Ngati kale imvi anali kuwedza mwachangu, kenako kuyambira pakati pa zaka zapitazo, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa anthu, mayiko ambiri adayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo. Grayling amakonda kukhazikika m'madzi othamanga komanso ozizira, chifukwa chake ambiri a iwo ali ku Russia, ndipo amapezeka mumitsinje yaying'ono. Amagwidwa chaka chonse, koposa zonse akakhala onenepa pambuyo pachisanu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grayling
Proto-fish idapezeka Padziko Lapansi kalekale - zaka zopitilira theka biliyoni zapitazo, zopangidwa ndi ray, zomwe zimaphatikizapo imvi, zaka 420 miliyoni zapitazo. Koma nsomba zija sizinali ngati zamakono, ndipo nsomba yoyamba, yomwe ingatchulidwe ndi makolo apamtima a imvi, idawonekera koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous - awa ndiomwe anali oyimira oyamba a herring.
Zinali kuchokera kwa iwo kuti pakatikati pa nthawi yomweyi ma salmonids adawoneka, ndipo imvi ndi yawo kale. Ngakhale kuti nthawi yowonekera pakadali pano yakhazikitsidwa kokha zongopeka (komabe, zidatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro amtundu) chifukwa zomwe zapezedwa kwambiri m'mbuyomu zili ndi zaka pafupifupi 55 miliyoni, ndiye kuti, ali kale munthawi ya Eocene.
Kanema: Wofiirira
Panthawiyo, mitundu ya mitundu pakati pa ma salmonid inali yotsika; kwazaka makumi angapo, zakale zawo zidasowa kwathunthu. Kenako inafika nthawi ya kusintha kwa nyengo, chifukwa chomwe chimakulitsanso chiphunzitso cha salmonids - izi zidachitika zaka 15-30 miliyoni zapitazo. Ndiye mitundu yamakono imayamba kuwonekera.
Masiku ano, mabanja atatu apadera amadziwika pakati pa ma salmonid, kuphatikiza imvi. Kupatukana kwawo kudachitika panthawi yokhayokha, pambuyo pake imviyo idasintha kale padera. Grey wamakono adawonekera pambuyo pake, nthawi yeniyeni sinakhazikitsidwe. Idafotokozedwa mu 1829 ndi J.L. de Cuvier, adatchulidwa m'Chilatini Thymallus.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi imvi imawoneka bwanji
Kukula ndi kulemera kwake kwa imvi kumatengera mitundu yake. Kotero, European ndi imodzi mwa zazikulu kwambiri, imakula mpaka 40-50 cm, anthu ena mpaka 60. Kulemera kumatha kufika 3-4 kg, kapena 6-6.7 kg. Komabe, nthawi zambiri imakhala yocheperako, ndipo ngakhale nsomba zazaka 7-10 zaka nthawi zambiri sizipitilira 2.5 kg.
Choyambirira, poyang'ana nsomba iyi, chidwi chimakopeka ndi dorsal fin yake, yomwe imatha kufikira kumapeto kwenikweni kwa amuna. Chifukwa cha kumapeto kwake, ndizovuta kwambiri kusokoneza imvi ndi nsomba ina. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngati mwa akazi imakhalabe kutalika komweko kutalika kwake konse, kapena kutsika pang'ono kumchira, ndiye kuti kutalika kwa amuna kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Mchira nthawi zambiri umakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga kapena mikwingwirima: mawanga ndi ofiira, amatha kukhala ang'onoang'ono kapena akulu, ozungulira kapena osatha. Mikwingwirima imakhala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda, lilac kapena buluu. Oimira mitundu ya ku Europe ndiwopepuka kuposa ena komanso ochepera.
Grayling amaonedwa ngati nsomba wokongola. Mtundu wa thupi umatha kusiyanasiyana: pali anthu omwe ali otuwa ndi ubweya wobiriwira, kapena ndi buluu, bulauni, lilac, owala kwambiri. Nthawi yopuma, mtundu wa nsombayo umakhala wolemera. Mtundu womwe nsomba imapeza umadziwika sikuti umangokhala ndi majini okha, komanso ndi madzi omwe amakhala. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri mchitsanzo cha mitundu yaku Siberia: anthu omwe amakhala mumitsinje yayikulu amakhala ndi mtundu wowala, ndipo omwe amakonda mitsinje yaying'ono kwa iwo ndi yakuda kwambiri.
