Gerbils ndi banja lalikulu lochokera ku Old World. Ndi imodzi mwazotchuka kwambiri mu mbewa zazikulu za mbewa, Muroidea, yomwe imaphatikizapo mbewa, makoswe, ma voles, ma hamster, ma gerbils ndi abale ena ambiri. Mamembala a banja laling'ono Gerbillinae ali ndi zofanana zambiri. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi diurnal, makoswe amchipululu. Gerbil - makoswe oseketsa akukhala kuthengo ndikusinthasintha bwino momwe zinthu ziliri kunyumba. Momwe ndi komwe ma gerbils amakhala, zonse za njira zoberekera zawo ndi zina zakukhalapo kwawo zitha kuphunziridwa kuchokera pazomwezi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gerbil
M'badwo 16 womwe ulipo, pali mitundu mpaka 110 ya ma gerbils. Amakhala ngati mbewa ndipo amapanga nthambi yofanana ndi mbewa zokhala ndi michira yayitali. Amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi morphologically kuchokera kuzinthu zina zonga mbewa ndimitundu ingapo yopezeka. Kafukufuku wamagulu amtundu wamitundu yambiri ya mitochondrial ndi nyukiliya ya DNA imatsimikizira kuti adachokera pawokha ndikuwonetsa kuti ali ndi mgwirizano wolimba ndi mbewa ndipo ndi gulu la alongo a Deomiinovs.
Kanema: Gerbil
M'magulu am'mbuyomu, ma gerbils a Old World nthawi zambiri amawerengedwa kuti ndi achibale apamtima kwambiri a makoswe a Hamster kapena Madagascar ndi makoswe ena wamba amu Africa. Ubale wapamtima ndi mbewa zakale zonga mbewa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wovuta kwambiri wa dzino la molar, zidayamba chifukwa chofanana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka korona wa molar mu gerbils ndi momwemo. Komabe, zakale zakale za mbewa zimakhala ndizowonjezera zina zomwe sizimadziwika ku gerbils.
Ma gerbils amakono ali ndi maso akulu ndikuwona bwino. Amagwiritsa ntchito zowerengera, zamankhwala komanso zamaganizidwe pakuwona kwawo. Makoswe amasinthanitsanso mankhwala wina ndi mnzake, pogwiritsa ntchito ma pheromones posonyeza kubereka komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Ma gerbils achimuna amafotokoza zakomwe ali ndi gawo lawo pofukiza gawo kuchokera kumtundu wawo waukulu wamatope. Gerbils sakhala motalika kuposa miyezi itatu kapena inayi kuthengo. Zimadziwika kuti ali m'ndende, anthu ena adakwanitsa kukhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe gerbil imawonekera
Gerbils ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati. Kutalika kwawo kumakhala pakati pa 50 mpaka 200 mm, ndipo mchira wawo umayambira 56 mpaka 245 mm. Anthu amalemera magalamu 10 mpaka 227. Ngakhale mwa mtundu umodzi wamwamuna, ungakhale wolemera kwambiri kuposa wamkazi m'dera limodzi ndipo utha kukhala wofanana anthu ena. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala nyama zoonda ndi zikhadabo zazitali. Amatha kukhala ndi makutu atali kapena amfupi. Ma gerbils ambiri amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali lokhala ndi ubweya wabwino komanso miyendo yakumbuyo yayitali, yopapatiza.
Mtundu waubweya umasiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo umatha kukhala wofiira, wotuwa, wachikaso, dongo, azitona, bulauni yakuda, bulauni wonyezimira, sinamoni wachikasu kapena wapinki kumtunda. Thupi lakumunsi nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi imvi, kirimu, kapena zoyera. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi mawanga oyera pamutu, makamaka kumbuyo kwamakutu.
Gerbils ali ndi fomula ya mano 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3 = 16, kupatula mtundu wa Desmodilliscus, womwe umakhala ndi ma molars awiri okha mbali iliyonse. Zingwe za enamel pazitsulo ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi makoswe ena. Gerbils ali ndi ma thoracic 12 komanso ma vertebrae asanu ndi awiri. Akazi ali ndi magulu atatu kapena anayi a mammary gland. Mimba ili ndi chipinda chimodzi chokha. Gerbils ndi ofanana ndi mbewa ndi makoswe ndipo ndi am'banja la Muridae.
Kodi gerbil amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gerbil ku Russia
Gerbils ndi makoswe a Old World. Amapezeka ku Africa konse komanso ku Middle East, kudzera ku Central Asia, kuphatikiza India, China (kupatula zigawo zakumwera ndi kum'mawa), ndi kum'mawa kwa Mongolia. Amachokera kuzilumba zingapo kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ciscaucasia kupita ku Transbaikalia ndi Kazakhstan.
