Krill Kodi ndizamoyo zazing'ono, zonga shrimp zomwe zimachuluka kwambiri ndipo zimapanga zochuluka zodyedwa ndi anamgumi, anyani, mbalame zam'nyanja, zisindikizo ndi nsomba. "Krill" ndi mawu achi generic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza pafupifupi mitundu 85 yama crustaceans osambira mwaulere m'nyanja yotseguka, yotchedwa euphausiids. Antarctic krill ndi amodzi mwamitundu isanu ya krill yomwe imapezeka ku Southern Ocean, kumwera kwa Antarctic Convergence.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Creel
Mawu oti krill amachokera ku tanthauzo lachi Norse la nsomba zazing'ono, koma tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu achifwambausiid, banja la nkhono zapanyanja zopezeka m'madzi am'nyanja. Mawu oti "krill" mwina adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pamitundu ya euphausiid yomwe imapezeka m'mimba mwa anamgumi omwe agwidwa ku North Atlantic.
Kanema: Krill
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mukamayenda panyanja ya Antarctic, mumatha kumva kuwala kodabwitsa m'nyanja. Ndi gulu la krill, lotulutsa kuwala komwe kumapangidwa ndi ziwalo za bioluminescent zomwe zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi la munthu wina: ziwalo ziwiri pamiyendo yamaso, ziwalo zina pamiyendo ya mwendo wachiwiri ndi wachisanu ndi chiwiri wamiyendo, ndi ziwalo imodzi pamimba. Ziwalozi nthawi ndi nthawi zimatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira kwa masekondi awiri kapena atatu.
Pali mitundu 85 ya ma krill kuyambira kukula kwake kuchokera kuzing'ono zazing'ono, zomwe ndizotalika mamilimita ochepa, kufikira mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yam'madzi, yomwe ndi yayitali masentimita 15.
Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimasiyanitsa euphausiids ndi ma crustaceans ena:
- Mitsempha imavumbulidwa pansi pa carapace, mosiyana ndi ma crustaceans ena, omwe ali ndi carapace;
- pali ziwalo zowala (photophores) pansi pamiyendo yosambira, komanso awiriawiri a photophores pagawo la maliseche la cephalothorax, pafupi ndi malo amlomo komanso pamayeso amaso omwe amatulutsa kuwala kwa buluu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi krill amawoneka bwanji
Chidule cha thupi la krill ndi chofanana ndi cha ma crustaceans ambiri. Mutu ndi thunthu losakanikirana - cephalothorax - mumakhala ziwalo zambiri zamkati - chimbudzi cham'mimba, m'mimba, mtima, minyewa yogonana ndipo, kunja, zida zowoneka - maso akulu awiri ndi tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono.
Miyendo ya cephalothorax imasandulika kukhala zowonjezera zowonjezera; zolankhulira zisanu ndi zinayi zimasinthidwa pokonza ndikudula chakudya, ndipo awiriawiri mpaka asanu ndi atatu a miyendo yosonkhanitsa chakudya amatenga tinthu tating'onoting'ono m'madzi ndikuzitumiza pakamwa.
Mimba yam'mimba imakhala ndi mapaundi asanu osambira (ma pleopods) omwe amayenda mothinana. Krill ndi yolemetsa kuposa madzi ndipo amayandama, amasambira, komanso amapumira pang'ono. Krill amakhala osasintha ndi maso akulu akuda, ngakhale zipolopolo zawo zili zofiira kwambiri. Machitidwe awo am'mimba nthawi zambiri amawoneka, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wowala kuchokera ku pigment yazomera zazing'ono zomwe adadya. Krill wamkulu amakhala pafupifupi 6 cm kutalika ndipo amalemera 1 gramu.
Krill amakhulupirira kuti amatha kutulutsa zipolopolo zawo mwachangu kuti athawe mwachangu. Pa nthawi yovuta, amathanso kuchepa kukula, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kukhala ocheperako akamatulutsa zipolopolo m'malo mokula.
Kodi krill amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Atlantic krill
Antarctic krill ndi imodzi mwazinyama zambiri padziko lapansi. Nyanja Yakumwera kokha ili ndi matani pafupifupi 500 miliyoni a krill. Mitundu ya biomass yamtunduwu ikhoza kukhala yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa nyama zonse zamagulu ambiri padziko lapansi.
Pomwe krill amakhala ngati wamkulu, amasonkhana m'masukulu akulu kapena magulu ambiri, nthawi zina amayenda mtunda wopita mbali zonse, ndi ma krill masauzande atanyamulidwa mu kiyubiki mita iliyonse yamadzi, ndikusandutsa madzi ofiira kapena lalanje.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthawi zina pachaka, krill amasonkhana m'masukulu wandiweyani komanso wofalikira kotero kuti amatha kuwonedwa ngakhale ali mlengalenga.
