Weevil Ndi tizilombo ta dongosolo la coleoptera. Banja la ma weevils ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa coleoptera (pafupifupi mitundu 40,000). Ambiri a ziwombankhanga amakhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kulowa m'malo ena. Mamembala ambiri amtunduwu alibe mapiko, pomwe ena ndi oyendetsa ndege abwino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Weevil
Weevil adafotokozedwa koyamba ndi a Thomas Say mu 1831 ngati weevil kuchokera pazitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa ku Louisiana. Nkhani yoyamba yachuma cha kachilomboka inali ya Asa Fitch waku New York, yemwe adalandira nyemba zodwala kuchokera ku Providence, Rhode Island mu 1860. Mu 1891, a J. A. Lintner, ku New York, adatsimikiza kuti mbewa zolowetsa nyemba zimaberekanso mosalekeza mu nyemba zosungidwa, zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi nthanga yotchuka ya nandolo ku Europe.
Chosangalatsa: Ziwombankhanga kwenikweni ndi kafadala. Banja ili lili ndi zamoyo zambiri kuposa gulu lina lililonse la kachilomboka. Asayansi akuganiza kuti ku North America kuli mitundu yoposa 1,000 ya ziwombankhanga.
Kanema: Weevil
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu ya ma weevils:
- Mpunga wa mpunga ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono kokha 1 mm kutalika. Wamkuluyu ndi wamtundu wofiirira mpaka wakuda ndipo amakhala ndi mawanga anayi ofiira achikaso kumbuyo kwake. Mphutsi ndi zoyera komanso zofewa, zopanda manja. Tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tofanana ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi zikopa zazitali, koma ndi zoyera. Wamkulu amatha kuwuluka ndikukhala moyo mpaka miyezi isanu. Mkazi wamkazi wa chinsalu chimenechi amaikira mazira 400 pa moyo wake;
- Ziwombankhanga za chimanga kale zimawerengedwa ngati mitundu ingapo yayikulu yampunga chifukwa chakufanana kwawo. Ndi chokulirapo pang'ono, mpaka 3 mm m'litali, monganso choluka cha mpunga, kuchokera ku bulauni kofiira mpaka chakuda, chimakhala ndi mawanga anayi ofiira achikaso kumbuyo. Koma mtundu wake ndi wakuda pang'ono kuposa mpunga. Kukula kwaubweya wa chimanga kumachedwa pang'ono pang'ono kuposa kwamphongo wa mpunga. Mphutsi zake ndi zoyera komanso zofewa, zopanda manja. Ziphuphu zimakhalanso zofanana ndi achikulire omwe ali ndi zikopa zawo zazitali, komanso ndi oyera. Mbewu ya chimanga imathanso kuuluka;
- nkhokwe za nkhokwe zimakhala zazitali kwambiri kuposa zina ndipo zimakhala zazitali 5 mm. Mitundu yawo imakhala yofiirira mpaka yakuda. Thupi lake ndi pafupifupi 3 mm kutalika ndipo mphukira imatsikira pansi kuchokera kumutu. Mphutsi zake ndi zoyera komanso zofewa, zopanda makoko, ndipo ziphuphu zoyera ndizofanana ndi ziwombankhanga zina. Chinsalu ichi sichitha kuwuluka, chifukwa chake chitha kupezeka pafupi ndi malo omwe adatenga. Akuluakulu amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka milungu 8, nthawi yomwe wamkazi amaikira mazira 200.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe weevil amawonekera
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma weevils imapezeka m'mitundu yambiri yamthupi ndi mawonekedwe:
- kukula: kutalika kwa ma weevils kumasiyana kuyambira 3 mpaka 10 mm; ambiri a iwo ndi tizilombo chowulungika;
- mtundu: kawirikawiri mdima (bulauni mpaka wakuda);
- Mutu: Weevil wamkulu amakhala ndi mutu wopingasa wopanga mphuno. Pakamwa pake pamakhala kumapeto kwa mphuno. M'madera ena, mphuno ndi kutalika mofanana ndi thupi. Banja lina la kafadala, caryopsis, limawoneka mosiyana. Alibe timitengo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka m'mitundumitundu.