Mtundu wa ma gerbils umakhazikika m'magawo atatu akulu:
- m'masamba a Africa, komanso ku Namib ndi Kalahari, komwe kutentha kwanyengo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kutsika;
- m'zipululu zotentha komanso zipululu zaku Africa ndi Middle East, komanso ku Horn of Africa;
- m'zipululu, zipululu zazing'ono ndi madera a Asia, kumene kutentha kwa nthawi yozizira kumatsikanso kwambiri pansi pa zero.
Gulu la munthu aliyense nthawi zambiri limakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatuwa. Ma gerbils ambiri amakhala m'malo owuma, otseguka okhala ndi masamba ochepa, kuphatikiza zipululu, zigwa zamchenga, mapiri, madera, madambo, ndi mapiri. Mitundu ina imakhalanso m'nkhalango zowirira, minda yaulimi ndi zigwa zamapiri.
Madzi nthawi zambiri amatuluka pakhungu, mpweya, mkodzo, ndi ndowe. Ma gerbils ambiri amakhala mdera louma lokhala ndi nyengo yovuta ndipo amakhala ndi thupi lokwanira mosasinthasintha poyerekeza ndi voliyumu. Apanga zinthu zosinthidwa kuti muchepetse kutayika kwamadzi ndikuchepetsa zofunikira zamadzimadzi. Samachita thukuta choncho sangathe kupirira kutentha kopitilira 45 ° C kwa maola opitilira awiri.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe gerbil amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi gerbil amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbewa gerbil
Gerbils amadyetsa makamaka mbewu monga mbewu, zipatso, masamba, zimayambira, mizu, ndi tubers. Mitundu yozizira usiku ya ma gerbils owona amafunafuna mbewu zowuluka ndi mphepo m'chipululu. Indian gerbil ndiye mtundu wokhawo womwe umafunikira chakudya chatsopano chaka chonse, motero nthawi zambiri umakhala pafupi ndi minda yothirira. Komabe, mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imatenga zomwe ingathe kudya komanso imadya tizilombo, nkhono, zokwawa, komanso makoswe ena. Makamaka, nyama zomwe zili m'zipululu zowuma kwambiri kumwera kwa Africa zimakonda kugwira tizilombo, ndipo Wagner's gerbil (G. dasyurus) amapanga mapiri azigobvu zopanda nkhono zopanda kanthu.
Zomwe amakonda pa gerbil ndi izi:
- mtedza;
- mbewu;
- mizu;
- mababu;
- zipatso;
- zitsamba;
- tizilombo;
- mazira a mbalame;
- anapiye
- zokwawa;
- makoswe ena.
Chakudya nthawi zambiri chimadyedwa nthawi yomweyo ngati njira yodzitetezera. Mitundu yomwe imakhala m'malo ozizira ozizira imasunga nkhokwe zazikulu pomanga, imawonjezera pakuya kwa mita imodzi. Chakudya chambiri chimasungidwa m'mabowo awo - nthawi zina mpaka 60 kg. Gerbils ndi ogula oyambira komanso achiwiri, komanso chakudya cha ogula angapo okwera. Amachotsa mbewu zina ndipo mwina amathandizira pakufalitsa mbewu.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mongolian gerbil
Gerbils amakhala mobisa. Mitundu ina imatha kudumpha mpaka 3.5 mita. Mitundu ina imayenda ndimiyendo inayi yokha. Anthu omwe amakhala m'malo athanthwe nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera kukwera. Nthawi zambiri, ma gerbils ndi makoswe obisalira nthawi zina, koma mitundu ina imakhala yotuluka usiku, yopindika, kapena nthawi yayitali.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Gerbils amapanga maenje okhala ndi khomo limodzi ndi chipinda chodyeramo, kapena maukonde ovuta okhala ndi zolowera zingapo ndi zipinda zogona, kusungira chakudya ndi zimbudzi. Gerbils amasamba fumbi kuti asunge bwino malaya awo a silky.
Ma gerbil ena ndi nyama zokhazokha, zankhanza komanso gawo, iliyonse yomwe imakhala m khola lake. Mitundu ina ndiyokonda kucheza ndipo imapanga zigawo zikuluzikulu, pomwe anthu ambiri amakhala mumaneti olowera mamitala mamitala makumi awiri ndikutalika mamita awiri kapena atatu. Enanso amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo banja lililonse limateteza gawo lawo. Ma gerbil ena amalumikizana kwambiri ali muchisa. Amphaka amakonzekeretsana, amathamangitsana, ndikusewera ndikumenyana ali ndi masiku 18 mpaka 35.