Kukula kwa nsomba kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chilipo, makamaka mwachangu chimakula mumitsinje yayikulu nyengo yotentha, imapeza makilogalamu 2-3 kapena kupitilira apo chaka chachisanu ndi chitatu kapena chakhumi cha moyo. M'malo okwera, samakula bwino, ndipo kutenga imvi yolemera makilogalamu 1.5 ndiopambana kale, nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako. Kukula kwa imvi kumadaliranso pazinthu zina zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku kuwala kwake komwe kumalandira, kutentha kwa madzi ndi kutentha kwake kwa mpweya, komanso kuchokera kwa ena. Ngati malo okhala ndi osauka, imvi imatha kulemera magalamu 500-700 pofika zaka 7-8.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'nyanja zamapiri ku Siberia, imvi zakuda zimapezeka, mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo amakhalabe ofanana ndi mwachangu - zawo ndi mitundu ina. Ndi owala kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda m'mbali.
Kodi imvi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Wofiirira m'madzi
Ku imvi ku Europe kumapezeka m'mitsinje yambiri m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Europe, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo m'mitsinje ina momwe imakhalamo, tsopano sichoncho. Malire akumadzulo kwa magawidwe ake ali ku France, ndi kum'mawa ku Urals.
Mitundu yamitundu ya ku Mongolia ndiyochepa, imangokhala m'madzi okhaokha ku Mongolia komanso kutali ndi malire ake ku Russia. Kumpoto kwake ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, a Siberia imvi amakhala. Mitundu yambiri yama subspecies yake imafalikira pafupifupi gawo lonse la Asia ku Russia.
Chifukwa chake, nsomba iyi ili ponseponse kumpoto kwa Eurasia, komwe kumakhala pafupifupi nyengo yonse yotentha, ndipo imapezeka ngakhale ku Arctic Circle. Palinso American grayling (a subspecies of Siberia): amapezeka ku North America, komanso m'mitsinje kumapeto kwenikweni kwa Eurasia.
Nsombazi zimatha kukhala m'malo athyathyathya komanso m'mapiri am'mapiri, ngakhale zimakonda zotsalazo, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ngakhale mumitsinje yayikulu - chinthu chachikulu ndikuti madzi oyera ndi ozizira amayenda. Ndipo imayenda mwachangu: imvi imakonda madzi okhala ndi oxygen ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mipata.
Samakonda madzi ofunda, chifukwa chake amapezeka mumchere nthawi zambiri - koma amapezekanso mmenemo. Amatha kukhala mpaka 2,300 m; Amatha kukhala osati m'malo oyera okha, komanso m'madzi amchere: amapezeka mumtsinje waukulu wa Siberia, koma amasungidwa pamwamba, pomwe madzi amakhala pafupi ndi abwino.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene imvi imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi imvi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba zakuda
Zakudya za imvi ndizofanana ndi nsomba zina zomwe zimakhala mumitsinje.
Zimaphatikizapo:
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo;
- nyongolotsi;
- nkhono;
- nsomba ndi mwachangu;
- caviar.
Ngati ntchentche za caddis zimakhala mosungiramo, ndiye kuti imvi imatsamira kwambiri pa iwo: atha kupanga magawo atatu mwa magawo ake. Mwambiri, nsomba iyi imatha kutchedwa yamphanvu, ndizovuta kupeza nyama zopanda poizoni komanso zazing'ono zomwe zingakane kudya.
Grayling imatha kudya ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, ndipo timadyedwa ndi anthu awo mwachangu komanso akulu, komanso nsomba zochepa kuposa iwo eni. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri, pafupi ndi nsomba iliyonse yomwe imayenera kukhala yocheperapo, ndipo ndibwino kusambira nthawi yomweyo - imvi imatha kuukira mosayembekezereka.
Kuchokera pambali ya imvi, palinso chiwopsezo kwa mbewa zomwe zikuyesa kusambira pamtsinje wawung'ono kapena mtsinje, ndipo nthawi zosamuka nthawi zambiri amachita izi. Chifukwa chake, nsombazi zimatha kugwidwa ndi mbewa: zimakhomerera makoswe bwino kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Monga ma salmonid ena, amasamukira - kumapeto kwa nyengo amapita kumtunda, nthawi zina amasambira kupita kumayendedwe, komwe amakodza ndikumabala, kugwa kumatsika. Kusiyanaku ndikuti pakasunthidwe kotere, imvi siyikupita patali: nthawi zambiri samasambira makilomita angapo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wofiirira nthawi yotentha
Amakonda kukhala okha, ndipo chomwe chimakhala chachilendo kwambiri ndikuti ngati pafupifupi nsomba zonse zimakhala m'magulu, ndiye kuti ngakhale ana ang'onoang'ono amayamba kukhazikika m'modzi m'modzi. Pali zotsalira: nthawi zina nsomba izi zimagwetsedwa m'magulu a anthu 6-12, koma zimachitika pokhapokha ngati palibe malo okwanira okwanira onse.
