Silver carp Kodi ndi mtundu wa nsomba zamadzi oyera za banja la carp, mtundu wina wamtundu waku Asia womwe umakhala kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia. Amatanthauzidwa ndi maso otsika komanso pakamwa potembenuka wopanda tinyanga. Izi ndi nsomba zomwe zimakonda kutumphukira m'mitsinje ikuluikulu yokhala ndi madzi amatope. Samasuntha mitunda yachilendo modabwitsa, koma osamukira kumayiko ena amadziwika kuti amayenda maulendo ataliatali atataya mtima.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Silver carp
Mitundu yambiri yamabanja yayikulu kwambiri yamchere yamchere imayimilidwa m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi - makamaka chakudya ndi nsomba zam'madzi - kenako yapewa kukhala olanda zoipa, kufalikira m'malo awo achilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amapikisana ndi mitundu yachilengedwe ya chakudya ndi chilengedwe. malo okhala.
Kanema: Silver carp
Ma carps a siliva adakwezedwa m'malo asanu ndi limodzi aboma, feduro komanso mabungwe azachipembedzo ku Arkansas mzaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo adayikidwa m'mapazi amadzi amdima. Kenako adathawa kuti akakhazikike ku Mississippi Basin ndipo kuyambira tsopano afalikira kutsidya la Mtsinje wa Mississippi.
Pazinthu zonse zachilengedwe, kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa carp siliva. Mwachitsanzo, mumtsinje wa Irani Terek, ma carp a siliva okhwima ali ndi zaka 4, ndipo akazi azaka 5. Pafupifupi 15% ya akazi amakula zaka 4, koma 87% ya akazi ndi 85% ya amuna amakhala azaka 5-7.
Chosangalatsa: Carp yasiliva imadziwika kuti imadumphira m'madzi ikachita mantha (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera phokoso la bwato lamoto).
Pafupifupi kutalika kwa carp yasiliva ndi pafupifupi masentimita 60-100. Koma nsomba zazikulu zimatha kufikira kutalika kwa masentimita 140, ndipo nsomba zazikulu zimatha kulemera pafupifupi 50 kg.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe carp ya siliva imawonekera
Silver carp ndi nsomba yokhala ndi thupi lozama, yothinikizidwa kuchokera mbali. Amakhala otuwa ali achichepere, ndipo akamakula, amayambira kubiriwira kumbuyo ndikufika pamimba. Ali ndi sikelo yaying'ono kwambiri pamatupi awo, koma mutu ndi minyewa zilibe mamba.
Ma carps a siliva ali ndi kamwa yayikulu yopanda mano pa nsagwada zawo, koma ali ndi mano apakhosi. Mano a pharyngeal amakonzedwa mzera umodzi (4-4) ndipo amakula bwino ndikukakamizidwa ndi chopera chamizere. Maso awo amayang'ana kutsogolo pakati pa thupi ndipo amatembenukira pansi pang'ono.
Silver carp sichingasokonezeke ndi carp weniweni chifukwa cha kukula komanso mawonekedwe achilendo amaso. Amafanana kwambiri ndi carp H. nobilis, koma ali ndi mutu wawung'ono ndi pakamwa potembenuka wopanda mano, keel yomwe imadutsa kupitirira kumapeto kwa chiuno, yopanda mawanga akuda a carp okhala ndi mitu yayikulu, ndi ma rakes a nthambi za nthambi.
Nsomba zazing'ono sizikhala ndi msana m'zipsepse zawo. Juveniles ndi ofanana ndi mutu wa carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), koma mathero awo amatambalala kumapeto kwa m'chiuno (mosiyana ndi kumapeto kwa m'chiuno chachikulu).
Zolemba zina zimafotokoza zakupezeka kwa minga pamapiko akumbuyo ndi kumatako a carp yasiliva. Komabe, mitundu ya New Zealand yowonetsedwa ilibe minga.
Silver carp ili ndi zipsepse zingapo:
- dorsal fin (mazira 9) - yaying'ono, ngati mbendera;
- kumatako kumapeto kotalikirapo komanso kosazama (kuwala kwa 15-17);
- caudal fin pang'ono pang'ono komanso yosalala;
- zipsepse m'chiuno (7 kapena 8 cheza) ang'ono ndi amakona atatu;
- zipsepse zam'mimba (ma 15-18 cheza) m'malo mwake ndi zazikulu, kubwerera ku zipsepse za m'chiuno.
