Nkhono dziwe - Iyi ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri ya nkhono zomwe zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana amadzi (mitsinje ikuluikulu yokhala ndi mphamvu zamphamvu, ndi mayiwe ang'onoang'ono, nyanja ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi osayenda komanso ma duckweed ambiri). Kukula kwakukulu, nkhono zamadziwe zimawoneka kulikonse komwe kuli chinyezi chokwanira - zitha kukhala nthaka yolimiliramo mwadongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zaku dziwe ndizakonda kwambiri nyama zam'madzi, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azikhala oyera. Nkhonozi ndizabwino kwambiri polimbana ndi zolembera zomwe zimapangidwa pamagalasi, miyala ndi zinthu zina zam'madzi. Ndipo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kuwona chilombochi chikuchedwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Pondovik
Nkhono zazikuluzikulu zam'madzi (nkhono zodziwika bwino za m'madzi) ndizomwe zimapangidwa ndi nkhono zam'mapapo, zomwe zimapezeka ku Northern Hemisphere. Makhalidwe apadera a morphometric: chipolopolocho chimakhala pafupifupi 45-60 mm kutalika ndi 20-34 mm mulifupi, cholimba, chopindika mozungulira, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi 4-5 whorls. M'mphepete mwake, chimapangidwa ndi chimake chakuthwa, ndipo inayo, pali potsegula, kapena pakamwa (kudzera mwa iyo mwendo ndi mutu wa mollusk zimafinya panja, pomwe pamakhala zotsekemera ziwiri, maso ndi pakamwa).
Kanema: Pondovik
Nkhono wamba yamadzi ili ndi mapapo - ndi m'chigawochi momwe mpweya wamagazi umasinthana ndi chilengedwe. Palinso mtima wazipinda ziwiri - wokhala ndi atrium ndi ventricle. Chiwalo ichi chimatsimikizira kuyenda kwa magazi kudzera munjira yotseguka. Periopharyngeal nerve ganglia, lilime longa ngati lilime, ndi dongosolo lakugaya m'mimba, lomwe limakhala ndi magawo angapo (pharynx, m'mimba, chiwindi, matumbo) ndi aromorphoses osinthika amtunduwu, omwe amalola kuti zisawonongeke zachilengedwe, ngakhale opikisana nawo ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito nkhono ya dziwe ngati wolandila wapakatikati.
Tiyenera kudziwa kufunika kwa chipolopolocho pakusintha kwa nkhono za dziwe kumalo - chinyumbachi chimapereka chitetezo chodalirika cha nkhono ku zovuta zoyipa zakuthupi ndi zamagulu, komanso kuwonongeka kwamakina. Makamaka chifukwa nkhono za m'madzi zimapuma m'mapapu, zimakakamizidwa kuti zizikwera pafupi ndi madzi. Pafupifupi m'mphepete mwa chipolopolocho, pali dzenje lapadera lopangidwa mozungulira lomwe limalowera m'mapapo, zomwe zimapatsa magazi magazi ndi mpweya komanso kuchotsa mpweya woipa.
Thupi la nkhono dziwe ligawika magawo atatu:
- mitu;
- chifuwa;
- miyendo.
Mwendo wa munthuyu wokhala ndi malo osungira madzi oyera amakhala m'mimba mwa thupi lonse. Iye ndi wamisempha, kudzera mu cochlea yake imayenda pamwamba. Kutalika kwa nkhono zam'madzi kumakhala kochepa - m'nyengo yozizira amafa, mulimonsemo. Kutengera ndi subspecies, nkhono zamadziwe zimasiyana mtundu wa chipolopolo, thupi ndi miyendo. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe amtunduwo.
