Mbozi Ndi mphutsi (mwana) wa gulugufe ndi njenjete. Pambuyo pa masabata awiri kapena atatu, mboziyo imasanduka chikuku, ndikusandulika pupa pakatha milungu iwiri ina. Kenako mbozi imawonekera ndi mapiko obwerera kumbuyo. Mboziyo imadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka m'makampani opanga nsalu. Mtundu umodzi wa mbozi umapha silika ku Far East, umadziwika kuti mbozi ya silika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Komatsu
Pali mitundu yopitilira 20 000 ya mbozi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akuti pali mitundu ina yambiri yomwe sinapezeke ngati mitundu yatsopano ya agulugufe ndipo yomwe imapezeka kawirikawiri kumadera kumene kulibe anthu ambiri, ngati alipo. Nthawi zambiri, mitundu yambiri ya mbozi imakhala tizirombo taulimi chifukwa imatha kudutsa m'minda, nthawi zambiri imasiya mabowo akuluakulu omwe amawononga mbewu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina ya mbozi imakhala yoopsa kwambiri, makamaka yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango. Mitundu ina imakhala yoopsa ngati mbozi, kutanthauza kuti ikasintha kukhala gulugufe kapena njenjete, ilibenso poizoni.
Kanema: Komatsu
Agulugufe ndi njenjete amathera paunyamata wawo ngati mbozi zotchedwa larval stage. Malasankhuli amadya mosalekeza. Amatulutsa khungu lawo ndikulikhetsa kangapo. Pambuyo pa molt womaliza, mbozi imamangirira panthambi ndikulowa pagulu la ana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbozi zimagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wa silika kuchokera kumafinya awo a silika kuti zizungulire nkhonya zawo. Mkati mwa chikuku, a pupa amachita zinthu zotchedwa metamorphosis. Miyendo isanu ndi iwiri yakutsogolo ya mbozi imasandukira miyendo ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, miyendo inayo imasowa, mapiko amakula, ndipo kachilombo kamawoneka ngati gulugufe wokongola.
Mbozi zimasiyana kukula, mtundu, ndi kaonekedwe kutengera mitundu yawo. Mbozi zina zimakhala ndi mitundu yowala kwambiri, pomwe mitundu ina imawoneka yosalala poyerekeza. Mbozi zina zimakhala ndi ubweya pomwe zina zimakhala zosalala. Cholinga chachikulu cha mbozi ndikuwopseza zilombo komanso kuti zisadye.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mbozi imawonekera
Malasankhuli omwe amapezeka kwambiri ndi awa:
- mbozi yayikulu yoyera (Pieris brassicae), akuluakulu omwe amatchedwa agulugufe oyera agulugufe. Mbozi imadzipangira mafuta ambiri a mpiru mu chakudya chawo, ndipo thupi lawo lowala, lothinana limachenjeza omwe angakhale odyetsa za kukoma kwawo kosasangalatsa;
- mbozi yaying'ono ya tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae). Kukhala pamodzi kumapindulitsa mbozi chifukwa amatha kulumikizana ndi matupi awo mogwirizana, kukhala ngati chinthu chimodzi chachikulu, kuyesera kuwopseza adani. Potsirizira pake, mbozi iliyonse imayenda yokha padera kuti iphunzire. Mbozi za kamba zimatha kuwonedwa kuyambira Meyi mpaka Juni, ndi achikulire omwe atha kugwira ntchito chaka chonse;
- mbozi-comma (Polygonia c-album). Malasankhuli amasintha utoto wawo wonse mwamphamvu, koma mbozi zakale ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri. M'matumba akuda ofiira a lalanje, pamakhala chikwangwani choyera, chokumbutsa kugwa kwa mbalame, yomwe imawopseza adani;
- Mbozi ya magazi (Tyria jacobaeae). Kukula mpaka 28mm, mbozi zakuda ndi zachikasu ndizosiyana kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuzizindikira momwe zimawonekera ngati atavala malaya a rugby;