Mwa wamphongo wa siliva, mkatikati mwa zipsepse zam'mimba, moyang'anizana ndi thupi, ndiwovuta kufikira, makamaka munthawi yoswana. Matumbo amatalika nthawi 6-10 kuposa thupi. Ma keel amakula kuchokera kumtunda mpaka kumtunda. Ma vertebrae onse ndi 36-40.
Maso ake ndi otsika pamutu ndi m'munsi mwake pansi pamunsi pakona pakamwa, ali ndi pakamwa osachiritsika, opanda tinyanga. Makapu a siliva a carp ali ndi netiweki yovuta komanso ma rakes ambiri amiyala yambiri. Mbanemba za branchial sizimalumikizidwa ndi isthmus.
Kodi carp wa siliva amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Silver carp ku Russia
Silver carp imapezeka mwachilengedwe m'madzi ozizira a China. Amakhala mumtsinje wa Yangtze, Western River, Pearl River, Kwangxi ndi Kwantung ku South ndi Central China komanso beseni la Amur ku Russia. Inayambika ku United States m'ma 1970.
Pakadali pano carp yasiliva imapezeka mu:
- Alabama;
- Arizona;
- Arkansas;
- Colorado;
- Hawaii;
- Illinois;
- Indiana;
- Kansas;
- Kentucky;
- Louisiana;
- Missouri;
- Nebraska;
- South Dakota;
- Tennessee, PA
Silver carp makamaka ndi mitundu yamitsinje ikuluikulu. Amatha kulekerera mchere wambiri komanso mpweya wosungunuka kwambiri (3 mg / L). Mwachilengedwe, carp yasiliva imakhwima ikafika zaka 4 mpaka 8, koma zimadziwika kuti ku North America kukhwima ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Amatha kukhala zaka 20. Mitunduyi idatumizidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa kuti iwongolere phytoplankton m'madzi am'madzi otentha, ndipo mwachiwonekere, ngati nsomba. Idayambitsidwa koyamba ku United States mu 1973, pomwe mlimi wamba wa nsomba adabweretsa carp yasiliva ku Arkansas.
Pakatikati mwa ma 1970, carp yasiliva idapangidwa m'maboma asanu ndi limodzi, aboma ndi aboma, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1970, idasungidwa m'madziwe amadzi amisewu angapo am'matauni. Pofika 1980, mitunduyi idapezeka m'madzi achilengedwe, mwina chifukwa chothawa kumadera osungira nyama komanso malo ena azachilengedwe.
Kuwonekera kwa carp siliva mumtsinje wa Ouachita ku Red River ku Louisiana mwina kunachitika chifukwa chothawa kuchokera kumtunda wamadzi ku Arkansas. Kuyambitsidwa kwa mitunduyi ku Florida mwina kunali chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa ziweto, pomwe siliva carp idatulutsidwa mwangozi ndipo carp stock idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera zomera zam'madzi.
Momwemonso, mitunduyi ikuwoneka kuti idalowetsedwa mwangozi mu Nyanja ya Arizona ngati gawo la diploid carp mwadala. Anthu omwe adatengedwa mumtsinje wa Ohio mwina adabwera kuchokera kubzala m'madziwe am'deralo kapena adalowa mumtsinje wa Ohio kuchokera kwa anthu omwe adayambitsidwa ku Arkansas.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe carp yasiliva imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsomba iyi idya.
Kodi carp yasiliva imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba ya Silver carp
Siliva carp amadyetsa onse a phytoplankton ndi zooplankton. Silver carp ndi omwe amapereka zosefera kwambiri zomwe zimasintha kwambiri kuchuluka kwa omwe amapanga komanso momwe amapangidwira mdera, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya cham'madzi komanso nsomba zamalonda.
Ma carps a siliva nthawi zambiri amasambira pansi pomwepo ndipo amatha kuyenda m'magulu akulu (onse m'modzi komanso limodzi). Ndiwodzikongoletsera m'madzi chifukwa amasefa zonyansa m'madzi obiriwira komanso onyansa pakamwa pawo. Kukula kwa carp ya siliva kumalepheretsa algae wobiriwira kubiriwira nthawi yotentha.
Nsomba zazing'ono zimadya zooplankton, pomwe nsomba zazikulu zimadya phytoplankton wokhala ndi michere yochepa, yomwe imasefa kwambiri kudzera mu zida za gill. Chifukwa amadya ndere zambiri, nthawi zina amatchedwa "ng'ombe zamtsinje". Pofuna kugaya chakudya chotsika kwambiri cha calorie, carp yasiliva imakhala ndi matumbo aatali kwambiri, otalikirapo maulendo 10-13 kuposa thupi lawo.
