Piraruku - nsomba yayikulu komanso yokongola idadyetsa kwanthawi yayitali anthu omwe amakhala ku Amazon. Ali ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo pali yambiri - yopitilira zana ma kilogalamu. Tsoka, chifukwa cha usodzi wambiri, anthu ake akuchepa chaka chilichonse, ndiponso piraruku ndi nsomba yophunziridwa pang'ono komanso yakale, ndichifukwa chake imakondweretsa asayansi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Piraruku
Piraruku imawerengedwa ngati zakale. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za oimira banja la Arawan, komwe nsomba iyi imapezeka, zidapezeka ku Morocco ndipo ali ndi zaka 140-145 miliyoni. Chifukwa chake, amatanthauza kutha kwa Jurassic kapena koyambirira kwa Cretaceous. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa piraruku udawuka patapita nthawi, ndipo oimira ake omwe amakhala padziko lapansi anali pafupifupi osiyana ndi amakono. Koma izi zikuwonetsedwa kokha ndi kaumbidwe kakale ka nsombazo, koma palibe zotsalira zakale zokutsimikizira kuti mtunduwu udapezekabe.
Kanema: Piraruku
Komabe, izi ndizotheka, popeza mothandizidwa ndi maphunziro a majini zidatsimikizika kuti banja la Aravan lidasiyana ndi dongosolo la Aravana kalekale, nthawi ya Triassic, zaka 220 miliyoni zapitazo. Kenako panali kulekanitsidwa kwa mitundu yaku South America ndi Africa (pakati pa nthawi ya Jurassic), ndipo aku Asia ndi Australia adagawanika koyambirira kwa Cretaceous. Chifukwa chake, titha kunena motsimikiza kuti makolo apamtima a piraruku amakhala pa Dziko Lapansi ngakhale munthawi ya Mesozoic, koma momwe amafananira ndi izi sizinakhazikitsidwe. Zotsalira za nsomba, zomwe ndizofanana kwambiri kotero kuti asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti iyi ndi pyraruku, ndi ya Miocene.
Zotsatira zake, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti pakadali pano pali mipata yambiri pazosintha zamitundu kuchokera kubanja la Aravan, zomwe zimayenera kudzazidwa ndi malingaliro. Zikuwonekeratu kuti banja lenilenilo ndi lakale, koma ndi zaka zingati pomwe mitundu yamtunduwu idachokera pamenepo zikuwonekabe. Piraruku palokha sanakhalepo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi agwira ntchito mbali iyi idakulirakulira pomwe zinawonekeratu kuti nsombazi ndizosiyana kwambiri. Zambiri za iye sizinakhazikitsidwe molondola. Adafotokozedwa ndi R. Schintz mu 1822, dzinalo m'Chilatini ndi Arapaima gigas.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi piraruku imawoneka bwanji
Mwa nsomba zamadzi oyera, piraruku ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakula mpaka 2 mita, ndipo pamalo abwino amatha kufikira 3 m, anthu akulu kwambiri amatha kupitilira mamita 4. Kulemera kwa nsombayo ndi 100-150 kg, nthawi zambiri imatha kufikira 200 kg.
Piraruka ili ndi thupi lalitali, lomwe limakutidwa ndi masikelo akulu okongola. Mutu wa nsombayo ndiwotalika kwambiri, womwe umawoneka ngati wodya nyama, ndipo sungapusitsidwe, chifukwa piraruku ndiyomwe imadya mwachangu komanso modzidzimutsa. Mwakuwoneka, imadziwikanso kuti kutalika kwake kumutu komwe kumutu kuli kotani - kumakhala pafupifupi kotala la thupi la nsomba kumchira komweko.
Kumapeto kwa kumatako kumalumikizidwa molunjika pamwamba pake. Pamodzi ndi phesi lalifupi la mchira, amapanga mtundu wina wamapewa: nsomba imatha kuyisuntha mwamphamvu, kuthamangitsa mwachangu, komwe kumathandiza makamaka pakusaka. Zipsepse zake za pectoral ndizochepa ndipo zimapezeka pafupi ndi mimba. Kutsogolo kwake kwa piraruku kumakhala kotuwa ndi utoto wa azitona, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kobiriwira. Yakubwerera ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi iyo: imakhala yakuda kwambiri, poyamba imakhala yofiira, ndipo kumchira komweko imakhala yofiira kwambiri. Akazi ndi otakata kuposa amuna, ndipo mitundu yawo ndiyabwino.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mamba a piranha ndi olimba modabwitsa, omwe amawapulumutsa ku nsomba zoyandikira monga piranhas - sangathe kuluma, chifukwa chake amasankha chandamale chosavuta.
Kodi Piraruku amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Piraruku ku Amazon
Piraruku amakhala ku South America. Kudera lamayiko monga:
- Brazil;
- Peru;
- Guyana;
- Venezuela;
- Ecuador.
