Mphungu yowala Ndi mbalame yayikulu yodya nyama. Monga ziwombankhanga zonse, ndi za banja la nkhamba. Kawirikawiri ziwombankhanga zimaswana ndi akhungubwe, ziwombankhanga ndi ena am'banjamo, koma zimawoneka kuti ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mbewa zazing'ono kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwa. Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga zimakhala makamaka m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, madambo, minda ndi msipu wachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri m'malo achinyezi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yowonongeka
Kutengera kusanthula kwa mitochondrial kwa ziwombankhanga zazikulu zochitidwa ku Estonia mu 1997-2001, ofufuzawo adapeza mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamtunduwu kuposa mitundu ina yamaphungu ochepa.
Iwo adanena kuti kulamulidwa kwa kumpoto kwa Europe kudachitika koyambirira kwamtunduwu kuposa chiwombankhanga cha chisa, chomwe chimakhala kum'mawa kwa chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Amanenanso kuti imakonda kupanga zisa m'mitengo ndi paini, yomwe imakulowera chakumpoto, osati mitengo yazitali, monganso ziwombankhanga zochepa.
Video: Chiwombankhanga Chotuluka
Kutalika kwambiri kwa ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga ndi zaka 20 mpaka 25. Zowopseza zimaphatikizira komwe amakhala, kuchuluka kwa nyama, kupha dala ndi kusaka. Avereji ya kufa pachaka ndi 35% pachaka kwa achinyamata, 20% ya mbalame zosakhwima ndi 5% kwa akulu. Chifukwa cha ziwopsezozi, nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo amakhala zaka 8 mpaka 10.
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonedwa ndizomwe zimawononga zachilengedwe. Amathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa nyama zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi zina zazing'ono zazing'ono. Ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwa alimi chifukwa zimadya akalulu ndi makoswe ena, mbalame zazing'ono, tizilombo ndi zokwawa zomwe zimawopseza mbewu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimawonekera
Pali mitundu ya ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga:
- chiwombankhanga chachikulu cha mawanga;
- Chiwombankhanga chochepa.
Ziwombankhanga zazikulu komanso zazing'ono zimawoneka chimodzimodzi. Mapiko awo ndi masentimita 130-180. Nthenga za achikulire zimakhala zofiirira kwathunthu, pomwe mbalame zazing'ono zimakutidwa ndi mabala owala pang'ono pang'ono. Kunja, ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga zimafanana ndi khungubwe wamba, ndipo patali munthu amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu ya nyama ndi mtundu wake wokha pamene ikuuluka: pomwe chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mabala nthawi zambiri chimatsitsa nsonga za mapiko ake pamene chikuuluka, khungubwe wamba amawasunga.
Mukayang'ana mbalame patali kwambiri, mudzawona kuti khungubwe wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera mu nthenga, pomwe ziwombankhanga zomwe zimaonedwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofiirira pomwe pamakhala nthenga zochepa. Atayang'anitsitsa, wowonayo apeza kuti mawanga a ziwombankhanga omwe amaoneka bwinowo amakhala okutidwa ndi nthenga mpaka kumapazi, pomwe a khungubwe wamba alibe nthenga.
Kutengera zifanizo za nthenga, kuphatikiza kuletsa mapiko, titha kulamula kuti chiwombankhanga, chomwe chimakhala ndi mikwingwirima yocheperako pamitengo iliyonse kuposa ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga.
Chiwombankhanga Chachichepere chimakhala ndi mutu ndi mapiko opepuka kuposa Nthawi zambiri Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu Kwambiri. Ili ndi yunifolomu ndi mzere wolimba pakati pa maluwa ake oyambilira, pomwe Great Eagle Eagle ili ndi mzere woonda kwambiri womwe umangokhala pakati pamitundu yake yoyambirira, ndipo nsonga ndi tsinde la nthenga sizikhala zodziwika. Mofanana ndi ziwombankhanga zina zazikulu, zaka za mbalameyi zimatha kudziwika kutengera mtundu wa nthenga (mwachitsanzo, ndi ana okhawo omwe ali ndi mawanga oyera, omwe amawapatsa dzina lodziwika bwino).
Zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya ziwombankhanga. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga chokulirapo chimakhala chakuda, chokulirapo komanso champhamvu kuposa chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga. Zimakhalanso zovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo, chifukwa amapanga magulu awiri osakanikirana, omwe amaberekana.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu
Zisa za ziwombankhanga m'mitengo ikuluikulu yamadzi yomwe ili m'malire a madambo, madambo ndi madambo ena mpaka mamita 1000. Ku Asia, imapezeka m'nkhalango za taiga, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango ndi madambo, madambwe ndi madera olima. Amakonda nkhalango m'nyengo yozizira. Mbalame zosamuka komanso kuzizira nthawi zina zimapezeka m'malo otseguka komanso owuma nthawi zambiri.