Chosangalatsa: Silver carp ndi nsomba yankhanza kwambiri yomwe imatha kudya mpaka theka la kulemera kwake mu phytoplankton ndi detritus. Amaposa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zakomweko chifukwa chamkhalidwe wawo wankhanza komanso kumwa kwambiri plankton.
Mitundu ya mamazelo, mphutsi ndi achikulire monga paddlefish ali pachiwopsezo chothana ndi mpikisano chifukwa chazakudya zawo zofananira ndi carp yasiliva.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Silver carp mu dziwe
Mitunduyi idadziwitsidwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi pazifukwa ziwiri: zowetera zanyama zam'madzi ndi zowongolera m'madziwe okhala ndi michere komanso malo opangira madzi akumwa. Kutha kwawo kuwongolera algal blooms ndikutsutsana. Carp ya siliva akuti imatha kuyendetsa bwino maluwa amchere a algal pakagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
Chifukwa carp yasiliva imatha kusefa algae> ma microns 20 kukula, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ndere zazing'ono kumawonjezeka chifukwa chakusowa kwa msipu wa nsomba ndikuwonjezera michere chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamkati.
Ofufuza ena akuti agwiritse ntchito carp yasiliva pokhapokha ngati cholinga chachikulu ndikuchepetsa maluwa osasangalatsa a mitundu yayikulu ya phytoplankton, monga cyanobacteria, yomwe singayang'aniridwe bwino ndi zooplankton yayikulu yoopsa. Masheya a siliva amaoneka ngati abwino kwambiri munyanja zam'malo otentha zomwe zimatulutsa zipatso zambiri ndikusowa zooplankton zazikulu.
Ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito carp yasiliva osati kungolamulira algae, komanso zooplankton ndi zinthu zoimitsidwa. Amati kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtembo wa siliva 300-450 mu Netof Reservoir ku Israel kudapangitsa kuti pakhale chilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Ma carps a siliva amakhala pachiwopsezo kwa anthu chifukwa cha kuwombana pakati pa mabwato a asodzi ndi kuvulala kwa anthu omwe adalumpha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Silver carp mwachangu
Carp ya siliva ndiyabwino kwambiri. Kubala kwachilengedwe kumachitika kumtunda kwakutali kwamitsinje yoyenda mwachangu masentimita 40 komanso kuthamanga kwaposachedwa kwa 1.3-2.5 m / s. Akuluakulu amaberekera m'mitsinje kapena m'mitsinje pamwamba pa mapiri osaya ndi miyala kapena mchenga, kumtunda kwa madzi, kapena pamwamba pa madzi osefukira, pamene madzi akukwera masentimita 50-120 pamwamba pa nthawi zonse.
Kusasitsa komaliza ndikubala mazira kumayambitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwamadzi ndi kutentha. Kubzala kumayima zinthu zikasintha (ma carp siliva amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutsika kwamadzi) ndipo amapitiliranso madzi akakwera. Achinyamata ndi achikulire amapanga magulu akulu nthawi yobereka.
Anthu okhwima amasunthira kumtunda mtunda wautali poyambira kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kukwera kwamadzi, ndipo amatha kulumpha zopinga mpaka mita 1. Atabereka, akuluakulu amasamukira kumalo odyetserako ziweto. M'dzinja, akuluakulu amasamukira kumalo ozama mumtsinjewo, komwe amasiyidwa opanda chakudya. Mphutsi zimatsetsereka kutsika ndikukhala m'madzi osefukira, magombe osaya ndi madambo opanda madzi pang'ono kapena opanda.
Kutentha kotsika kwamadzi potulutsa ndi 18 ° C. Mazirawo ndi pelagic (1.3-1.91 mm m'mimba mwake), ndipo pambuyo pa umuna, kukula kwake kumakula mofulumira. Kukula kwa dzira komanso nthawi yolipira zimadalira kutentha (maola 60 pa 18 ° C, maola 35 pa 22-23 ° C, maola 24 pa 28-29 ° C, maola 20 pa 29-30 ° C).