- mbozi ya dzenje la siliva (Phalera bucephala). Mbozi yakuda ndi yachikaso iyi imafika 70 mm m'litali ndipo ili ndi tsitsi lomwe limakwiyitsa anthu ndipo limagwira ntchito yabwino yoteteza nyama zolusa;
- mbozi ya njenjete yotuwa (Calliteara pudibunda). Mbozi zimatha kukula mpaka 45mm ndikukula mokwanira pafupifupi miyezi iwiri. Ziphuphu pamatupi a mbozi zimadziwika kuti zimakwiyitsa khungu la anthu. Akuluakulu ndi njenjete zokongola zaimvi zokhala ndi tinyanga tonga ngati zisa;
- mapulo lancet mbozi (Acronicta aceris). Ndi mawonekedwe akumizinda okhala ndi tsitsi lowala lalanje ndi mitundu yakuda ndi yoyera ya dayamondi kumbuyo;
- mbozi lancet-psi (Acronicta psi). Akaswa, amatenga sabata imodzi yokha kuti amaswa, mbozi zimakula mpaka 40 mm m'masiku pafupifupi makumi atatu. Mbozi imatha kupezeka kuyambira Julayi mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Akuluakulu oyera amayenda kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka Ogasiti. Mzere wawo wachikaso umabisala pazomera.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbozi imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka.
Kodi mbozi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Komatsu m'chilengedwe
Mbozi yoyera yayikulu imangokhala 45 mm yokha ndipo imadya kabichi, letesi ndi nasturtium kwa milungu inayi - ndichifukwa chake amawonedwa ngati tizirombo ndi alimi komanso wamaluwa. Mazira obiriwira a mbozi yaying'onoyo amakhala m'magulu amtundu wobayikira, pomwe mbozi zakuda ndi zachikasu zimakhalira limodzi kuti apange ukonde wamba wa silika ndikudya masamba oyandikira kuti zikule mpaka 30 mm kutalika. Akamakula, amapita ku zomera zatsopano ndikupanga maukonde atsopano, ndikusiya zipinda zakale zokhala ndi khungu lonse;
Comma mbozi amakula mpaka 35 mm ndipo amakhala mopsya ndi lunguzi. Milalayi imatha kuwonedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Seputembala, koma agulugufe amakhala akugwira ntchito chaka chonse. Adakumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu m'zaka za m'ma 1800, mwina chifukwa chochepetsa kubzala zakudya zomwe amakonda, ma hop, koma adayambiranso. Mimbulu yamagazi imanyalanyaza mobisa, osati pupa pamtengo ngati mbozi zina. Akuluakulu amawuluka kuyambira Meyi mpaka koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Pali kusinthasintha kwakomwe kudaliko komanso kusokonekera kwa anthu.
Mbozi za dzenje lasiliva zimakula bwino m'masiku 30 ndikukhala pupate mobisa nthawi yachisanu. Mbozi za njenjete zapamtunda zimapezeka pakati pa Julayi ndi koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Akuluakulu amakhala akhama kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka Julayi, ndipo kudindidwa kwawo kumapangidwa ngati kuti anali ndi phiko losweka. Mboza za Pallidum moth zapezeka pamitengo ndi zitsamba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo birch ndi hop. Amatha kuwoneka kuyambira kumapeto kwa Juni mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala, koma nthawi yakugwa nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka akukwawa kufunafuna malo oti aphunzirire. Akuluakulu amauluka pakati pa Julayi ndi Ogasiti.
Maple lancet mbozi amakhala pamitengo ya ndege, ma chestnuts a mahatchi, komanso mapulo olimidwa komanso am'munda. Mbozi zimapezeka kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembala. M'nyengo yozizira, amapitilira pansi, ndi zinyalala zomwe zimawoneka ngati makungwa ndi masamba akugwa. Akuluakulu akugwira ntchito kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka koyambirira kwa Ogasiti.