Ma Gerbils amakhala mdera lomweli, ngakhale achinyamata amatha nthawi yosamukasamuka m'moyo wawo mpaka atakhala ndi nyumba zokhazikika, ndipo mitundu ina imasamuka nthawi yachilala. Iwo samabisala m'nyengo yozizira, koma m'malo ena amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amakhala m'mayenje awo, akudya chakudya chosungidwa kwa miyezi ingapo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ma gerbils awiri
Nthawi yokwatirana, mapulagi ophatikizana amapangidwa munjira yoberekera ya akazi, yomwe imalepheretsa kukwerana pambuyo pake. Ma gerbil ena amaswana chaka chonse, pomwe ena amaswana nyengo yake. Akazi amitundu yambiri amatha kupanga zinyalala zingapo pachaka. Ena amakumananso ndi vuto linalake lotchedwa postrus atabereka mwana ndipo amazengereza kuikidwa, kuti ndowe zatsopano ziyambe kumera akangoyamba kuyamwa. Nthawi ya bere, ngati mkazi sakuyamwitsa, amatha masabata atatu kapena anayi.
Kukula kwa zinyalala kuyambira 1 mpaka 13, ngakhale kuyatsa 4 mpaka 7 kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Ma gerbils achichepere amabadwa amaliseche komanso akhungu. Ubweya umayambiranso kukula pakati pa masiku 8 mpaka 13 atabadwa, ndipo umakutidwa ndi ubweya pambuyo masiku 13-16. Maso amatseguka pafupifupi milungu iwiri kapena itatu atabadwa. Achinyamata amatha kuyenda ndikudumpha mwachangu patatha milungu itatu. Atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, anawo amaletsa kuyamwa ndipo amadziyimira pawokha. Amafika pakukula masabata 10-16.
Zosangalatsa: Amayi amakonzekeretsa ana awo powanyambita miyendo yawo yakumbuyo ya ana obadwa kumene kuti awapangitse kupanga mkodzo ndi ndowe, zomwe zimawonongedwa.
Ma gerbils azimayi amakonda ana awo mpaka atakwanitsa masiku 30 akubadwa. Amadziwika kuti amayi a gerbil amasamutsira ana awo kuzisa zatsopano kangapo m'masiku oyamba atabadwa, komanso amasintha maenje pakati pa zinyalala. Akasiya ana mu chisa kuti apite kukagula, nthawi zina amatseka ana awo ndi udzu ndi mchenga ndipo amatseka pakhomo pawo. Zazimayi zimanyamula ana awo powafinya ndi pakamwa.
Achinyamata akangoyamba kuyenda kwambiri, amayi amawagwira ndi michira yawo ndikuwakoka, kenako nkubwerera nawo ku chisa. Amasiya kunyamula ana awo ali ndi masiku 17 mpaka 23. Amayi a Gerbil amakonda kunyamula zinyalala zawo mpaka zitatuluka zokha. Amuna amitundu ina amakonda kutulutsa ndowe mofanana ndi zazikazi.
Adani achilengedwe a gerbils
Chithunzi: Gerbil
Gerbils alibe nyama zolusa zambiri m'malo awo achilengedwe. Amasakidwa makamaka ndi njoka zosiyanasiyana, kadzidzi ndi nyama zazing'ono, zonse zomwe zimaposa kukula kwake. Poopseza wolowayo kuti asalowe m'mayenje awo, ma gerbil ena amakhala ndi zitseko ndi mchenga. Zina zimaphatikizanso kubwerera kwawo, komwe amatha kubisala akagwidwa panja. Kuphatikiza apo, ma gerbils alibe malaya amtundu wosalowerera omwe amakhala ngati kubisa ndipo amawathandiza kuti azilumikizana ndi mchenga kapena miyala.
Nyama zotchuka zosaka ma gerbils ndi awa:
- njoka;
- kadzidzi;
- nyama zodya nyama.
Ma Gerbils amatetezedwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya utitiri, monga:
- xenopsylla cumulus;
- xenopsylla vuto;
- xenopsylla difficilis.
Ma gerbil ena amawerengedwa kuti ndi tizirombo m'malo awo achilengedwe chifukwa amawononga mbewu, amawononga zipilala komanso njira zothirira poyimba ndikufalitsa mliri wa bubonic. Chifukwa chake, amawonongedwa ndi anthu okhala m'malo awo achilengedwe. Palinso nkhawa kuti ma gerbils apakhomo amatha kuthawa ndikupanga nyama zakutchire zomwe zitha kutulutsa makoswe.
Chosangalatsa: Pakuukira gerbil, imakhala ngati buluzi wokhoza kutaya mchira wake, koma mbewa imeneyi sikumera mchira watsopano ngati chokwawa.
