Nanda Kodi ndi mbalame zazikulu kwambiri zouluka ku South America, zomwe zili mu dongosolo la ma Rheiformes. Kunja, zimafanana modabwitsa ndi nthiwatiwa za ku Africa ndi ma emus a ku Australia, koma ndizofanana kwambiri ndi iwo. Ali ndi chikhalidwe choyambirira cholera anapiye. Omnivorous, osavuta kuweta komanso kuweta m'minda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nandu
Dzina lachilatini la mtundu "rhea" limachokera ku dzina la Titanides - mayi wa milungu ya Olimpiki kuchokera ku nthano zachi Greek. Nanda ndi onomatopoeia wolira motsatira mbalameyi. Pali mitundu yambiri yazakale zakale pamtunduwu ndi zamoyo ziwiri: yaying'ono, kapena Darwin's rhea (Rhea pennata) ndi rhea yayikulu, wamba kapena waku America (Rhea americana).
Rhea yaying'ono ndiyosowa komanso yophunziridwa pang'ono. Rhea yayikulu ili ndi ma subspecies asanu. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pawo ndikokula ndi utoto pamunsi pa khosi, koma zizindikirazo ndizovuta kudziwa munthu winawake, muyenera kudziwa komwe adachokera.
Kanema: Nandu
Mwanjira:
- mtundu wa subspecies umakhala m'mapiri ndi m'zipululu kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Brazil;
- R. a. intermedia - subspecies yapakatikati yomwe imapezeka ku Uruguay komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil;
- R. a. nobilis ndi subspecies yabwino yomwe imakhala kum'mawa kwa Paraguay;
- R. araneipes - amakhala m'mapiri a park ku Paraguay, Bolivia ndipo pang'ono ndi Brazil;
- R. albescens ndi subspecies yoyera yomwe imakonda pampas kudera la Rio Negro ku Argentina.
Zotsalira zakale za oimira amtunduwu zidapezeka m'matumba a Eocene (zaka 56.0 - 33.9 miliyoni zapitazo), koma mwina mbalamezi zidalipo kale, ku Paleocene ndipo zidawona makolo a nyama zamakono. Ponena za ubale ndi nthiwatiwa ndi emus, njira zosinthika zamaguluwa zidasokonekera kalekale, koyambirira koyambirira kwa Paleogene (pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo). Palinso lingaliro loti kufanana kwa rhea ndi mbalame zina zopanda ndege sikuyenera kutengera ubale, koma moyo womwewo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Charles Darwin adapita ku Patagonia paulendo wake wotchuka wa Beagle. Adayesa kupeza rhea yaying'ono, yomwe adamva kuchokera kwa nzika zakomweko. Potsirizira pake, adazipeza bwino panthawi ya nkhomaliro. Darwin adawona kuti mafupa a rhea omwe adatumizidwa anali osiyana ndi mafupa a rhea wamkulu omwe amawadziwa, ndipo adawagwiritsa ntchito mafupa ena onse ndikukhulupirira kuti adapezadi mtundu watsopano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Rhea amawoneka bwanji
Nandu ndi mbalame yopanda ndege yomwe imasinthidwa kwakanthawi komanso mwachangu. Chithunzicho chikufanana ndi nthiwatiwa yotchuka, koma kawiri kakang'ono. Ngakhale mumitundu yayikulu kwambiri, American rhea, kutalika kwa thupi kuchokera pakamwa mpaka mchira ndi 130 cm (wamkazi) - 150 cm (wamwamuna), kutalika mpaka 1.5 m, kulemera mpaka 30 kg (wamkazi) kapena mpaka 40 kg (wamwamuna). Khosi lalitali limakutidwa ndi nthenga zopyapyala komanso zingwe zing'onozing'ono (mu nthiwatiwa ndi yamaliseche), miyendo yamphamvu yokhala ndi chinsalu chopanda kanthu imatha ndi zala zitatu (osati ziwiri, monga nthiwatiwa).
Pamene ikuyenda, rhea imafalitsa mapiko ake obiriwira kuti ikhale yolimba. Pamapiko aliwonse, chala chimodzi chachilendo chimakhala ndi chikhakha chakuthwa - chida chololedwa ndi ma dinosaurs. Kuthamanga kwa mbalame yamantha kumakhala koyenera - mpaka 60 km / h, ndipo masitepe othamanga amachokera ku 1.5 mpaka 2 m kutalika. Nandu amasambira bwino ndipo amatha kukakamiza mitsinje.