Kodi mbozi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: mbozi Yofiira
Chimbalangondo chimadya nyama, koma zakudya za mbozi ndi gulugufe ndizosiyana. Agulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito malilime ngati mapesi kuti amwe timadzi tokoma m'maluwa, zomwe ndizomwe zimachitika pamene mbozi imasintha kukhala gulugufe. Mbozi imadyetsa makamaka masamba, zomera, ndi maluwa, ndipo mabowo akulu amapezeka m'masamba, osonyeza kukhalapo kwa mbozi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chimbalanga ndi makina enieni azakudya - thumba lazinthu zazing'ono zopukusira mbewu. M'masiku kapena milungu ikamagwira ntchito, mboziyo imayamba kulemera nthawi zambiri, kaya ndi chakudya chiti chomwe ingasankhe.
Mwachitsanzo, comma mbozi akadali aang'ono amadyera pansi pamasamba, koma ikamakula, imayamba kudya mbali yakumtunda. Njira yodyetsera mbozi ya chimbalangondo cha magazi ndiyapadera, ndikupatsa mawonekedwe owonekera kumalo ophera omwe amadyera. Mbozizi zimadyera m'magulu, makamaka masana, kuyambira Julayi mpaka koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Masamba a chomeracho akasowa, nthawi zina amayamba kudya anzawo.
Mbozi ya dzenje lasiliva imadya masamba a thundu. Pambuyo pothyoledwa pagulu la dzira, mphutsi zimadyera limodzi, kusiya zokha zikakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu. Malasankhuli a mapulo lance, omwe amakhala mpaka 40 mm kutalika, nthawi zina amagwa pamitengo yomwe amadyera. Malasankhuli a lancet psi amadya mitengo yotambalala ndi zitsamba monga hawthorn, apulo, ndi birch.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbozi imadziwika kuti imadya nyama ndipo imadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mbozi zambiri zimadya udzu ndipo zimadya masamba makamaka, ngakhale mitundu ina imadya mbali zonse za chomeracho, bowa, ndi nyama zakufa, kuphatikizapo mbozi zina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbozi wakuda
Mbozi imatha kukhala osintha kwambiri chifukwa amasintha kuchokera ku nyongolotsi kupita ku agulugufe okongola, koma siwo okhawo osintha. Nthawi zambiri mbozi zimabisala pakati pazomera chifukwa cha utoto wake, ndipo khungu lawo lodzaza nthawi zambiri limafanana ndi minga panthambi. Kutha kubisala kumeneku kumathandiza kuti mbozi zipulumuke kufikira zitakhwima kwathunthu ndikuyamba kusintha kwa zinthu - kuchokera pa pupa kupita pagulugufe.
Gawo la ophunzira limayamba ndi mbozi wamkulu, yomwe imadziphatika ku khungwa la mtengo kapena chinthu china cholimba, kenako nkugawanika pakhungu kuwulula chibayo. Kusintha kumachitika mkati mwa chibayo pamene mbozi imayamba kupindika kukhala madzi ndipo ndimaselo ochepa okha otsala omwe amakhala gulugufe wamkulu.
Mboza ikamaliza kusintha kukhala gulugufe, imatseguka ndipo gulugufe adzawonekera. Izi sizitaya nthawi kukhathamira ndikuikira mazira, chifukwa agulugufe ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wamasiku ochepa milungu ingapo. Mazira a gulugufe amaswa mphutsi za mbozi ndipo kuzungulira kumayambiranso.
Nthawi zambiri, panjira yakukula kwa gulugufe, kusintha kwamitundu isanu ndi umodzi kumachitika, komwe kumalimbikitsidwa ndikutulutsa kwa molting hormone ecdysone kuchokera ku pre-breast gland. Mahomoni achichepere omwe amatulutsidwa ndi vuto la endocrine amachepetsa kupita patsogolo pakukula: ngakhale kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kumakhala kokwera, kumapangitsa kuti mbozi ikhale mu mphutsi.