M'madera onsewa, mitsinje ikuyenda kuchokera m'chigwa cha Amazon, ndipo nsomba iyi imakhalamo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali ma piraruki ochepa omwe amapezeka mwachindunji ku Amazon, chifukwa imakonda mitsinje ndi nyanja zokhala ndi zomera zambiri, zabwinoko ndi madzi odekha, ndipo Amazon sinafanane kwenikweni ndi malongosoledwe otere: ndi mtsinje wamphepo kwambiri komanso woyenda modutsa. Piraruku imakhazikika mumitsinje yaing'ono kapena yamadzi, nthawi zina ngakhale m'madambo. Amakonda madzi ofunda, kutentha kwake kwabwino ndi 25-30 ° C. Mabanki olimba adzakhala kuphatikiza kwakukulu. M'nyengo yadzuwa, imakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja, pomwe nthawi yamvula imapita kunkhalango zodzaza madzi.
Malo okhala piraruku agawika magawo awiri ndi Mtsinje wa Rio Negro: madzi amtsinje waukulu wa Amazon ndi acidic, sawakonda ndipo samakhala mumtsinje uwu, ndipo anthu awiri osiyana amapezeka kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwake. Ngakhale magawowa si okhwima kwambiri, chifukwa kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndikochepa: Piraruku mwina ndikusambira kudutsa Rio Negra. Ndiye kuti, nsomba za mbali zonse ziwiri za mtsinjewu zimasakanikirana, komabe osatero kawirikawiri.
Mwayi wokumana ndi piraruka mdera linalake ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi zomera: momwe mbewu zambiri mumtsinje, zimakulirakulira. Moyenerera, pali mtunda waukulu wa zomera, wotchedwa dambo loyandama, ukhoza kuwonedwa pafupi ndi gombe. Chifukwa chake, ma piraruku ambiri amapezeka ku Rio Pacaya, komwe kumakulira madambo ochuluka a mimosas oyenda ndi hyacinths, nsomba iyi imapezekanso pakati pa Victoria regia ndi ferns. Amakhala kumunsi kwenikweni, ndipo amakonda kuti sizinali zofanana, zodzaza ndi maenje.
Idadziwitsidwa ku mitsinje ya Thailand ndi Malaysia: nyengo kumeneko imakwanira bwino, kotero kuti nsomba zinakhazikika bwino m'malo atsopano, ndipo anthu ake akukula. M'mayiko ena omwe ali ndi nyengo yofananira, ntchito yoswana ikuchitika. Tsopano mukudziwa komwe piraruku imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi piraruku amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Piraruku
Piraruku ndi chirombo, ndipo maziko a zakudya zake ndi nsomba zina. Nthawi zambiri amasaka pansi, kuyamwa nyama ndikuipera ndi lilime lake: ndiyolimba, anthu am'mudzimo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati sandpaper. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zazing'ono, piraruku wamkulu nthawi zina amatha kusaka zazikulu, ndipo ngakhale mbalame zam'madzi ndizokwanira.
Amphibian ndi makoswe amakhala pachiwopsezo pafupi nawo pamene amasambira kuwoloka mtsinje nthawi yakusuntha, ndi nyama zina zazing'ono zomwe zabwera kudzamwa. Piraruku ndi nyama yoopsa komanso yolusa, yokhoza kukokera nyama kumtunda ngati shaki. Akuluakulu amasankha nyama zawo osasaka aliyense, koma ma pyrukos omwe akukula amafunika kudya nthawi zonse, kuti athe kutenga chilichonse chomwe chimawoneka kuti ndi chodyera.
Akudya:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- shirimpi;
- njoka;
- mbalame;
- zinyama;
- tizilombo;
- mphutsi;
- zovunda.
Komabe amakonda nsomba, ndipo makamaka amakonda piraruka - mtundu wapachibale. Koma piraruck woswana sadzapumitsa nyama zina zonse zazing'ono, ndipo nyengo yamvula ikayamba ndipo mitsinje ya Amazon imasefukira m'nkhalango, imasakanso nyama zamtchire.
Mowonjezerekawonjezereka, nsombazi zimapangidwa mwaluso. Poterepa, kuti ikule mwachangu, imadyetsedwa ndi zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni, monga nsomba, nkhuku, amphibian, mollusks, nyama yang'ombe. Kuti piraruka isataye mawonekedwe ake, nthawi zina pamafunika kuyambitsa nsomba zamoyo mgombe lawo, zomwe azigwire. Ngati alibe chakudya chokwanira, amayamba kusaka abale awo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Piraruku wakale wa nsomba
Kukula kwake, piraruku imagwira ntchito kwambiri: imayenda kwambiri komanso mwachangu, nthawi zonse kufunafuna wina woti adye. Nthawi zina amatha kuzizira kwakanthawi kochepa: izi zikutanthauza kuti nsomba mwina ipeza nyama ndipo tsopano safuna kuopseza, kapena ikungopuma. Kupumula kwakanthawi kokwanira ndikokwanira kwa iye: atakhala osayenda kwa theka la mphindi, ayambiranso kusambira.