M'nthawi yawo yozizira ku Malaysia, ziwombankhanga zimakhala zokha kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale amadyetsa padera, anthu angapo amatha kudikirira mwamtendere pagulu lotayirira mozungulira munda womwe thalakitala ikugwirako ntchito. Mitunduyi imapitanso kukamwaza zinyalala.
Ku Bangladesh, mbalame zimakonda kupezeka m'mitsinje ikuluikulu, pomwe zimawoneka zikuuluka pamwamba kapena kugona pansi m'mbali mwa mitsinje kapena zilumba zamitsinje. Ku Israel nthawi yachisanu kumadera otsika a ku Mediterranean, mbalame zimapezeka m'madambo ndi malo otseguka, makamaka m'minda yolimidwa komanso m'mayiwe a nsomba pafupi ndi mitengo, makamaka bulugamu.
Ku Russia, amapezeka m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango za paini, nkhalango zazing'ono zazing'ono zam'madera ozizira komanso nkhalango. Ku Kazakhstan - m'nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zigwa za plain ndi steppes.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chodetsedwa chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yocheperako
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga nthawi zambiri zimasaka nyama zawo m'malo odyetserako chitetezo, komanso m'madambo, minda ndi malo ena otseguka, ndipo nthawi zambiri ngakhale nkhalango. Malo awo osakira, monga lamulo, amakhala pafupi ndi zisa zomwe zili pamtunda wa makilomita 1-2 kuchokera pamalo obisalira.
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimasaka nyama zomwe zikuthawa kapena m'mitengo pafupi ndi nkhalango ndi malo ena okwera (mitengo yokhayokha, minda yaudzu, mitengo yamagetsi). Nthawi zina mbalame imatenga nyama yomwe imayenda pansi. Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga chimasaka nyama yake, chikuuluka kapena kuyenda pakakhala chakudya chochepa, koma ngati chili ndi chuma chambiri, chimasankha kutsatira zomwe chikufuna.
Chakudya chawo chachikulu chimakhala:
- nyama zazing'ono kukula kwa kalulu, monga voles;
- amphibiya monga achule;
- mbalame (kuphatikizapo mbalame zam'madzi);
- zokwawa, monga njoka, abuluzi;
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
M'madera ambiri nyama yaikulu ya chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mawanga ndi phiri lakumpoto lamadzi (Arvicola terrestris). Mbalame zomwe zimabisala ku Malaysia zimadyetsa nyama zakufa, makamaka makoswe akufa, omwe amapatsidwa poyizoni m'malo olima. Mitunduyi imagwira nawo ntchito ya kleptoparasitism kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake komanso kuchokera ku mitundu ina ya nyama zolusa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamphongo
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mbalame ndi mbalame zosamuka. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira ku Middle East, Southern Europe, Central ndi South Africa. Kusamukira ndikuchokera ku Africa kumachitika makamaka kudzera ku Bosphorus, Middle East ndi Nile Valley. Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chimabwerako kuchokera kuzizira kumapeto kwa Marichi, pomwe Ziwombankhanga Zocheperako zimatha kuwona pambuyo pake, koyambirira kwa Epulo. Mitundu yonse iwiri imasamukira mu Seputembala, koma mbalame iliyonse imatha kuwonabe mu Okutobala.
Zosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonongeka zimapezeka zokha kapena pawiri, koma zimasonkhana pafupi ndi malo akulu azakudya ndikusunthira pagulu.
Ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi malo okhala zimakhala m'malo owoneka bwino pomwe nkhalango zimasinthana ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, malo odyetserako ziweto, minda, zigwa za mitsinje ndi madambo. Amasinthidwa kukhala malo olimapo kuposa abale awo okulirapo. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimamanga zisa zawo zokha ndikukhalamo zaka zotsatira, makamaka ngati sizisokonezedwa. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito zisa zakale za mbalame zina zodya nyama (khungubwe wamba, mphamba wakumpoto) kapena dokowe wakuda. Nthawi zina ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga zimakhala ndi zisa zingapo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana muzaka zosiyanasiyana.