Pali kafukufuku watsopano yemwe akuwonetsa kuti krill amatenga gawo lofunikira momwe Nyanja Yakumwera imayendetsera kaboni. Antarctic krill imatenga magalimoto ofanana ndi 15.2 miliyoni chaka chilichonse, kapena pafupifupi 0,26% ya mpweya wapachaka wa CO2, malinga ndi lipoti lofalitsidwa ndi Antarctic-Southern Ocean Coalition. Krill ndiyofunikanso pakusunthira michere kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda, kuwapangitsa kupezeka pamitundu yonse yam'madzi.
Zonsezi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwakukhala ndi anthu ochulukirapo athanzi. Asayansi ena, oyang'anira asodzi apadziko lonse lapansi, zakudya zam'madzi ndi nsomba, komanso oteteza zachilengedwe akuyesetsa kuti agwirizane ndi makampani opanga ma krill opindulitsa poteteza zomwe zimawoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi nyengo.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe krill amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chakudyachi.
Kodi krill amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Arctic Krill
Krill makamaka ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi, chodya phytoplankton (zomerazo zimayimitsidwa pang'ono) ku Southern Ocean ndipo, pang'ono, nyama za planktonic (zooplankton). Krill amakondanso kudyetsa ndere zomwe zimasonkhana pansi pa madzi oundana.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kracr Antarctic imachulukirachulukira ndikuti madzi aku Nyanja Yakumwera mozungulira Antarctica ndi magwero olemera kwambiri a phytoplankton ndi ndere zomwe zimamera pansi pa ayezi wanyanja.
Komabe, ayezi wanyanja samachitika pafupipafupi ku Antarctica, zomwe zimapangitsa kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu. West Antarctic Peninsula, yomwe ndi amodzi mwamadera otentha kwambiri padziko lapansi, yakhala ndi vuto lalikulu la madzi oundana kunyanja kwazaka zambiri zapitazi.
M'nyengo yozizira, amagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zina, monga ndere zomwe zimamera kumunsi kwa madzi oundana, zotayika kunyanja, ndi nyama zina zam'madzi. Krill amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali (mpaka masiku 200) popanda chakudya ndipo amatha kuchepa kutalika akamva njala.
Chifukwa chake, krill amadya phytoplankton, tizinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayandikira pafupi ndi nyanja ndikukhala padzuwa ndi kaboni dayokisaidi. Krill yokha ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri kwa nyama zina mazana ambiri, kuyambira nsomba zazing'ono mpaka mbalame mpaka anamgumi a baleen.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Shrimp krill
Krill pewani nyama zolusa m'nyanja ya Antarctic, pafupifupi mita 97 pansi. Usiku, amatuluka pamwamba pamadzi kufunafuna phytoplankton.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nyama yam'mlengalenga yotchedwa Antarctic krill imatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 10, kukhala ndi moyo wodabwitsa kwa nyama yotere yomwe nyama zambiri zimadya.
Mitundu yambiri ya krill ndiyosangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri, magulu a krill amakhala m'madzi masana, ndipo amangokwera pamwamba usiku. Sizikudziwika chifukwa chomwe ziphuphu nthawi zina zimawoneka pamtunda masana.
Chinali chizolowezi chosonkhana m'magulu omwe chinawapangitsa kuti azisangalatsa asodzi ogulitsa. Kuchuluka kwa krill m'masukulu kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri ndi zotsalira za makilogalamu makumi angapo ndi kachulukidwe ka nyama zopitilira 1 miliyoni pa kiyubiki mita yamadzi am'nyanja.
Kuchulukako kumatha kupezeka madera akuluakulu, makamaka ku Antarctica, komwe magulu a krill a Antarctic adayesedwa omwe ali ndi ma kilomita 450 ndipo akuti ali ndi matani 2 miliyoni a krill. Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa krill yomwe ikukololedwanso imapanganso kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo khalidweli ndi lomwe limawakopa ngati gwero lokolola.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Antarctic krill
Kusambira mphutsi za krill zimadutsa magawo asanu ndi anayi amakulidwe. Amuna amakula pakadutsa miyezi 22, akazi pafupifupi miyezi 25. Pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi theka, mazira amaikidwa mozama pafupifupi mita 225.
Mphutsi za krill zikamakula, zimasunthira pang'onopang'ono, ndikudya zamoyo zazing'ono kwambiri. Kuyambira Januware mpaka Epulo, kuchuluka kwa krill ku Antarctic Ocean kumatha kufikira makilogalamu 16 pa kilomita imodzi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Crill yaikazi ku Antarctic imaikira mazira 10,000 nthawi imodzi, nthawi zina kangapo pachaka.
Mitundu ina yamtundu wa krill imasungira mazira awo m'thumba mpaka ataswa, koma mitundu yonse yomwe ikukololedwa pano kuti ipatse mazira awo m'madzi momwe imakulira mosadukiza. Krill amadutsa gawo la planktonic akadali achichepere, koma akamakula, amatha kuyendetsa bwino malo awo ndikukhala m'malo ena.