Thupi ndi mchira wa rhea yayikulu waphimbidwa ndi nthenga zazifupi, zosasunthika ndipo zaphimbidwa ndi mapiko. Nthenga zazitali komanso zamapiko ataliatali zimagwera pansi kuchokera ku thupi la kurguz ndikusunthira momasuka poyenda, mitundu yawo imasiyanasiyana imvi mpaka bulauni. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala akuda kuposa akazi. Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, amadziwika bwino ndi mdima, pafupifupi wakuda m'khosi - "kolala ndi malaya kutsogolo". Komabe, izi sizofanana ndi tinthu tina tating'ono tonse. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala maalubino ndi anthu omwe ali ndi leukism, omwe amakhala ndi nthenga zoyera komanso maso amtambo.
Matenda a Darwin ndi achidule komanso ocheperako kuposa aku America: kulemera kwake ndi 15 - 25 kg. Zimasiyana pamadontho oyera kumbuyo, omwe amawonekera kwambiri mwa amuna. Pothawa, satambasula mapiko ake, chifukwa amakhala pakati pa tchire.
Kodi rhea amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nandu ku South America
Nandu amakhala ku South America kokha. Matenda a ku America sapezeka okwera kuposa 1500 m pamwamba pamadzi m'nyanja zotentha ndi mayiko okhala ndi nyengo yotentha: Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina mpaka 40 ° kumwera chakumwera. Monga nthiwatiwa, amakonda malo opanda mitengo ndi nkhalango: minda yolimidwa, malo odyetserako ziweto, ma savanna, pampas (madera akumidzi), zipululu za Patagonia, komwe kumamera udzu. M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, nthawi yoswana, imakonda kukhala pafupi ndi madzi.
Darwin Nandu amakhala ku zitsamba zazitsamba komanso zazitali komanso kumapiri ataliatali okwera mamita 3500 - 4500. Anthu ambiri ali ku Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego ndi Andes akumwera. Chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu kumapiri a Andes m'malire a Bolivia ndi Chile atha kuwerengedwa ngati subspecies kapena mtundu wina - tarapaca rhea (Rhea tarapacensis).
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ku Germany, kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiwerewere chachikulu kudapangidwa. Mu 2000, mbalame 6 zidapulumuka pafamu ya nkhuku pafupi ndi Lübeck, idasambira ndikuwoloka mtsinje ndikukakhazikika m'malo olima ku Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Mbalamezo zinakhazikika ndipo zinayamba kuberekana bwinobwino. Mu 2008, panali 100 a iwo, mu 2018 - anali kale 566, ndipo oposa theka anali a chaka chimodzi. Unduna wa zamalimidwe wakomweko walamula kuti mazira awo abowoleredwe kuti aziwongolera manambala, koma anthu akupitilizabe kukula ndikudya m'minda yogwiriridwa ndi tirigu ya alimi akumaloko. Mwina Germany posachedwapa ikhala ndi vuto lina ndi alendo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe rhea imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame iyi imadya.
Kodi rhea amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa Nandu
Rhea amadya chilichonse chomwe angatenge ndikumeza. Koma maziko a zakudya zawo (zoposa 99%) akadali chakudya chomera.
Akudya:
- Masamba a dicotyledonous (monga lamulo), omwe amakhala wamba komanso ochokera kumabanja amaranth, Asteraceae, bignoniae, kabichi, nyemba, labiates, mchisu ndi nightshade, amatha kudya minga zomwe nkhosa zimapewa;
- zipatso zowuma ndi zowutsa mudyo, mbewu malinga ndi nyengo;
- tubers;
- Mbewu m'minda kapena masamba a bulugamu m'minda amadyedwa mwa apo ndi apo, zomwe zimawapulumutsa ku mkwiyo wa alimi;
- nyama zopanda mafupa, zomwe zimapanga 0.1% ya zakudya, ndipo nyama zazing'ono zimakonda chakudya chotere kuposa achikulire;
- zinyama, zomwe zimakhala zosakwana 0.1% mwa zakudya.