Komabe, kutulutsa kwa mahomoni achichepere kumachedwetsa pakapita nthawi. Ndipokhapokha zikagwera pansi pamlingo wovuta kwambiri pomwe kusungunuka kumabweretsa ziphuphu ndi maphunziro. Munthawi imeneyi, pali kugawa kwakukulu kwa michere, ndipo akulu amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe. Mlingo wa mahomoni achichepere umatsikira pafupifupi zero, molt womaliza amapezeka mwa munthu wamkulu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Malasankhuli awiri
Mbozi ndi zokonzeka kukhala agulugufe chibadwire. Ngakhale mu mbozi yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe imangoswedwa kuchokera dzira laling'ono kwambiri, mitolo yama cell amaziwalo monga tinyanga, mapiko, mawoko ndi ziwalo zoberekera zidakonzedwa kale ndikukonzekera kukhala achikulire. Amatchedwa zimbale zongopeka (kukhala zosalala komanso zozungulira), sangakule ndikukula chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mahomoni aunyamata.
Pamene mphutsi imadyetsa, matumbo, minofu ndi ziwalo zina zamkati zimakula ndikukula, koma ma disc amalingaliro amaponderezedwa kwakanthawi ndikukhalabe matalala. Mbozi imakhala ngati moyo waulere, kudyetsa, kukula, koma kupsyinjika m'mimba.
Ikafika pakukula kwambiri, mahomoni oyamwa, ecdysone, amatuluka. Imatulutsa khungu lake kangapo poyankha ecdysone, nthawi iliyonse ikapanga m'badwo watsopano (siteji), koma timadzi ta achinyamata timasunga mbozi, kuletsa chitukuko china mpaka ndende yake itayandikira kukula kwake, ndipo kumapeto kwake kumatsika.
Pachisanu komanso chomaliza cha mbozi, ma disc amalingaliro ayamba kale kutuluka kuchokera mokakamizidwa kugona ndi kukula. Mahomoni aana tsopano akutsikira pansi pomwe pakhomo ndipo kukwera kwotsatira kwa ecdysone kumalimbikitsa kusintha kwa ana. Ma discs opusa amalingaliro amayamba kukhala osadodometsedwa. Chilichonse chimapinda pachipilala cha concave, kenako chimakhala ngati sock. Pakatikati pa diski iliyonse adapangidwa kuti akhale gawo - nsonga ya khasu kapena nsonga ya mapiko.
Mimba yochuluka kwambiri ya mboziyo amaigwiritsa ntchito kuti akhale anthu akuluakulu, omwe amalumikizana ndi chipolopolo chamkati cha chibayo. Pakadali pano, mkatimo mumakhala msuzi wopatsa thanzi womwe umadyetsa zimbale zamaumboni akamamaliza kukula kwawo kochedwa. Kutuluka kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa ecdysone kumachitika pakati pa timadzi tating'onoting'ono ta ana - ndipo kumapangitsa kuti gulugufe wamkulu atuluke, kumwaza, ndikuikira mazira.
Adani achilengedwe a mbozi
Chithunzi: Momwe mbozi imawonekera
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake ngati nyongolotsi, mbozi imasakidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama, koma adani akulu a mboziyo ndi mbalame ndi tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri malasankowa amasakidwa ndi nyama zazing'ono ndi zokwawa.
Mbozi sizingathe kuthawa zilombo zolusa chifukwa zimayenda pang'onopang'ono ndipo zilibe mapiko. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwina amadalira kubisa kuti adani awo asawazindikire (zomwe zimatipatsa mbozi zomwe zimawoneka ngati masamba, zimayambira, ndi zina zambiri), kapena zasintha kukhala zowala komanso zamwano, ndiye kuti. aliyense amene akufuna kuzidya amadziwa kuti kungakhale kulakwitsa.