Gerbils, makamaka zikopa zotumbidwa, ndi nyama zoyera kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzisamalira ndi kuswana mosavuta mu ukapolo. Pazifukwa izi, makoswewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma laboratories ambiri pakufufuza zamankhwala, zaumoyo komanso zamaganizidwe. Komanso ndi ziweto zotchuka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe gerbil imawonekera
Chifukwa cha moyo wapansi panthaka, ndizovuta kudziwa kukula kwenikweni kwa mbewa iyi. Mitundu ingapo yama gerbils ili pangozi chifukwa chakusokonekera kwa anthu m'malo awo. Nyama zambiri zimakhala m'malo opanda anthu ambiri, zina zimaonedwa ngati tizirombo chifukwa zimawononga mbewu zaulimi, ndipo zimawononganso zomangamanga. Chifukwa chake, alimi amalimbana nawo pomwetsa mpweya kapena kulima makina awo omangira.
Monga wochereza utitiri, gerbil amafalitsa matenda monga mliri ndipo amanyamula leishmaniasis yoopsa. Matenda okwera kwambiri a leishmaniasis amapezeka kugwa. Panali 5.8% ya ma gerbils omwe anapezeka ndi kachilombo ka L. major kokha ndi 23.1% a Leishmania turanica. Matenda achilengedwe osakanikirana adawonedwa ndi makoswe okhala ndi L. akulu ndi L. turanica (21.2%). Mbali inayi, nyama yokoma ya gerbil imawerengedwa kuti ndi yabwino m'malo ena. Mitundu yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ngati nyama zoyeserera muma laboratories, pomwe ina yasandulika zoweta zokondedwa zomwe popanda moyo zingawonekere zachisoni.
Zifukwa zakudziwika kwa ma gerbils monga ziweto ndi monga:
- nyama sizikhala zaukali;
- kawirikawiri amaluma popanda kupsa mtima kapena kupsinjika;
- ndi ang'ono komanso osavuta kusamalira;
- zolengedwa zokonda kucheza kwambiri zomwe zimakonda kucheza ndi anthu komanso ma gerbil ena.
Gerbils wasintha masamba ake kuti apange zinyalala zochepa kuti asunge madzi amthupi, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyera kwambiri komanso opanda fungo. Mamembala angapo amtundu wa Lesser gerbils amakhala kuthengo ku Russia, kuphatikiza masana gerbil (M. meridianus). Zonse pamodzi, pali mitundu 110 ya ma gerbils a m'badwo wa 14.
Kuteteza ma gerbils
Chithunzi: Gerbil wochokera ku Red Book
Pakadali pano, mitundu 35 yama gerbils imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi. Zimaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi (Meriones chengi), womwe uli wovuta kwambiri ndipo ukuwopsezedwa kuti udzatheratu. Ndiponso mitundu inayi yowopsa yomwe ili pachiwopsezo m'chilengedwe (M. arimalius, M. dahli, M. sacramenti, M. zarudnyi).
Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu iwiri yosatetezeka (dwarf gerbils hesperinus and andersoni allenbyi), imodzi yomwe ili pafupi ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha (dwarf gerbils hoogstraali), imodzi yomwe ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu (gerbils poecilops), ndi mitundu 26 yopanda chidziwitso. Kafukufuku wa sayansi amafunikira kuti adziwe ngati mitundu ya zamoyozo sizidziwika kwenikweni.
Zosangalatsa: kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa mitundu sikudziwikabe. Kusiyana komwe kumawoneka mkati mwa genera nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofiyira kwambiri ndipo kumawonekera mu utoto ndi utoto, utali wa mchira, kapena kupezeka kapena kupezeka kwa ngayaye ya mchira. Ngakhale kutengera mtundu wa mtundu winawake nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta popanda chromosomal, protein kapena kafukufuku wama molekyulu.
Ma Gerbils amitundu yosiyanasiyana tsopano amagulitsidwa m'malo ogulitsira ziweto kulikonse, zomwe ndi zotsatira za zaka zambiri zosankhana. Gerbil ya ku Mongolia ili ndi mitundu yopitilira 20 yaubweya, yomwe idakwezedwa kundende yayitali kuposa mitundu ina. Posachedwa, mtundu wina wa ma gerbils adayambitsidwa mu malonda azinyama: gerbil wa mchira wamafuta.
Ndi yaying'ono kuposa ma gerbils aku Mongolia ndipo ili ndi chovala chachitali, chofewa komanso mchira wawufupi, wakuda, womwe umafanana ndi hamster. Mawanga oyera pafupi ndi makutu apezeka osati mu gerbil ya Mongolia, komanso mu gerbil yotumbululuka. Kusintha kwa tsitsi lalitali komanso banga loyera kudawonekeranso mumtundu - waku Africa gerbil dzina loyambayomwe imakhala mu michira yoyera yoyera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 03.09.2019
Idasinthidwa: 23.08.2019 pa 22:39