Pofuna kupukusa ndi kupukusa bwino chakudya cha mbewuyo, mbalameyo imafuna miyala, makamaka miyala, koma nthawi yomweyo, rhea, monga nthiwatiwa yaku Africa, imameza zinthu zonyezimira zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi zinthu zina.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nandu mbalame
Rhea nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito masana ndipo makamaka masiku otentha kwambiri amasamutsa zochitika zawo mpaka nthawi yamadzulo. Nthawi zambiri, amuna ndi akazi osiyana zaka amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame 5 - 30 (50), osungika "patokha" pafupifupi mita 1. Akamayandikira, mbalame zimasonyeza kusakondwa kwawo, kulira ndi kugwedeza mapiko awo. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse amayenda pang'onopang'ono kufunafuna chakudya, kutsitsa mlomo wawo pansi pa 50 cm ndikuyang'anitsitsa pansi.
Nthawi ndi nthawi amakweza mitu kuti aone zozungulira. Kukula kwa gulu lomwe amayendamo, nthawi zambiri aliyense amayang'ana pozungulira, kuthera nthawi yochulukirapo kudyetsa. Atapeza chakudya, rhea amachigwira ndikuchiponya, ndikumeza pa ntchentche.
Ngati pangozi, rhea imatha kuthawa, kutembenukira kosiyanasiyana, komanso kubisala, mwadzidzidzi kukhala pansi ndikufalikira. Rhea amatha kulowa mgulu lazomera zazikuluzikulu - guanacos ndi vicunas. Nthawi zambiri "amadyetsa ziweto" limodzi ndi ziweto, zomwe zimalola kutsatira bwino adani.
Dzinalo lodziwika kuti "nandu" limawerengedwa kuti ndi onomatopoeia chifukwa cha kulira kwapadera kwa mbalame, komwe kumadziwika ndi amuna nthawi yakuswana. Zimakumbukiranso chimodzimodzi kubangula kwakanthawi kodya nyama, ng'ombe ndi mphepo mu chitoliro. Kuchokera ku mbalame zoweta, mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimatha kumveka chimodzimodzi. Pakakhala zoopsa, rhea imatulutsa mkokomo, kapena kufuula kuopseza abale awo. Bambo amalankhula ndi anapiye poimba likhweru.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Rhea chick
Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba mu Ogasiti - Januware. Amuna amachoka pagulu kukafunafuna malo oti apange chisa. Atasankha ngodya yobisika, yamphongo imagona pansi ndikukoka nthambi zonse, udzu ndi masamba omwe amatha kufikira mozungulira. Wotsutsa akawonekera, amachita zinthu mwankhanza, akumayang'ana zoopseza mpaka atachoka. Kenako amavina gule wokondana ndikufuula komanso kutambasula mapiko posowa njira zina zokopa anzawo.
Dongosolo la kuswana ndi kulera ana a rhea atha kutchedwa wamba: mazira a amayi osiyana osati nthawi zonse abambo omwe amawasunthira amakhala pachisa chimodzi. Likukhalira chonchi. Akazi amasonkhana m'magulu - azimayi ndi kusamukira kudera lonselo, kukaona zisa zawo motsatana, kutengera ntchito ya amuna awo. M'chisa chilichonse, amasiya mazira, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera kwa wina.
Mzimayi mmodzi amaikira mazira 3 mpaka 12. Kukula kwapakatikati pachisa ndi mazira 26 kuchokera azimayi 7 osiyana. Mlandu udadziwika pomwe azimayi khumi ndi awiri adapita pachisa ndikusiya mazira 80 mmenemo. Yaimuna imayang'anira kudzazidwa kwa chisa, pakapita masiku ochepa chimasiya kulola akazi kuyandikira ndikuyamba kufungatira.
Mazira a Great Rhea ndi oterera, omwe amalemera pafupifupi 600 g ndikuyeza 130 x 90 mm. Makulitsidwe 29 - masiku 43. Ana obadwa kumene, ovala zovala zamizeremizere, amadyetsa ndi kuthamanga okha, monga ziyenera mbalame zazing'ono, koma kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amakhalabe moyang'aniridwa ndi abambo awo. Amakhwima pakadutsa miyezi 14, malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa - kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Rhea wamwamuna sayenera kuonedwa kuti ndivuto lomenyera ufulu wachikazi: nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi wachinyamata wodzipereka yemwe amalowa m'malo mwa chisa. Ndipo bambo womasulidwa amakonza nyumba yatsopano ndikusonkhanitsanso mazira mmenemo. Nthawi zina amuna amapanga zisa moyandikana - zosakwana mita kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake - amaba mwamtendere mazira oyandikana nawo, kenako osamalira anapiye pamodzi. Mwana wankhuku wodyetsa amatha kulandira anapiye amasiye omwe asokera kwa kholo lina.