Imasaka nsomba zambiri pansi, koma nthawi zina imatha kukwera pamwamba, ngakhale kutumpha m'madzi kuti igwire nyama. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chodabwitsa, chifukwa wamkulu pyraruku ndi wamkulu kwambiri, amakankhira pamadzi mothandizidwa ndi mchira wake wamphamvu ndikudumpha kwambiri, nthawi zina kuposa 2 mita.
Pambuyo polumpha chonchi, imagwa mwamphamvu ndikuthira madzi mbali zonse, kenako, limodzi ndi nyamayo, kubwerera pansi. Koma amadzuka kwa iye osati kukasaka kokha: amafunikiranso kutero kuti apume.
Pharynx ndi kusambira chikhodzodzo cha pyraruku zili ndi minofu yofanana ndi mapapo, chifukwa imalandira mpweya osati m'madzi okha, komanso mwachindunji mlengalenga. Minofu imeneyi inayamba chifukwa chakuti madzi a mitsinje ndi nyanja za Amazon ali ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri kwa nsomba yayikulu chonchi.
Pokupuma, piraruku wachinyamata amatuluka mphindi 5-10 zilizonse, ndipo wamkulu amatuluka mphindi 15-20. Ikakwera, mvula yamkuntho yoyamba imawonekera pamwamba pamadzi, ikukula mpaka piraruku yomwe imawonekera, kutsegula pakamwa pake ndikutenga mpweya - mawonekedwe osangalatsa.
Chosangalatsa: Nsombayi ilinso ndi dzina lina - piraruku. Anapatsidwa ndi amwenye ndipo amamasuliridwa mophweka - "nsomba zofiira". Anaperekedwa ndi mawanga ofiira pazipsepse ndi mamba, komanso mtundu wa nyama.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Piraruku
Kutulutsa koyamba kumachitika pofika chaka chachisanu cha moyo, pomwe kutalika kwa nsombayo kumafika masentimita 160-210. Piraruku amatulutsa kuyambira Epulo, amasankha madzi osaya ndi pansi pamchenga, komanso nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi oyera momwe angathere. Nsombazi zimakonza chisa pasadakhale: zimapanga dzenje lalikulu mpaka masentimita 20, pomwe mkaziyo amaikira mazira.
Amphongo amakhalanso ndi maudindo, amakhala pafupi ndi zowalamulira ndikuyamba kuteteza mazira, kenako mwachangu, omwe amawoneka mwachangu kwambiri: masiku 1.5-2 atabereka. Mkazi amatenganso chitetezo, koma, mosiyana ndi wamwamuna, yemwe amakhala pomwepo pa chisa, amachitapo kanthu patali kwambiri, ndikuwopseza zilombo zilizonse zomwe zimasambira kupita naye pamtunda wamamita khumi ndi awiri.
Pambuyo pake, mbozi zimadya zotsalira za yolk sac. Katundu amatulutsidwa m'matenda am'mutu wamwamuna, omwe amawakopa, chifukwa amakhala m'gulu lankhosa - kale amakhulupirira kuti amadya izi, koma izi sizowona.
Mwachangu amakula bwino kwambiri, ndipo mwachangu kwambiri amasandulika owopsa okha. Pakadutsa masiku 7-10, pang'onopang'ono amayamba kusaka, kudya nkhono. Kenako amasinthana ndi nsomba zing'onozing'ono, ndipo pang'onopang'ono nyama yawo imakula kwambiri.
Pofika miyezi itatu amayamba kusiya gululo, izi zimatha kutenga miyezi yambiri mpaka zitasowa kwathunthu. Achinyamata akayamba kusambira okha, kukula kwawo kumachepa, koma amapitilizabe kuwonjezera masentimita 3-7 pamwezi chaka choyamba.
Adani achilengedwe a piraruk
Chithunzi: Kodi piraruku imawoneka bwanji
Palibe nyama iliyonse ku Amazon yomwe imatha kusaka piraruka: ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yotetezedwa ndi masikelo awo olimba. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zazikuluzikulu sizikhala ndi adani achilengedwe, ngakhale pali umboni wosonyeza kuti zimadyetsa.
