Sikuti aliyense wamvapo za nyama yachilendo yodabwitsa ngati paka... Ndi miyezo ya makoswe, omwe paketiyo ili, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osangalatsa. Tiyeni tipeze zonse zokhudza moyo wa woimira zinyama, osadziwika kunja kokha, komanso powerenga zizolowezi zake, malo okhala, zakudya, chikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe obereketsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Paka
Paca ndi ndodo ya banja lamaphukusi, lomwe limaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wamtundu womwewo. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makoswewa analipo kale nthawi ya Oligocene. Paca nthawi zambiri amatchedwa khoswe wamtchire. Wina amaganiza kuti amafanana ndi nthanga, ena amafanana ndi kalulu wogontha, wonenepa. Dzina lenileni la nyamayo limachokera mchilankhulo cha amwenye a Tupi ndipo limatanthauza "siren kapena alamu". Mwachiwonekere, nyamayo idatchedwa dzina lotchulidwira chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka chigaza komanso kuthekera kotulutsa mawu omveka kwambiri.
Kanema: Paka
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'chigawo cha chigaza, nkhanu ili ndi china chake monga kukhumudwa, komwe kumapangidwa ndi zipilala za zygomatic. Chifukwa cha izi, phokoso lililonse lomwe nyama imanena (kukukuta mano, kubangula, kutsokomola) limatha kukulitsa nthawi zambiri, kumawoneka mokweza kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa paketiyo.
Mwambiri, kwa mbewa, paketiyo ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Imadziwika kuti ndi mbewa yachisanu ndi chimodzi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ngati mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a paketiyo amafanana ndi nkhumba yayikulu, yayamba kukula, ndiye kuti mtundu wa mbewa ndi wofanana ndi mphalapala wachinyamata. Ngati tikulankhula zakusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndiye kuti mu paketiyo sizowoneka. Amuna ndi akazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi, omalizirawo ndi ochepa kwambiri, koma osati kwambiri, ndiye simungathe kuwona izi nthawi yomweyo. Asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ya nyama izi. Amadziwika kuti subspecies, omwe amakhala kum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa South America kontinenti, adayamba kufotokozedwa ndi Carl Linnaeus kumbuyo ku 1766.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe paka amawonekera
Monga tanenera kale, paca ya mbewa ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kumakhala pakati pa 70 mpaka 80 cm, ndipo kutalika kwa kufota kumachokera pa masentimita 32 mpaka 34. Kumbuyo kwa thupi la puck ndikulimba kwambiri ndipo kumafanana ndi peyala, koma mchirawo ndi wamfupi kwambiri, pafupifupi suwoneka. Kulemera kwa mitundu yokhwima kumasiyana makilogalamu 6 mpaka 14. Wamphongo ndi wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa wamkazi, koma izi sizimawoneka ndi maso.
Mutu wa nyamawo ndi waukulu mokwanira, ndipo pakamwa pake pakuthwanima, ngati mbira yayikulu. Paka ili ndi makutu ozungulira bwino, maso owala amdima, zikwama zamasaya komanso ma vibrissae owoneka bwino omwe amakhala ngati tinyanga tomwe timakhudza. Miyendo ya puck siyitali, kutsogolo kumakhala kofupikitsa kuposa kumbuyo, komwe kumawoneka kwamphamvu kwambiri. Miyendo yakumbuyo ya paketiyo ndi yazala zisanu (zala ziwiri mwa zisanu ndi zazing'ono kwambiri), ndipo miyendo yakutsogolo ili ndi zala zinayi. Zilondazo zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu, zowirira komanso zolimba zomwe zimakhala zida zokumbira maenje. Ndipo mano akuthwa a mbewa amathandizira kupanga ma labyrinths oyenda mobisa.
Chovala cha paketi ndi chovuta, chili ndi mtundu wofiira kapena bulauni. M'mbali mwa thupi pali mizere yoyera yoyera, yomwe ili m'mizere ingapo yofanana, imapatsa utoto kufanana ndi deerskin. Mimba ndi chibwano cha nyamayo zili ndi utoto wowala wachikaso-beige.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pakhungu la nyama zazing'ono pamakhala chivundikiro chowoneka ngati mamba (masikelo a 2 mm m'mimba mwake), chomwe chimakhala ngati chitetezo ku nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya.
Kodi paka amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Paka waku South America
Dziko lakwawo ndi Pak ndi South America. Popita nthawi, mbewa zimakhazikika kumadera otentha a ku Central America. Malo okhala nyama amayambira kum'mawa kwa dziko la Mexico komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina kupita kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil ndi kumpoto kwa Paraguay.
