyama yake ndi caviar, koma chikondi cha zakudya zawo zomwe zaika beluga pamphepete mwa kutha. Chifukwa chake zimangotengera ife ngati mmodzi wa mbadwa zathu adzawona nsombazi ndi maso athu, kapena nthano ndi nthano zogwirizana ndi beluga zidzawafikira.