Kupulumuka kwa chikulu chachikulire kumadalira gawo lake potengera khungu kapena cuticle. The cuticle imakhala ndi chisakanizo cha chitin ndi mapuloteni, omwe amagawika m'magawo atatu: epicuticle, exocuticle, ndi endocuticle. Cuticle imakumana ndi vuto lotchedwa sclerotization ndi melanization, lomwe limafuna kupezeka kwa kompositi dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
Pakatikati pa weevil mumakhala timatumba tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakulitsa matumbo, kukonza chimbudzi ndi kuyamwa kwa michere. Pamapeto pa cecum iliyonse pali bacteriome, gawo lapadera lomwe limapangidwa ndi maselo otchedwa bacteriocytes omwe amateteza mabakiteriya a endosymbiotic kuti asakhudze chitetezo chamthupi. Bacteriocytes samangokhala ndi ma endosymbiont mu cytoplasm yawo, komanso amapereka michere yofunikira pakuthandizira kukula kwa bakiteriya.
Kodi weevil amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu
M'nyengo yotentha, panja, ma weevils amadya masamba a mitengo, zitsamba ndi zomera. Komabe, kugwa kwa izi, ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya chomera zimayamba kufunafuna malo ozizira.
Mitundu ina, monga weevil waku Asia, amakopeka ndi kuwala. Amasonkhana pakhomo ndi mawindo a nyumba. Nthawi zina eni nyumba amawona zikopa mazana atagundana kunja kwa nyumba. Maweev akapeza ming'alu kapena mabowo mozungulira mawindo, amasunthira mnyumbamo. Amalowanso kudzera m'makina osweka am'mlengalenga kapena maenje. Amathanso kukwawa pansi pazitseko zomwe zawonongeka ndi nyengo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zambiri mwa ziwombankhanga zomwe zimalowa mnyumba zimakhala nthawi yozizira zitakhazikika pamakoma awo. Chipinda chapamwamba ndi garaja ndizomwe zimakhala malo ogona achisanu. Nyongolotsi izi zimatha kukhala nthawi yozizira osaziwona eni nyumba.
Komabe, ziwombankhanga zina zimangokhala m'malo okhala nyumba. Amatha kupyola khoma kapena malo oyandikira chitoliro. Amatha kukwawa kudutsa kupyola pansi pa bolodi. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito bowo lowala kuti atuluke m'chipindacho.
M'nyengo yozizira, malo okhala m'nyumba ndi ofunda kuposa chipinda chapamwamba kapena garaja. Izi zitha kusokoneza ma weevils. Akalowa mnyumba yotentha, maudzu amayamba kuchita ngati kasupe wabwera ndikuyesera kupeza njira yopitira panja.
Mavava omwe amabisala m'nyumba amatha kupatsira chipinda chilichonse mnyumbayo. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa m'magulu okhala ndi mawindo. Kafadala amasonkhana m'mawindo, akuyesera kutuluka panja. Eni nyumbazo amapeza zinyama izi zikuyenda pamakoma, zowonekera pazenera, ndi kudenga.
Kodi weevil amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Weevil m'chilengedwe
Mofanana ndi tizirombo tina todyera tamasamba, ma weevils amadya tirigu ndi mpunga, komanso mtedza, nyemba, chimanga, mbewu, chimanga, ndi zakudya zina.
Ma Weevil ambiri amadyetsa zomera zokha. Mphutsi zopanda pake, zopanda mbewa zamitundu yambiri zimangodyera gawo limodzi lokha - ndiye kuti, mutu wamaluwa, mbewu, zipatso zamtundu, zimayambira, kapena mizu. Mphutsi zambiri zimadya mitundu ina yazomera kapena zina zogwirizana. Ziwombankhanga zachikulire sizidziwika bwino pankhani ya kudya.
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndikudya mkati mwa mbewu zomwe zimadya. Mkazi amatola dzenje mu njere kapena njere ndikuikira dzira mmenemo, kenako amatseka dzenjelo, ndikusiya dziralo mkati mwa njere kapena mbewu. Dzira likaswa, mbozi imadya zomwe zili mkatimo mpaka itakula bwino. Khwangwala wamkulu akamakula, amadya njere zonse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Monga ziwombankhanga zazimayi zimatulutsa ma pheromones, amuna amawadikirira kuti atuluke ndipo nthawi yomweyo amafuna kukwatirana nawo kuti aberekane.