Koma izi sizinatsimikizidwe, ndipo ngati zilidi choncho, zimachitika kawirikawiri, ndipo ndi odwala okha omwe amapezeka ndi ma caimans. Kupanda kutero, asayansi akadatha kale kuwona momwe amasaka, kapena akadapeza sikelo ya pyraruca m'mimba mwa caimans. Nyama zina zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ku Amazon, ngakhale ndizongopeka, sizingathane ndi piraruka wamkulu.
Izi zimapangitsa kukhala mdani wamkulu wa munthu, chifukwa anthu akhala akusaka nsomba kwanthawi yayitali. Kwa Amwenye, iyi ndi nsomba yomwe amakonda kwambiri, zomwe sizosadabwitsa: ndi yayikulu, kotero kuti munthu wogwidwa aliyense ndi wokwanira anthu ambiri, komanso wokoma. Ndikosavuta kupeza chifukwa chakuti imayandama kuti ipume, kwinaku ikupanga phokoso lambiri.
Amagwira nsombazi mothandizidwa ndi ma harpoon kapena maukonde, kuwonjezera pa nyama, mafupa ake amayamikiridwanso: amapanga mbale kuchokera kwa iwo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe, amapanga mafayilo amisomali pamiyeso, omwe alendo amakonda kugula. Chifukwa chamtengo wapatali chonchi kwa anthu, zimakhala m'manja mwa munthu kuti ziwonongeke.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, izi zimakhudza nsomba zazing'ono: zolusa zosiyanasiyana zimazisaka, ngakhale chiwopsezo chimachepetsedwa ndikuti makolo amasamalira mazira ndi mwachangu, amawateteza mwamphamvu. Achinyamata a piraruku amapita kukasambira kwaulere atakula kale ndipo amatha kudziyimira pawokha, koma poyamba amatha kuwopsezedwa ndi nyama zazikulu zam'madzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mwamuna yemwe ali ndi sukulu yachangu akamwalira, atha kukhalira ndi wina kuchita zomwezo, ndipo aziteteza "mwachangu" mwachangu ngati chake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Piraruku
Chifukwa cha usodzi wogwira ntchito, anthu a piraruku achepetsedwa, makamaka, anthu akulu asowa. Pofuna kuteteza nsomba, ndizoletsedwa kugwira nsomba m'malo ena, ngakhale sizinaphatikizidwe mu Red Book: kuchuluka kwake ndikokwanira, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu sikunakhazikitsidwe.
Sidziwika ngakhale pang'ono ngati yatsika: izi zimaweruzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba zazikulu zomwe zagwidwa. Zotsatira zake, ngati anthu am'deralo ankakonda kudya piraruka nthawi zonse, tsopano pang'onopang'ono akusandulika chakudya chokoma: nkutheka kuti tipeze madera ambiri, koma sizophweka kuugwira.
Amakhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nsomba kudachitika chifukwa chakukula kwa usodzi ndi khoka pakati pa zaka zapitazo: anthu akulu okha ndi omwe adaphedwa ndi msuzi, ndipo omwe anali ocheperako mwachangu adatenga malo awo, ndipo nsomba zonse zidagwidwa ndi khoka. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, kukhazikitsidwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kugulitsa kwa achifwamba ochepera mita ndi theka kutalika.
Piraruka nthawi zina imasungidwa m'malo owonetsera akulu - kuchuluka kwawo kuyenera kukhala osachepera malita 1,000 kuti nsombazi zizikhala bwino. Amapangidwanso mwanzeru m'madziwe ofunda - amakula mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake malangizowa amawerengedwa kuti ndi odalirika, makamaka chifukwa amatha kulimidwa motere ngakhale m'maiko ozizira.
Koma ku Latin America ndikosavuta kuchita izi, chifukwa mutha kubzala piraruca m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Dziko la Brazil likuchita nawo izi: Akuluakulu akomweko akuyembekeza kuti njira zabwino zithandizira kuthetseratu nsomba zamtchire ndikusinthiratu ku nsomba zowetedwa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala akuswana m'madziwe - ndiosavuta kuchita izi.
Chosangalatsa: Popeza piraruku imatha kupuma mpweya wamba, siyimakumana ndi vuto lalikulu pakagwa chilala - imangofunika kudzikwilira mumtambo kapena mumchenga, ndipo imatha nthawi yayitali chonchi. Koma nsombayo imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chifukwa choti kupuma kwake kumamveka kutali, ndipo ngati anthu angapeze, ndiye kuti sangawasiye pamchenga.
Nsomba yapaderayi yapaderayi piraruku, yomwe idapulumuka zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, chifukwa cha anthu adayamba kukumana pafupipafupi. Ndikofunika kutenga zonse zofunikira kuti muchepetse kuchepa kwa anthu - mwamwayi, akukwaniritsidwa kale, chifukwa chake pali chiyembekezo kuti piraruku ipitilizabe kukhala m'malo achilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 10/25/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 01.09.2019 pa 19:58