Chifukwa chake, mumitsinje yodzaza ndi imvi, ziweto zoterezi zimatha kufikira anthu angapo kapena mazana ambiri: izi zimawonedwa, mwachitsanzo ku Vishera. Komabe, ngakhale imvi imayenera kukhala pagulu, palibe ubale wapadera womwe umakhazikitsidwa mkati mwake, amangokhala pafupi wina ndi mnzake. Amasaka madzulo ndipo m'mawa, amakonda nthawi ngati imeneyi pomwe kulibe dzuwa lotentha, koma osati mdima kwambiri. Nthawi imeneyi imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri popha nsomba, makamaka madzulo, popeza nsomba zimakwera pamwamba kukadya tizilombo tomwe timauluka mpaka kumadzi madzulo.
Pakutha kwa kasupe, amasambira mpaka kubala, ndipo achinyamata amapita mumtsinje nthawi yomweyo kuti akadye. Pambuyo pobala, aliyense amayamba kunenepa kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthawi yabwino kwambiri yosodza imvi imafika, ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira: m'miyezi yaposachedwa, nsomba ndizokoma kwambiri, zokonzekera nyengo yozizira. Pamene kuzizira kwa nthawi yophukira kumayamba, imabwerera, kutsikira kumunsi, komwe imabisala. Nthawi yozizira imayenda pang'ono, koma imapitilizabe kudyetsa, kuti igwire m'nyengo yozizira. Nsombazi ndizochenjera, zimawona bwino ndikuchitapo kanthu, chifukwa chake sizovuta kuzigwira.
Koma pali kuphatikiza apa: simuyenera kukhala pamalo amodzi nthawi yayitali ndikudikirira kuti ayankhe. Ngati imvi ili pafupi, adzawona nyama yabwino ndipo, ngati palibe chowasokoneza, kulumako kuyenera kutsatira mwachangu. Ngati kulibe, ndiye kuti kulibe nsomba, kapena sanakonde china chake. Grayling ndiwosamala, chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito nyambo zopangira, ndikofunikira kuyika zomwe zimatsanzira tizilombo tomwe zimauluka nthawi ino komanso nthawi imeneyi, kapena mwachangu kukhala pafupi. Kupanda kutero, simungadalire kuti kusodza kwabwino, nsomba zokayikira sizingatenge nyambo.
Nthawi zambiri, mutha kukumana ndi imvi m'malo otsatirawa:
- pamalo othamanga ndi othamanga;
- pa nsapato;
- pafupi ndi zopinga zachilengedwe;
- pansi, olemera m'maenje;
- pamathithi pafupi ndi ndege yayikulu.
Chofunika kwambiri kwa iwo ndi ming'alu yomwe ilipo mwachangu, chifukwa madzi omwe ali ozizira kwambiri komanso oyera kwambiri. Simuyenera kuyang'ana nsomba iyi mumitsinje yakuya nyengo yotentha, kupatula m'nyengo yozizira. M'madamu ang'onoang'ono, imvi zimapezeka pafupi ndi gombe, mwa zikuluzikulu zimasambira mpaka pakasaka.
Payenera kukhala malo ogona pafupi ndi kampu ya imvi: itha kukhala nkhuni kapena miyala pansi pamtsinje, zomera, ndi zina zotero. Koma kutambasula kumafunikira pafupi ndi pogona: malo owoneka bwino pomwe imvi imayang'ana nyama.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulu la imvi
Kupatula panthawi yomwe imaswana, palibe kulumikizana pakati pa nsombazo, zimakhala ndikukhala mosiyana. Amayi amakula msinkhu azaka ziwiri, ndipo amuna atakwanitsa zaka zitatu.
Nsombazo zimapsa pomwe madzi amatentha mpaka madigiri 7-8 kumpoto mpaka madigiri 9-11 kumwera. Izi zimachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi kumadera akumwera, ndipo mu Juni kokha kumpoto. Kubzala kumachitika m'madzi osaya: kuya kuyenera kukhala mkati mwa 30-70 cm, pomwe nsomba ikuyesera kupeza pansi pamchenga.
Mkazi amaikira mazira osati kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina: pakati pa mazira 3 mpaka 35,000. Popeza kuti ochepa mwa iwo amapulumuka, imvi sichibala bwino kwambiri, choncho nsomba zawo ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa.
Malinga ndi ofufuzawo, mphalapala yayikulu yamphongo yamphongo imangofunika osati kuti ingokopa chidwi cha akazi, ngakhale imagwiranso ntchitoyi: imathandizanso nsomba kupanga madzi, chifukwa chomwe pakali pano sipanyamula mkaka kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo mazira ambiri amapatsidwa umuna.
Mzimayi akamaliza kubereka, mazirawo amathira pansi, ndipo wamwamuna amawaza ndi mchenga, pomwe iye, ngati ali ndi mwayi, amakhalabe masiku 15-20 otsatira. Malo okhala oterewa amachititsa kuti zitheke ndi chifukwa chachikulu chokhulupirira kuti panthawiyi palibe amene angamukhudze kuposa ngati amasambira momasuka, koma ngakhale nsomba zina amazipeza ndikudya.