Chosangalatsa: Paca adabweretsedwa ndi anthu kudera la Cuba, komwe idakhazikika bwino ndipo imamva bwino.
Makoswe amatumizidwa nthawi zonse:
- m'nkhalango zam'madzi pafupi ndi matupi amadzi;
- m'madambo a mangrove;
- m'nkhalango zowoneka ndi madzi, kukhalapo kwake ndikofunikira;
- kumapiri.
Nyama zimakhala zazikulu msinkhu wokwanira, chifukwa chake zimasinthidwa kuti zizikhala m'mapiri, zomwe zimakwera makilomita awiri ndi theka kapena kupitilira apo. Mapaketi asankha mapiri ataliatali, mapiri ndi zitunda zomwe zili ku Andes. Amasankha malo okhala ndi nyanja zachilengedwe, komwe kumakhala chinyezi mokwanira. Aaborigine amatcha ma biotopes achilengedwe otere "páramo", amapezeka pamalire a nkhalango kumtunda mbali imodzi (pafupifupi 3 km kutalika) ndi chivundikiro cha chipale chofewa china (5 km kutalika).
Chosangalatsa: Pak, yemwe amakhala kumtunda kwa mapiri, ali ndi chovala chakuda kuposa nyama zomwe zimakhala m'zigwa, zomwe zili pamtunda wa 1.5 mpaka 2.5 km.
Makoswe samva ngozi iliyonse pamaso pa anthu, chifukwa chake paketiyo imapezekanso m'mapaki amzindawu. Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha moyo wabwinobwino wa nyama pano ndi kukhalapo kwa mtsinje, nyanja kapena gwero lina lamadzi. Nyama zimakonda madera am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi nyanja, zomwe zimadzaza ndi masamba osiyanasiyana.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene paca imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chakudyachi.
Kodi paca imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Animal Paka
Paca amatha kutchedwa kuti nyama yodyetsa, ndipo masamba ake amadya nyengo. Chokoma kwambiri pazinyama izi ndi mtengo wamkuyu, monga tonse timadziwira ngati mkuyu.
Chifukwa chake, mapaketiwo ali okondwa kukhala ndi chotukuka:
- zipatso zosiyanasiyana zamitengo (nkhuyu, avocado, mango);
- masamba ndi masamba a zomera;
- mbewu ndi maluwa;
- nthawi zina tizilombo;
- bowa.
Paki amapeza zipatso zawo zokoma m'nkhalango zowala. Kuphatikiza apo, amakumba pansi ndi zikhomo zawo kuti atenge mizu yake yokoma komanso yathanzi. Ndowe za makoswe zimakhala ndi mbewu zambiri zosadetsedwa za mbeu zosiyanasiyana, motero nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati zodzala.
Chosangalatsa: Paca samasunga chakudya mothandizidwa ndi ziwombo zake, koma ndi mano ake akuthwa ndi zida zamphamvu za nsagwada, amatsegula zipolopolo zolimba zamitundumitundu.
Nthawi zina mapaketi amadya ndowe kuti zitsitsenso chakudya m'thupi komanso mapuloteni osungika mosavuta. Mapaketi amasungira mafuta kuti adzawagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo, chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kwa iwo kupulumuka nthawi yanjala yolephera kubzala, chifukwa cha izi, samadalira kwambiri kukolola mbewu kapena zipatso (izi zimawasiyanitsa ndi agouti). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anthu amtunduwu amaganiza kuti Paka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, omwe amawononga nzimbe, zilazi, chinangwa ndi mbewu zina. Paca amatha kusunga chakudya m'matumba awo kenako ndikudya m'malo obisika komanso otetezeka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Rodent Paka
Ndi chikhalidwe chawo, mapaketi amakhala osungulumwa, amakonda kukhala padera, nyama sizimakonda zonse pamodzi. Koma pali anthu omwe amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi ndi ana awo. Mabanja oterewa ali ndi malo awoawo, pomwe nyumba yawo yapansi panthaka, yomwe imatha kutalika mpaka mita zisanu ndi zinayi ndikukhala ndi mayendedwe, makonde ndi kutuluka. Fungo la nyamazo limapangidwa bwino, okwatiranawo amalemba chizindikiro ndi mkodzo kuti fungo lawo likhale lofanana. Kununkha mosiyanasiyana achibale adzaukiridwa ndikuchotsedwa m'malire a tsambalo.