Eni nyumbazo sangathe kuwona zowononga akamasonkhana pafupi ndi nyumba zawo. Koma ngati akalulu amatha kupeza bowo ndikulowa mnyumbamo, nthawi zambiri eni ake amapeza tizilombo tambirimbiri tikukwawa m'mazenera komanso pamakoma.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Weevil weevil
Kunja, ma weevils amatha kuwononga zomera zapamunda. M'nyumba, nyongolotsi izi ndizosangalatsa kuposa zowopsa. Ma Weevils amaipitsa chakudya ndi ndowe ndi zikopa, ndikuvulaza kuposa momwe angadye. Kunyumba, ma weevils amatha kuwona pazakudya zomwe zili mmatumba, amathanso kubwera kuchokera kunja. Akalowa mkatimo, anthu amatha kukula ndikuchulukirachulukira atavutika ndi zakudya zapafupi ngati sayesedwa.
Ziwombankhanga zina zimatha kukhala tizirombo tating'onoting'ono. Awa ndi ma weevils omwe amakhumudwitsa eni nyumba chifukwa nthawi zambiri amalowa m'nyumba zambiri. Ena a iwo amapita kugwa. Amabisala m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amanyamuka nthawi yachisanu. Ena amabwera nthawi yotentha ikayamba kutentha.
Ziwombankhanga zazikulu zimayenda usiku ndipo zimakhala pogona pansi pa zinyalala zamasana masana. Khalidweli limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwunikira komanso kuwongolera. Ziwombankhanga zimatha kutsatidwa ndi misampha ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito akagwidwa oyamba. Komabe, njira yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri ndi "malo ogona," omwe amakhala ndi masamba a mbatata omwe ali ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Misampha yotsekera imakhala yothandiza makamaka kutangotsala mbewu za mbatata m'minda yatsopano.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Beevil beetle
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadalira kwambiri zamoyo. Akuluakulu ena amaikira mazira awo pansi pafupi ndi zomera zomwe zimakhalamo nthawi yachilimwe. Mazirawo ataswa, mphutsi zimabowola pansi ndikudya mizu. Popeza kuti mphutsi zili mobisa, anthu samaziwona kawirikawiri.
Akuluakulu amatafuna njere panja ndikuikiranso mazira. Amayi amatha kuikira mazira 300 mpaka 400, nthawi zambiri amodzi pamimba. Mphutsi zimakula pamagawo angapo (ma instars) mkati mwa njere, komanso zimakondera pamtima. Amatha kumaliza m'badwo m'mwezi m'malo otentha. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala miyezi 7 mpaka 8, koma ena amatha zaka zoposa 2.
Magawo a dzira, mphutsi ndi pupa wa ziwombankhanga sizimapezeka kwenikweni m'mizere. Kudyetsa kumachitika mkati mwa njere ndipo akulu amadula mipata yotuluka. Mabowo omwe amatuluka pa udindowo ndi akulu kuposa omwe amamera mpunga ndipo amakhala olimba kwambiri kuposa osalala komanso ozungulira.
Akaziwo amabowola timbewu tating'onoting'ono, amaika dziralo mumimbamo, kenako ndikuphimba dzenjelo. Dzira limaswa mu kachirombo kakang'ono, kamene kamafalikira mpaka pakatikati pa nkhonoyo, kumadyetsa, kumakula ndi ana amphongo kumeneko. Akuluakulu atsopano ali ndi mabowo otuluka mkatimo, kenako amapita kukakwatirana ndikuyambitsa mbadwo watsopano.
Akazi a nkhokwe zotayira amaikira mazira pakati pa 36 ndi 254. Kutentha kuyambira 23 mpaka 26 madigiri Celsius, chinyezi chofananira cha 75 mpaka 90%, mazira amaphatikizidwa ndi tirigu wokhala ndi chinyezi cha 13.5 mpaka 19.6% masiku atatu. Mphutsi imakhwima m'masiku 18 ndikululuza m'masiku 6. Makulidwe a moyo amakhala pakati pa masiku 30 mpaka 40 mchilimwe ndipo masiku 123 mpaka 148 m'nyengo yozizira, kutengera kutentha. Zimatenga masiku ngati 32 kuti mumalize kuzungulira kwa moyo. Ng'ombe zonse ziwiri ndi ziweto za mpunga zimanamizira kuti zimafa chifukwa chobweretsa miyendo yawo pafupi ndi thupi ndikumayesa kuti yagwa.