Makrill ambiri achikulire amatchedwa ma micronektons, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amayenda mosadukiza kuposa ma plankton, omwe amachoka kutali ndi nyama ndi zomera mwa kuyenda kwa madzi. Mawu akuti nekton amaphatikiza nyama zosiyanasiyana kuyambira krill mpaka anamgumi.
Adani achilengedwe a krill
Chithunzi: Kodi krill amawoneka bwanji
Antarctic krill ndiye cholumikizira chachikulu munthawi ya chakudya: ali pafupi pansi, amadyetsa makamaka phytoplankton komanso pang'ono pa zooplankton. Amayenda maulendo ataliatali tsiku lililonse, kupereka chakudya kwa nyama zolusa pafupi ndi usiku usiku komanso m'madzi akuya masana.
Gawo la krill amadya chaka chilichonse ndi nyama izi:
- nyulu;
- mbalame zam'nyanja;
- zisindikizo;
- anyani;
- sikwidi;
- nsomba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anangumi a buluu amatha kudya matani 4 a krill patsiku, ndipo anamgumi ena amatha kudya makilogalamu a krill patsiku, koma kukula mwachangu komanso kuberekana kumathandiza kuti mitunduyi isathe.
Krill amakolozedwanso pamalonda, makamaka kudyetsa ziweto ndi nyambo za nsomba, koma pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa krill mumakampani opanga mankhwala. Amadyanso m'malo ena a Asia ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha omega-3 ku United States. Mwachitsanzo, Papa Francis amamuwonjezera zakudya zake ndi mafuta a krill, antioxidant wamphamvu kwambiri omega-3 fatty acids ndi vitamini D3.
Kuphatikiza pakuwonjezera nsomba za krill, malo ake asowa pamene Nyanja Yakumwera ikutentha - mwachangu kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwira kale komanso mwachangu kuposa nyanja ina iliyonse. Krill amafunika ayezi wamadzi ndi madzi ozizira kuti apulumuke. Kutentha kotentha kumachepetsa kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa plankton zomwe zimadya krill, ndipo kutayika kwa madzi oundana am'nyanja kumawononga malo omwe amateteza krill komanso zamoyo zomwe amadya.
Chifukwa chake, madzi oundana kunyanja ku Antarctica akachepa, kuchuluka kwa krill kumacheperanso. Kafukufuku wina waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti ngati kutentha kwanyengo ndikutuluka kwa mpweya wa CO2 zikupitilira, Antarctic krill itha kutaya osachepera 20% - komanso m'malo ena osatetezeka - mpaka 55% - yamalo ake kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Creel
Antarctic krill ndi amodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri 85 ndipo amatha kukhala zaka khumi. Amasonkhana m'magulu m'madzi ozizira mozungulira Antarctica, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumayambira matani 125 miliyoni mpaka 6 biliyoni: kulemera konse kwa krill yonse ku Antarctic kumaposa kulemera konse kwa anthu onse Padziko Lapansi.
Tsoka ilo, kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti masheya a krill atsika ndi 80% kuyambira mzaka za m'ma 1970. Asayansi akuti izi mwina chifukwa cha kutayika kwa madzi oundana komwe kumadza chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Kutayika kwa ayezi kumachotsa gwero lalikulu la chakudya cha krill, algae. Asayansi akuchenjeza kuti ngati kusinthaku kukupitilira, kumakhudza chilengedwe. Pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti ma penguin a macaroni ndi zisindikizo zaubweya zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri kukolola krill wokwanira kuthandiza anthu awo.
"Zotsatira zathu zikuwonetsa kuti, pafupifupi, kuchuluka kwa ma krill kwatsika pazaka 40 zapitazi, ndikuti komwe krill idatsika m'malo ochepa kwambiri. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nyama zina zonse zomwe zimadya krill zitha kupikisana kwambiri chifukwa cha chakudya chofunikira ichi, "atero a Simeon Hill aku Britain Antarctic Agency.
Kusodza kwamakampani ogulitsa krill kudayamba mchaka cha 1970, ndipo chiyembekezo chakuwedza mwaulere ku Antarctic krill chidapangitsa kuti asayine pangano lausodzi mu 1981. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources idapangidwa kuti iziteteze chilengedwe ku Antarctic pazovuta zomwe asodzi akukula mwachangu, ndikuthandizira kubwezeretsa anamgumi akulu ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.
Nsombazi zimayang'aniridwa kudzera ku bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi (CCAMLR) lomwe lakhazikitsa malire a krill potengera zosowa za chilengedwe chonse. Asayansi ku Australia Antarctic Division akuphunzira za krill kuti amvetsetse bwino momwe zimakhalira pamoyo wawo ndikuwongolera bwino usodzi.
Krill - kanyama kakang'ono, koma kofunika kwambiri m'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndi amodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya plankton. M'madzi ozungulira Antarctica, krill ndichakudya chofunikira cha anyani a penguin, baleen ndi blue whale (omwe amatha kudya matani anayi a krill patsiku), nsomba, mbalame zam'nyanja ndi zolengedwa zina zam'nyanja.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/16/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 24.09.2019 pa 12:05