Ngakhale, kwakukulu, mapaketi amakonda kukhala okha, amakhala moyandikana ndipo amakhala mwamtendere ndi anzawo. Pafupifupi nyama chikwi chimodzi zimatha kukhala pa kilomita imodzi. Kukhalapo kwa dziwe ndiye muyezo waukulu pakusankha malo okhala paketi yokhazikika. Nyumbazi nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi komwe kumapezeka madzi, koma kuti madzi asamasefukire, makamaka nthawi yamadzi osefukira komanso kusefukira. Madzi amateteza kwa anthu omwe safuna kuwalanda. Ndicho mungathe kubisa mayendedwe anu posambira kutsidya lina.
Mapaketi amakhala akugwira madzulo, usiku komanso m'mawa. Nthawi yamasana, amakonda kugona m'malo obisalamo komanso ozizira, pomwe cheza chakuwala sichitha. Mapaketi samakumba mabowo awo nthawi zonse ndi matako awo, amatha kutenga nyumba za anthu ena (mwachitsanzo, pafupi ndi armadillo). Pamene rodent mwiniwakeyo akugwira ntchito yomanga nyumba yake yapansi panthaka, amatsikira kwakuya kwa mita itatu, amalowa polowera zingapo pakagwa ngozi mwakamodzi, yomwe amasenda ndi masamba owuma omwe amatha kugundana ngati wina akufuna kulowa mdzenjemo.
Mapaketiwo ndi osamala kwambiri ndipo amayesetsa kutsatira njira yoponderezedwa komanso yodziwika bwino, nthawi zina amatseka njira zawo zomenyedwa. Njira zatsopano zimayikidwa kokha akale akawonongeka chifukwa cha mvula yamphamvu komanso yayitali kapena kugumuka kwa nthaka. Malire a malo a pak nthawi zonse amakhala ndi mkodzo kuchokera kwa alendo osayitanidwa, omwe mbewa imatha kuwopsyeza ndi kulira kwawo kwakukulu, kopangidwa ndi zipinda zothanirana tsaya.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby Pak
Paki amayamba kukhwima ali ndi zaka 6 mpaka 12 zakubadwa. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makoswe achichepere amakhala ndi ufulu wonse wofika chaka chimodzi. Kukhwima kwawo kumadalira kwambiri kulemera kwa thupi. Amuna ayenera kufika makilogalamu 7.5, mwa akazi - 6.5.
Chakudya chikakhala chokwanira, paki imatha kubala chaka chonse, koma, makamaka, imabereka ana kamodzi kapena kawiri pachaka. M'nthawi yaukwati, nyamazi zimakhala pafupi ndi komwe zimachokera madzi. Oyendetsa ndege, posamalira bwenzi lokongola, amalumphira pafupi ndi iye, amatha kuwuluka mita yonse yolumpha, mwachidziwikire pamapiko achikondi.
Nthawi ya bere imatenga masiku 114 mpaka 119. Kutalika pakati pa ana awiri kuyenera kukhala masiku osachepera 190. Mwana m'modzi yekha amabadwa, yemwe nthawi yomweyo amakhala ndi chivundikiro chaubweya ndikuwona. Asanayambe kudyetsa, mayi wachikondi-paka amasamba bwino mwana wake kuti amuthandize m'matumbo ndikuyamba kukodza.
Chosangalatsa: Mwana atabadwa, paca imadya zonyansa zonse zomwe zatsalira atabadwa. Amachita izi kuti pasakhale fungo lenileni lomwe lingakope nyama zolusa.
Mwanayo akukula mwachangu. Nthawi ikafika kuti utuluke mu dzenje, kulemera kwake kumasiyana magalamu 650 mpaka 710. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta potuluka munyumbayi, yomwe ili ndi masamba ndi nthambi. Kuti asangalatse mwanayo ndikumulimbikitsa kuti atuluke mdzenjemo mwachangu, mayiyo amafuula kunja kwa khomo logona, potero adamuyitanira mwana.
Powona paka, akatswiri a zoo anapeza kuti nyama zodabwitsa izi zimasiyana ndi makoswe ena posamalira ana awo ochepa. Ngakhale paketiyo ili ndi mwana m'modzi yekha, amamusamalira mwakhama kwambiri, kuwonetsa chidwi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mbewa zina zazikulu. Nthawi ya moyo yomwe amayesa ndi nyama izi ndi pafupifupi zaka 13.
Adani achilengedwe a mapaketi
Chithunzi: Momwe paka amawonekera
Paka ndi wamtendere kwathunthu osati nyama yodya nyama, chifukwa chake, ili ndi adani ambiri m'malo ake achilengedwe.