Mphutsi zambiri zimakhala m'nyengo yozizira m'nthaka ndikukhala akuluakulu kumapeto kwa masika. Komabe, achikulire omwe amabwera nthawi yachilimwe kapena kugwa amatha kuzemba m'nyumba kuti azibisala. Ena, monga udzu wa thundu wa ku Asiya, amakopeka ndi kuwala, motero amakopeka kunyumba kwawo usiku. Ena angakopeke ndi kutentha kuchokera kunyumba.
Adani achilengedwe a ma weevils
Chithunzi: Momwe weevil amawonekera
Ma Weevils ali ndi adani achilengedwe osiyanasiyana.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi awa:
- akangaude;
- mbozi zapansi;
- nyama zowononga nyama.
Zowononga nyama zimaphatikizapo:
- nkhuku;
- mbalame zamtambo;
- wankhondo;
- wrens ndi mbalame zina.
Nyerere zofiira ndizodya zolusa zaukadaulo wa thonje kum'mawa kwa Texas. Kwa zaka 11, ma weevils sanatayike pachuma chifukwa chakufa makamaka chifukwa cha nyerere. Kuchotsa nyerere kunapangitsa kuti mbewu ziwonongeke kwambiri. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timagwiritsa ntchito tizirombo ta thonje timachepetsa kwambiri nyerere. Kuti mupindule ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyerere izi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo osafunikira kuyenera kupewedwa.
Adani akuluakulu a zitsamba ndi anthu omwe akuyesera kuti awachotse. Njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri ndikupeza gwero la matendawa ndikuchotsa msanga. Gwiritsani ntchito tochi kapena magetsi ena kuti mufufuze mosamala malo onse osungira zakudya ndi zakudya. Ngati ndi kotheka, tulutsani chakudya chodetsedwa kwambiri mutakulungidwa, matumba apulasitiki olemera kapena zotengera zopanda mpweya kuti muzitaya, kapena ikani pansi panthaka. Mukapeza kachilombo koyambirira, ndikutaya kokha komwe kungathetse vutoli.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Weevil
Weevil amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsa ntchito njira zotayira. Weevil wa thonje, yemwe anali tizilombo toononga takale, adanenedwa koyamba ku United States (Texas) mu 1894. Pazaka 30 zikubwerazi, pafupifupi 87% yamalo olimidwa adadzala ndi mafakitale a thonje. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oyambilira tomwe tinkangoyang'ana ma weevils zinali zothandiza mpaka 1960. Gawo lotsatira la pulogalamu yoyang'anira akhwangwala idayamba mu 1962 pomwe Weevil Research Laboratory idakhazikitsidwa ku Mississippi State University.
Kupambana kwakukulu polimbana ndi ziwombankhanga kwadza ndikutulutsa pheromone yake yopanga, yomwe yatsimikizira kuti ndi chida chothandizira kuwunikira chomwe chitha kugwira ntchito yayikulu pakulamulira ndikuwononga. Kuyesa kuthana ndi oyendetsa ndege kunayamba mu 1971 ndipo kunaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito misampha ya pheromone, amuna osabereka komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Pambuyo pake, kuyesa kwachiwiri kuthetsedwa kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito misampha ya pheromone. Mu 1983, pulogalamu yothetseratu idayambitsidwa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa thonje lamba (Kumpoto ndi South Carolina), komwe pambuyo pake kudafalikira kumadera ena a Georgia, Alabama ndi Florida yense. Cholinga chachikulu cha pulogalamuyi chinali kupewa kusintha kwa msinkhu ndi kubereketsa kwa weevil kuphatikiza kuwongolera nthawi yokula. Mu 1985, pulogalamuyi idakwezedwa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, ndipo pofika 1993, kuthetsedwa kwa akalulu kudakwaniritsidwa ku California, Arizona, ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico.
Pulogalamu yothanirana ndi utsi wa pheromone, misampha imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira, kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa anthu, kutenga anthu ambiri ndikupanga chisankho pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, zingwe zotetezedwa ndi tizilombo titha kuphatikizidwanso mumisampha ya pheromone yopangitsa kuti anthu afe komanso potero kuthawa.
Weevilmwina adachita bwino chifukwa chakukula kwawo, komwe sikumangogwiritsidwa ntchito polowera komanso kudyetsa, komanso popanga mabowo omwe amatha kuyikira mazira. Banjali limaphatikizapo tizirombo tina toononga kwambiri monga tirigu, nkhokwe ndi ziwombankhanga za mpunga.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09/07/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 ku 13:54