Malasankhuli amapezeka pafupifupi nyengo zonse padziko lonse lapansi, ndichifukwa chake owadyawo amakhala ambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa mbalame, mbozi zimadya:
- anthu - Malasankhuli ndi chakudya chokoma kwa anthu akumadera ena monga Botswana kumwera kwa Africa, komanso kumayiko aku East Asia monga China. M'malo mwake, mbozi imakololedwa tsiku lililonse m'malo amenewa chifukwa chazakudya zambiri. Poyerekeza ndi ng'ombe, mphodza ndi nsomba, mbozi zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndi mafuta;
- Mavu amadziwika kuti amanyamula mbozi kupita ku zisa zawo ngati chakudya cha ana awo. Mavu ndi othandiza m'mundamu chifukwa nthawi zambiri amagwira mbozi zausinkhu uliwonse, potero amazisunga. Komabe mavu amadya kwambiri mbozi nthawi yachilimwe komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe. Pamene nyengo ikupita, anthu awo amakhala ndi acidic ndipo zakudya zawo zimasinthira kwa ena omwe ali ndi shuga wambiri;
- ladybugs ndi ang'onoang'ono, koma ozungulira, owala owoneka bwino komanso kafadala omwe amadya makamaka nsabwe za m'masamba. Nkhuyu zimatha kudya tizilombo tina, makamaka mbozi. Popeza nsabwe za m'masamba ndi mbozi zimapweteketsa zomera, wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito madona kuti aziwongolera. Mbozi imakhala ndi matupi ofatsa ndipo tiziromboti timawawona kukhala okoma kwambiri, makamaka ang'onoang'ono.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Komatsu
Pafupifupi zaka 10 zilizonse, pamabuka kufalikira kwa mbozi m'nkhalango. Mbozi zomwe zimatuluka kumapeto kwa Juni komanso koyambirira kwa Julayi zimadya masamba ambiri akamakula. Mbozi za m'nkhalango zimakonda masamba olimba, makamaka masamba a mapulo a shuga. Matendawa adayamba chilimwe chatha, pomwe magulu a mbozi zanjala amafufuza m'nkhalango zambiri. Kutsatira zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu, kubuka uku kuyenera kutha pakatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma isanakwane.
Mboza za m'nkhalango zimasakidwa ndi mtundu wina wa ntchentche, yomwe imadziwika kuti "ntchentche yosavuta," ndipo anthu ake amakula chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mbozi zitachedwa. Chiwerengero cha mbozi za m'nkhalango chimayang'aniridwanso ndi mavairasi ndi bowa. Mavairasiwa amabwera ngati mawonekedwe amtundu wamapuloteni omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe panthaka komanso pamwamba pa masamba. Zimangokhudza mbozi ndipo zimatha kubweretsa kufa kwakanthawi kwambiri.
Kuchotsa masamba ndi mbozi ndiimodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe. Palinso umboni kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhwangwa zopangidwa ndi mbozi kumapereka mitengo yolimbikitsira feteleza wa nitrojeni kuti imakula bwino chaka chotsatira kutha kwa mafuta poyerekeza ndi zaka zomwe sizinachitike.Ngakhale kulibe umboni wa sayansi kapena zambiri zazitali zazitsanzo zapachaka, zikuwoneka kuti masiku ano mbozi ndizocheperako kuposa zaka zingapo zapitazo.
Mbozi Ndi kanyama kakang'ono ngati nyongolotsi kamene kamapanga cocoko kenako kadzasanduka gulugufe kapena njenjete. Mbozi zili ndi zigawo khumi ndi zitatu za thupi, zokhala ndi miyendo itatu yayifupi pa nthitiyo ndi ziwiri zingapo pamimba, maso asanu ndi limodzi mbali iliyonse yamutu, ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Mbozi zimadya masamba makamaka ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.09.2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:45