Adani a makoswewa ndi awa:
- ocelots;
- pum;
- agalu amtchire;
- nyamazi;
- caimans;
- margaev;
- jaguarundi;
- mabwato;
- nkhandwe.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti kumpoto kwa malo a pak nthawi zambiri amachitiridwa nkhandwe, kum'mwera ndi agalu amtchire. Ma Boas ndi ma caimans amadikirira nyama zomwe zimakhala m'malo amadambo. Zachidziwikire, nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizidziwika bwino ndizomwe zimawonongeka.
Adani a paketi atha kuphatikizaponso anthu omwe amapha makoswewa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Alimi akusaka nyama zolusa chifukwa makoswe amawononga mbewu. Alenje amagwira makoswe kuti apeze nyama yawo yokoma ndi zida zamphamvu, zomwe Amwenye aku Amazoni amagwiritsa ntchito pazosowa zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo. Kawirikawiri nyama zimagwidwa usiku, kutenga nyali zowala ndi agalu kuti zizisaka. Pak imapezeka ndi kunyezimira, komwe kumawonekera ndi maso ake, kuyaka ndi kuwala kofiira, monga nyama zambiri zakusiku. Agalu amatulutsa makoswe m'malo obisalira. Alenje ali kale kudikirira nyama zikuthamangira kumadzi m'mabwato. Paka nthawi zonse amamenya nkhondo molimba mtima komanso modzipereka, kulumpha pa munthu kuti amupweteke ndi zida zakuthwa.
Phukusili lili ndi njira zake zodzitetezera, zomwe limazigwiritsa ntchito kupewa ngozi. Pokhala ndi kutha kusambira mwangwiro, paka imayang'ana chipulumutso m'madzi; amatha kubisala pakulimba kwake kwa maola angapo mpaka chiwopsezocho chitadutsa. Kusokoneza mayendedwe ake, Paka amasambira kupita tsidya lina, komwe amabisala. Nthawi yovuta, pangozi, makoswe amatulutsa mkokomo waukulu ndikumenyetsa mano awo kuti awopsyeze mdani. Nthawi zambiri njira zamadzi zotere ndi machitidwe m'malo owopsa amapulumutsa makoswe miyoyo yawo pokhapokha mdaniyo atakhala nyama yolusa, osati munthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Paka
Zinthu zingapo zoyipa zimakhudza kukula kwa gulu la omwe anyamula. Choyamba, kusaka nyama kuyenera kuchitika pano chifukwa cha nyama yawo, yomwe anthu amadya. Kachiwiri, pacas amaphedwa ndi alimi omwe amawona kuti mbewa ndi mdani wa zokolola zawo. Chachitatu, munthu amasokoneza ma biotopes achilengedwe, kuwononga malo okhala nyama, nkhalango, kulima malo pazolimo, kuyika misewu ikuluikulu, kukhetsa madambo, kuwononga matupi amadzi ndi chilengedwe chonse.
Kuphatikiza pazomwe tafotokozazi, zoyipa, zopatsa mphamvu, makoswe amafanso chifukwa chosowa chakudya. Zomwe asayansi akuwona zikuwonetsa kuti nyama zambiri zimamwalira kuyambira Novembala mpaka Marichi, ndi nthawi ino yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yolimba kwambiri komanso yanjala ya paketiyo. Akatswiri a zamoyo akuti kupulumuka kwa mitundu iyi ya makoswe, inali 80 peresenti.
Ngakhale zonse zomwe zimawononga moyo wa paketiyo, mwamwayi, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kumakhalabe kosasunthika ndipo sikuwopsezedwa kuti kutha, komwe kungakhale kosangalatsa. Monga tanenera kale, pali mitundu isanu ya paketiyo, ndipo palibe imodzi, malinga ndi mabungwe ambiri azachilengedwe, safuna njira zodzitetezera. IUCN imaganiza kuti mbewa iyi ndi nyama yosasamala kwenikweni. Zachidziwikire, mmadera ena kuchepa kwa anthu okhala m'nkhalango zosowa kunalembedwa, koma ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo sizimakhudza momwe zinthu zilili pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewa izi.
Pomaliza, zikadali zotchulabe izi paka ndi mbewa, koma zachilendo kwambiri. Choyamba, chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu. Kachiwiri, kusamalira moona mtima ana. Chachitatu, kuthekera kwakubereka phokoso lokweza kwambiri komanso lowopsa. Ndipo chachinayi, molimbika mtima ndi kulimba mtima, chifukwa amamenyera moyo wake mpaka kumapeto ndipo amafunitsitsa ngakhale mdani wosalingana ngati munthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 15.10.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 12.09.2019 pa 17:33