Zosangalatsa: Ziwombankhanga zamtchire zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu. Amenyana ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimayandikira kwambiri zisa zawo. Amuna ndiamakani kwambiri kuposa akazi ndipo amakonda kuwonetsa zigawo za amuna okhaokha amuna okhaokha. Akazi nthawi zambiri amayendera zisa za akazi ena nthawi yoswana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame Yaikulu Yaiwombankhanga
Ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawonongeka zimayamba kumanga kapena kukonza chisa akangofika. Pakutha kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi, dzira limodzi kapena awiri (osowa kwambiri katatu) amakhala atanyamula. Mkaziyo amayambirira atangobereka kumene dzira loyamba, nchifukwa chake anapiye aswa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Njira yoswa imatenga masiku 37-41. Anapiye amatha kuwuluka ali ndi zaka 8 mpaka 9 zakubadwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi theka loyamba la Ogasiti. Mwa anapiye, amodzi, kapena osowa kawirikawiri, amaphunzira kuuluka.
Kupambana kwakuswana kwa ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mawanga kumatha kuzungulira zaka zitatu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma voles, nyama yomwe amazikonda kwambiri. M'zaka zoyambirira, zokolola zimatha kupitilira mbalame zazing'ono zokwana 0.8, koma munthawi yochepa manambala amatha kutsika mpaka kutsika 0.3. Ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu zimazindikira nkhawa ndipo sizimaswana bwino. Ngakhale zimayikira mazira awiri, nthawi zambiri nkhuku imodzi imatha kubereka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pomwe ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawona zikukumana ndi zovuta, zokolola zawo zimatha kuchulukirachulukira powonetsetsa kuti anapiye onse apulumuka pakutha. Mu vivo imodzi nthawi zambiri imasowa chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa abale komwe kumadziwika kuti kainism.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga zamawangamawanga
Chithunzi: Mbalame yamphongo
Ana ndi mazira a ziwombankhanga zazikulu akhoza kusakidwa ndi mink yaku America ndi nyama zina zolusa. Anapiye amatha kulimbana ndi zilombo zina kapena akadzidzi. Kupanda kutero, ziwombankhanga zazikulu ndi zomwe zimadya kwambiri, ndipo akulu nthawi zambiri sagwidwa ndi zilombo zina zazikulu.
Ziwombankhanga zocheperako sizikhala ndi zilombo zolusa ndipo sizisonyeza kuzolowera motsutsana nazo. Choopseza chachikulu kwa iwo ndi anthu. Amawopseza ziwombankhanga zomwe zimawona chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga azodrine, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa nyama zazing'ono kuti zisadye mbewu. Nyama zolusa, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zopanda mawanga, kaŵirikaŵiri zimafa chifukwa cha zakudya za nyama zopatsidwazi. Mphamvu ina yamunthu pamtundu uwu ndikusaka.
Choyambitsa china chaimfa mwa ziwombankhanga zochepa ndi fratricide. Ngati pali mazira awiri kapena atatu mu chisa, nthawi zambiri ana omwe amaswa oyamba amapha enawo poyamba powakankha pachisa, kuwamenya, kapena kudya chakudya abale awo asanadye. Zotsatira zake, ziwombankhanga zambiri zomwe zimawona bwino zimatha kulera mwana m'modzi kapena awiri.
Adanenanso kuti mazira a ziwombankhanga zochepa amatha kudya nyama zina, makamaka njoka. Komabe, izi sizinalembedwe bwino. Mazira a ziwombankhanga zazikulu amadyedwa ndi mink yaku America. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuti minks imathanso kusaka mazira a ziwombankhanga zochepa.
Zomwe zimawopseza mitunduyi ndikuwonongeka kwa malo okhala (makamaka, ngalande za nkhalango zowirira ndi madambo ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa) ndikusaka. Chiwopsezo chomalizachi chimafalikira makamaka pakusamuka: mbalame zikwizikwi zimawombedwa chaka chilichonse ku Syria ndi Lebanon. Ntchito zoyang'anira nkhalango akuti zimakhudza mitundu ya zamoyo. Zili pachiwopsezo chotenga mphamvu zakukula kwa mphepo. Ngozi ku malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ku Chernobyl mwina idakhudza mtundu uwu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimawonekera
Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chalembedwa kuti ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi akuti chikuchokera pa anthu 1,000 mpaka 10,000, koma pali malingaliro omwe mwina munthu wamkulu sangakhalepo. BirdLife International (2009) akuti kuchuluka kwa mbalame zazikulu kumakhala pakati pa 5,000 mpaka 13,200. BirdLife International / European Council for the Bird Census (2000) akuti anthu aku Europe ali pa 890-1100 oswana awiriawiri kenako ndikusinthidwa kukhala ma 810-1100 awiriawiri.