Adani achilengedwe a imvi
Chithunzi: Kodi imvi imawoneka bwanji
Grayling ndi nsomba yayikulu, chifukwa chake palibe zolusa m'mitsinje zomwe zingamusake mwadongosolo, komabe, atha kukhala pachiwopsezo kuchokera kuzilombo zina zazikulu. Choyamba, awa ndi ma pike ndi taimen - nsombazi zimatha kuchotsa ngakhale imvi yayikulu ndikudya.
M'madamu omwe kulibe, imvi imadzisandutsa pamwamba pazakudya, ndipo zitha kuwopseza okhawo omwe amadya kunja kwa madzi. Choyambirira, uyu ndi munthu, chifukwa imvi ndiyofunika kwambiri, ndipo amawedza mwachangu mdera lomwe amaloledwa - ndipo komwe kuli koletsedwa kulinso opha nyama mokwanira.
Anthu ndi owopsa kwa imvi, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa nsomba zazikulu kumavutika chifukwa cha iwo. Koma imasakidwanso ndi mbalame, mwachitsanzo, ma dipper ndi ma kingfisher, nyama zazikulu zam'madzi zam'madzi monga ma beavers kapena otter - zonse zimagwira nsomba zazing'ono, wamkulu nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkulu kwambiri kwa iwo.
Ma Lxxes, nkhandwe zazikulu, zimbalangondo zimatha kugwira imvi zolemera, koma zimachita izi pafupipafupi, makamaka kudyetsa nyama zina osati nsomba. Chifukwa chake, kwa achikulire m'chilengedwe, pali zoopsa zochepa, kwa nyama zazing'ono pali zowopseza zambiri, koma choyipa kwambiri ndikuchita mwachangu.
Ambiri ngakhale nsomba zazing'ono ndi mbalame amazisaka, ndipo sizingathe kudziteteza. Kuphatikiza apo, m'masabata angapo oyambilira, amatha kudya wina ndi mnzake. Zotsatira zake, gawo lochepa chabe la mwachangu limakhalabe mpaka zaka 3 miyezi, pambuyo pake kuwopseza kwawo kumachepa.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zina imvi siyimayembekezera kuti nyamayo igwere m'madzi mwa iyo yokha, koma imadumphira pambuyo pake kufika masentimita 50 - nthawi zambiri umu ndi momwe imagwirira udzudzu ukuuluka pamwamba pamadzi. Chifukwa chake, madzulo ndizosavuta kuwona komwe kuli ena ndipo mutha kuyamba kusodza bwinobwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba zakuda
M'zaka 100 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha anthu chatsika pang'ono. Ngakhale ndizokwanira, ndipo imvi siziwoneka ngati mtundu womwe uli pangozi, mitundu yake ina imakhala yotetezedwa m'maiko ena. Chifukwa chake, European grayling ndi nsomba zotetezedwa ku Germany, Ukraine, Belarus ndi madera ena a Russia.
Chiwerengero cha nsombazi ku Europe chatsika kwambiri mzaka zapitazi, makamaka chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Kusodza mwachindunji ndikochititsa izi, ndipo makamaka - kuipitsa madzi amtsinje. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, anthu akuda mumitsinje yaku Europe adayamba kukhazikika, ndipo njira zachitetezo chake zakhudza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu akuda ku Siberia nawonso chatsika kwambiri mzaka zapitazi. Zinthuzo ndizofanana, ngakhale ndizochepa kutchulidwa. Pofuna kupewa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha nsomba m'maiko omwe akutetezedwa, pali njira zingapo zomwe zikuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia kuli malo otetezedwa omwe nsomba zimatetezedwa mosamala kwambiri - mwachitsanzo, pali malo osungira zachilengedwe ku Vishera, komwe kuli imvi zambiri. Ndipo ndizovuta kuteteza nsomba kudera lalikulu chonchi, chifukwa chake opha nyama mosalekeza akupitilizabe kuwononga anthu.
Kuti zisungidwe, kubereka kwofunikira ndikofunikira, komwe kwakhazikitsidwa m'maiko ambiri aku Europe. Ku Russia, Baikal, Sayan, Mongolian imvi idapangidwa motere, ndipo kudera la Europe la dzikolo, kuswana kunkachitika mu Nyanja ya Ladoga.
Kumvi zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha m'mitsinje yaku Europe, zomwezi zidagwera madera ena aku Russia. Kuletsa izi, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu kuti tisunge kuchuluka kwake ndi kuswana kopangira - zimathandizira kusunga ndikukula mwachangu kwambiri kuposa mwachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: 09/21/2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:17