M'nyengo yozizira, carp yasiliva imakhala mu "maenje achisanu". Amabereka madzi akafika kutentha pakati pa 18 ° ndi 20 ° C. Akazi amaikira mazira 1 mpaka 3 miliyoni, omwe amatupa akamakula, amasunthira pansi kutsika mpaka makilomita 100. M'madzi osasunthika, mazira amamira ndikufa. Silver carp imayamba kukhazikika pazaka zitatu mpaka zinayi. Kumene zimapangidwa, siliva carp ndi nsomba zamtengo wapatali.
Adani achilengedwe a carp yasiliva
Chithunzi: Momwe carp ya siliva imawonekera
M'malo awo achilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa carp siliva kumayang'aniridwa ndi nyama zachilengedwe. M'chigawo cha Nyanja Yaikulu, mulibe nsomba zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala zazikulu mokwanira kusaka nyama yayikulu ya siliva. Mbalame zoyera ndi ziwombankhanga zimadyetsa ana ang'onoang'ono a siliva mu Basissippi Basin.
Pelicans omwe amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Yaikulu ndi ziwombankhanga m'mbali mwa mtsinjewo akhoza kuyembekezeranso kuchita zomwezo. Nsomba zamtundu wina monga nsomba zimatha kudyetsa nyama yaying'ono ya siliva. Chifukwa chakukula kwake, anthu ambiri atha kuyembekezeredwa kuti amakula kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri kuti nsomba zodya nyama zikakamize kwambiri kuti zikhale ndi gulu la siliva.
Anthu a carp siliva atachuluka kwambiri kuposa kufa, kuthetsedwa kumawerengedwa kuti ndi kovuta, mwinanso kosatheka. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatha kuchepetsedwa m'malo ena pokana mwayi wopezeka m'malo opangira ndalama kudzera pakupanga zoletsa kusamukira, koma izi ndizokwera mtengo zomwe zitha kubweretsa zovuta ku mitundu yachilengedwe. Kulamulira bwino ma carp a siliva ndikuwateteza kuti asalowe Nyanja Yaikulu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba ya Silver carp
Ponseponse mumtsinje wa Mississippi, kuchuluka kwa carp siliva kumafalikira ndikutsikira kutsika kuchokera kumadoko ndi madamu 23 (atatu pa Mtsinje wa Arkansas, asanu ndi awiri pa Mtsinje wa Illinois, asanu ndi atatu pa Mtsinje wa Mississippi, ndi asanu pa Mtsinje wa Ohio). Pakadali pano pali zopinga ziwiri zomwe zingapangitse carp yasiliva yomwe imafika ku Great Lakes Basin, woyamba kukhala chotchinga pamagetsi amu Chicago omwe amalekanitsa Mtsinje wa Illinois ndi Nyanja ya Michigan. "Cholepheretsa" ichi nthawi zambiri chimaphwanyidwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono komanso zazikulu zomwe zimayenda pambuyo pa mabwato akulu.
Mu 2016, berm ladothi la 2.3 km kutalika ndi 2.3 mita kutalika lidamalizidwa ku Eagle Swamp ku Fort Wayne, Indiana, pakati pa Wabash ndi Momey Rivers (yotsiriza yolowera ku Lake Erie). Madambwewa nthawi zambiri amakhala osefukira komanso kulumikizana pakati pa mitsinje iwiriyo, ndipo m'mbuyomu adagawika ndi mpanda wolumikizira womwe nsomba zazing'ono (komanso ma carp ang'onoang'ono a siliva) zimatha kusambira mosavuta. Nkhani yolowera ndi kuswana carp ya siliva mu Nyanja Yaikulu ili yovuta kwambiri kwa oimira asodzi ogulitsa ndi masewera, akatswiri azachilengedwe ndi anthu ena ambiri achidwi.
Siliva carp pano amadziwika kuti ali pachiwopsezo cha chilengedwe chake (popeza malo ake achilengedwe komanso machitidwe ake amakhudzidwa ndi nyumba zam'madzi, kuwedza nsomba mopitirira muyeso komanso kuipitsa madzi). Koma imapezeka mosavuta m'maiko ena. Kutsika kwa anthu kukuwoneka kuti kunali kofunikira kwambiri m'magawo achi China amtundu wake.
Silver carp Kodi ndi mtundu wina wamtundu waku Asia womwe umakhala ku Eastern Siberia ndi China. Amatchedwanso carp yowuluka chifukwa cha chizolowezi chawo chodumphira m'madzi akawopa. Masiku ano, nsomba iyi imasamalidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo carp yasiliva yambiri imapangidwa ndi kulemera kuposa nsomba ina iliyonse kupatula carp.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/29/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 22.08.2019 pa 21:05