Mphungu Yocheperako Amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yambiri ya ziwombankhanga ku Europe. M'mbuyomu, mitunduyi sinali yofala monga ilili masiku ano, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kunatsika pang'ono kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 chifukwa cha "nkhondo ya mphamba". Pambuyo pake, anthu pang'onopang'ono adachira. Zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970 zinawona kusintha kwachilengedwe: ziwombankhanga zinayamba chisa pafupi ndi chikhalidwe. Pambuyo pake, m'ma 1980, kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zochepa kwambiri mwina kunakula mofulumira. Tsopano madera akulu kwambiri a ziwombankhanga zochepa amakhala ku Belarus, Latvia ndi Poland.
Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chili ndi malo akulu kwambiri motero sichimayandikira pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha kukula kwa muyeso (kuchuluka kwakanthawi <20,000 km² kuphatikiza ndi kuchepa kapena kusinthasintha kukula kwa malo, kuchuluka kwa malo / mkhalidwe kapena kukula kwa anthu, ndi masamba ochepa kapena kugawanika kwakukulu). Chiwerengero cha ziwombankhanga ndi pafupifupi anthu 40,000-60,000. Kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zocheperako sikudziwika, koma sikukhulupiriridwa kuti kukuchepa mwachangu kufikira anthu (30% kutsika pazaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu).
Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kuyambira pocheperapo mpaka kukula, koma sikukuyesedwa kuti kuli pafupi ndi malire azikhalidwe za anthu osatetezeka (<10,000 anthu okhwima omwe akupitilizabe kuchepa akuti ndi> 10% pazaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu). Pazifukwa izi, mitunduyo imayesedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kwambiri.
Olonda Mphungu
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga chowoneka kuchokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chimagawidwa kwambiri kuposa Chiwombankhanga Chaching'ono, chimakhala ndi anthu ochepa padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chimachepa kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwake. Zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndikusintha kwanyumba komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi nkhalango ndi madambo, kudula nkhalango malo omwe kale anali kulimapo, kusowa chisa, kuwombera, poyizoni mwadala komanso mwangozi, makamaka ndi zinc phosphide.
Zotsatira zakusakanizidwa ndi ziwombankhanga zochepa sizikudziwikabe, koma kuchuluka kwa mitundu yotsirizayi imasunthira chakummawa ndikuvulaza chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Dongosolo lachitetezo cha mtundu uwu lakonzedwa ku Europe. Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chimasankhidwa padziko lonse lapansi kukhala pachiwopsezo. Koma ndizofala kwambiri ku Western Siberian Lowland kuchokera ku Urals mpaka Middle Ob ndikupitanso ku Eastern Siberia, ndipo nkutheka kuti anthu ake akupitilira 10,000, omwe ndi gawo loyenera kuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa omwe ali pachiwopsezo.
Njira zodzitetezera ziwombankhanga zooneka bwino zatengedwa m'maiko ambiri akum'mawa kwa Europe, makamaka Belarus. Chiwombankhanga Chachikulu chimatetezedwa ndi lamulo lachi Belarus pankhani yosamalira zachilengedwe, koma lamuloli limawerengedwa kuti ndi lovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo adziko lonse akuti malo okhawo omwe amakhala ndi mbalame zomwe zidayang'aniridwa bwino ndikulembedwa zokwanira asanavomerezedwe ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe onse aku Belarusian ndi omwe angasinthidwe kuchoka ku "madera oyang'anira" kukhala "madera otetezedwa makamaka". Njirayi imatha kutenga miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kuti ithe.
Ku Germany, pulogalamu ya Deutche Wildtier Stiftung ikuyesera kukulitsa bwino kuswana pochotsa chiwombankhanga chachiwiri (chomwe nthawi zambiri chimaphedwa ndi woyamba kubadwa) mchisa atangochaswa ndikuchikweza pamanja. Pakangotha milungu ingapo, mbalameyo imayikanso m'chisa. Pakadali pano, woyamba kubadwayo samakhalanso wankhanza, ndipo ziwombankhanga ziwiri zimatha kukhalira limodzi. M'kupita kwanthawi, kusunga malo abwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mabala ku Germany chipulumuke.
Mphungu yowala Ndi chiwombankhanga chapakatikati chomwe chimakhazikika m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango, makamaka m'zigwa ndi pafupi ndi madambwe, kuphatikiza madera onyowa, mapiri ndi madambo. Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, imayambira kum'mawa kwa Europe kupita ku China, ndipo anthu ambiri aku Europe amasowa kwambiri (ochepera 1000 awiriawiri), ogawidwa ku Russia ndi Belarus.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: 01/18/2020
Idasinthidwa: 04.10.2019 pa 22:52