Adani achilengedwe a rhea
Chithunzi: Rhea amawoneka bwanji
Mbalame zofulumira komanso zamphamvuzi zili ndi adani ochepa:
- mbalame zazikulu zimangowopa zazikazi zazikulu zokha: puma (cougar) ndi nyamazi;
- anapiye ndi mbalame zazing'ono zimagwidwa ndi agalu osochera ndi chilombo cham nthenga - caracar;
- mazira amadyedwa ndi armadillos amitundu yonse.
M'mbuyomu, rhea nthawi zambiri ankasakidwa. Nyama zawo ndi mazira ndizodya komanso zokoma, nthenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kukongoletsa, mafuta - mu zodzoladzola. Kwa mitundu yonse yamisiri, zipolopolo zachikopa ndi dzira zimatha kugwira ntchito. Kusaka sikofunikira kwenikweni pakadali pano, koma alimi amatha kuwombera mbalame ngati tizirombo ta m'minda komanso opikisana nawo ziweto zawo. Nthawi zina amagwidwa amoyo kuti achotse nthenga. Mbalame zimatha kupunduka ndi mipanda yamiyala yamiyala yomwe imayenda pafupifupi madera onse amtunda, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imazemba pakati pa mawaya.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zomwe zimasungidwa mu ukapolo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kutengeka kwakukulu ndipo siziwopa aliyense. Musanawatulutse m'chilengedwe, m'pofunika kuchita maphunziro apadera kuti adziwe omwe amadya kwambiri kuti achinyamata asakhale nyama yawo yosavuta. Komanso, mukamalembera maphunziro, m'pofunika kuganizira momwe mbalame zimakhalira: ndi olimba mtima kapena osamala. Omalizawa amakhala ophunzira opambana kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi moyo wabwino akabwezeretsedwanso.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa Nandu
Malinga ndi IUCN Red Lists, matenda am'mimba kwawo ali ndi mtundu wa "pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo", ndiye kuti, ngakhale palibe chowopseza, koma ku Argentina mu 1981 lingaliro lidapangidwa kuti atetezedwe. Poganizira masheya onse, imakhala m'dera lalikulu la 6,540,000 km2. Dera lino likuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chakukula kwa alimi, makamaka ku Argentina ndi Uruguay, koma ntchitoyi sikuwoneka ngati yowopseza.
Nthawi zina mbalame zimawonongeka chifukwa zimadya masamba (kabichi, Swiss chard, soya ndi bok-choy). Ichi si chakudya chawo chachikulu ndipo chimangogwiritsidwa ntchito posowa zabwino, koma alimi omwe akhudzidwa sakhala ophweka chifukwa cha izi ndipo amawombera mbalame "zovulaza". Kutolera mazira, kuwotcha ziputu ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumachepetsedwa. Koma kuchuluka kosalamulirika kwa anthu aku Germany kumatha kukhala pachiwopsezo ku nyama zakomweko ndikuchititsa mantha pakati pa akatswiri azachilengedwe.
Rhea yaying'ono, malinga ndi IUCN, kumwera kwa kontrakitala safuna kuyang'aniridwa ndi oteteza zachilengedwe. Anthu ake okhaokha (omwe amatchedwa "Tarapak rhea") ali ndi "pafupi osatetezeka", omwe poyamba anali opanda pake ndipo amakhala achikulire 1000 - 2500. Chiwerengero cha anthuwa chimapezeka m'malo opaka mapaki atatu, omwe ndi njira yabwino yodzitetezera pakusonkhanitsa mazira ndi kusaka. Komabe, ku Chile, a Lesser Rhea amadziwika kuti ndi "mitundu yovuta" ndipo amatetezedwa kulikonse.
Khalani nawo matenda ziyembekezo zabwino. Osangoteteza, komanso kutukuka. Mbalamezi zimakhala zoweta mosavuta, ndipo pali minda yambiri yamatenda padziko lapansi. Mwina zidzawoneka kapena zilipo kale mdziko lathu limodzi ndi nthiwatiwa. Kupatula apo, kusunga rhea kulibe kovuta kuposa kusunga nthiwatiwa kapena emus. Kuswana kwanyama muchikhalidwe sikungoteteza anthu amtchire okha, koma amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwabwezeretsa ndi kuwabwezeretsa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 27.08.2019
Idasinthidwa: 11.11.2019 pa 12:10