Ngakhale ma subspecies osiyanasiyana, nkhono zam'madzi zili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana (zimasiyana kukula, mtundu ndi zina zina). Koma palinso zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo - nkhono zakuthambo. Pakamwa pa nkhono ya dziwe ngati la khutu la munthu pamawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe. Chigoba chake ndi chachikaso chofiirira, chowonda kwambiri. M'lifupi (pafupifupi) - 2.8 masentimita, kutalika - 3.5 cm. Thupi ndilobiriwira wachikaso ndi utoto wambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya dziwe imawonekera
Nkhono za m'madziwe ndi imodzi mwa nyama zochepa zomwe sizimabweretsa mavuto kwa anthu. M'malo mwake, ndizothandiza kwambiri. Nkhono zamadziwe zimadyetsa namsongole zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulima mbewu zolimidwa, ndipo ngati zimakhala m'malo opangika (ndiye kuti, m'nyanja yamadzi), nyamazi zimatsuka bwino nyanjayi pakukula kosalekeza.
Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi zomwe sizinachitike, nkhono zam'madzi zimatha kuchiritsa. Pali ma subspecies osawerengeka a nkhono zam'madzi mwachilengedwe (alimi omwe amawabalira chifukwa cha malonda amatcha ma subspecies "mitundu", ngakhale izi sizowona kwathunthu). Ndizomveka kuyang'anitsitsa ambiri mwa iwo, chifukwa mitunduyo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera.
Nkhono yayikulu yamadziwe (wamba). Mollusk uyu ndiye membala wamkulu kwambiri pabanjapo. Chipolopolocho chimafika masentimita 6 m'litali ndi masentimita 3 m'lifupi. Chili ndi kabowo kakang'ono ndi ma coil 5-6. Makoma osambira ndi abulauni yakuda. Ndi ofooka komanso osasintha pang'ono. Mtunduwo ndi wobiriwira wobiriwira.
Nkhono ya dziwe laling'ono... Mbali yapadera ya nkhonoyi idzakhala chigamba chokwera komanso chopingasa, chomwe chimakhala ndi utoto wachikaso. Mapindikidwe a nkhono za dziwe nthawi zonse amapotoza kumanja, kuwerengera mpaka kasanu ndi kawiri. Chipolopolocho ndi cholimba, ngakhale chochepa thupi komanso chowonekera. Kutalika kwake kwakukulu ndi 1.2 cm, m'lifupi -0.5 masentimita, ngakhale nkhono zazing'ono zazing'ono zimafikira kukula koteroko kawirikawiri. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa.
Nkhono ya dambo... Maonekedwe a chipolopolo cha subspecies amafanana ndi chulu chakuthwa. Kutalika - 3.2 masentimita, m'lifupi - masentimita 1. Pakamwa pa chipolopolo chake ndichodziwika poti ndi yaying'ono, mtundu wake ndi bulauni yakuda, pafupifupi wakuda. Thupi palokha limakhala laubweya wonyezimira.
Nkhono ya dziwe la dzira... Chosiyanitsa ndi chipolopolo chosalimba kwambiri chopindika koyamba modabwitsa, chomwe chimapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu amkamwa. M'lifupi (pazipita) ndi 1.5 cm, ndipo kutalika ndi masentimita 2.7. Chipolopolocho chimakhala chowonekera bwino, chili ndi pinki wonyezimira. Dzina la nkhonoyi limafotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe amkamwa. Thupi la nkhono za dziwe ndi maolivi opepuka kapena otuwa.
Kodi nkhonozi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhono ya Pond
Mtundu wa nkhono zamadziwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi subspecies. Amapezeka pafupifupi m'madzi onse amadzi - mitsinje, nyanja, mayiwe. Apanso, ngati palibe madzi okwanira opanda nkhonozi, ndiye kuti m'minda ndi malo ena olimako omwe mulibe madzi oyandikira, simukuyenera kukumana ndi dziwe lalikulu.
Nkhono yaying'ono yamadziwe sikuti imangosankha zikhalidwe za anthu. Izi zimafalikira pafupifupi kudera lonse la Russian Federation. Mbalamezi zimapezeka mumitsinje, m'nyanja, m'mayiwe ngakhale m'matope. Chinyezi chokwanira ndichokwanira kuti dziwe laling'ono limve bwino.
Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, dziwe lachiwombalalo limakhala m'madzi onse ang'onoang'ono, lodzaza ndi matope ndi duckweed. Ngakhale nkhonozi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi oyera. Kungoti ndizovuta kwambiri kuti iwo apulumuke kumeneko - kubisa sikoyenera kutengera izi, chifukwa chake palibe kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Nkhono ya dziwe looneka ngati dzira imatha kukhala pansi kwambiri; nkhonozi zimapezeka m'madzi akulu - mitsinje ndi nyanja zopanda phokoso.
Potengera zokonda za malo, nkhono zamakutu zimasiyananso ndi nkhono zonse zamadziwe. Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti mtunduwu umapezeka nthawi zambiri osati m'matupi amadzi, koma pamtunda, pamiyala ndi mitengo (imakonda malo omwe ali pafupi ndi matupi amadzi kapena malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, amathiriridwa mwadongosolo). Mitundu ina yazinyalala zam'madzi zimakhala mozama mpaka 250 m kapena pamtunda wa 5 zikwi, koma sizipezeka ku Russia, anthu ake ndi ochepa.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhono za dziwe zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhono ya padziwe imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhono yayikulu yamadziwe
Chofunika kwambiri pa "menyu" wa nkhono za dziwe ndi ndere ndi chakudya china chomera - nkhono zomwe zimakhala pamtunda zimadya namsongole. Nkhono zamadziwe sizinyansitsa detritus ndi zovunda. Ndipo podziwa kuti ngakhale mitundu yambiri yam'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amayenera kupita kumtunda nthawi ndi nthawi, namsongole wosiyanasiyana, ndere zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zomera zowola zimadyedwa ndi iwo. Kukhala m'nyanja yamchere yamadzi, nkhono za m'nyanja ndi lilime lake lalitali zimafinya mwala womwe umapangidwa pamakoma. Kuphatikizanso apo, nkhonozi zimadya chakudya chomwe chimakhala pansi pa nsomba.
Ma aquarists amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kuyika tizidutswa tating'ono ta nkhono ndi choko chosadulidwa ngati chowonjezera chodyetsera nkhono zam'madzi. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti nkhono zam'madzi zomwe zimakonzedwa m'malo opangira azipatsidwa apulo, kabichi, buluu, zukini, komanso maungu, kaloti, zitsamba, letesi ndi masamba ena.
Chonde dziwani kuti ngati nkhono sikuwononga mchere ndikutsata zomwe zikufunikira, kuwonongeka kwa zipolopolo kuzayamba. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, nkhono zaku dziwe ziyenera kudyetsedwa posachedwa ndi zakudya zomwe zili ndi calcium yambiri.
Mbali ina yofunika kwambiri yokhudza kudyetsa nkhono za m'madzi. Kumbukirani kuti ngati pali nkhono zochuluka mu aquarium yanu, amatha kudya algae achinyamata. Chifukwa chake, padzakhala kuchepa kwa mpweya mu aquarium.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nkhono ya Pond
Kutalika kwa chilimwe, kutentha, nkhono zam'madzi nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi dziwe, ndipo nthawi zina zimasambira pamwamba pamadzi. Pofuna kugwira mollusk wotere, palibe chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ukonde - sizikhala zovuta kuzichotsa pamanja ndi zinthu zam'madzi.
Koma ngakhale dziwe ndilo malo okondedwa kwambiri a nkhono zam'madzi, zikauma (komanso kutentha, ngakhale m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, nyanja zing'onozing'ono, maenje ndi matope nthawi zambiri zimauma), sikuti mollusks onse amafa.
Asayansi apeza aromorphosis yawo yosangalatsa, yomwe imakuthandizani kuti muzolowere momwe zinthu zilili posinthiratu. Zili choncho kuti ngati zinthu sizili bwino, mollusks amatulutsa kanema wandiweyani wokutira chipolopolocho. Chifukwa chakuthekaku, mitundu ina ya nkhono zam'madzi zimatha kulekerera kukhala opanda madzi kwanthawi yayitali osavulaza thanzi.
Mwachitsanzo, nkhono yayikulu yamadzi imatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa milungu iwiri, ndipo kwa nkhono yayitali nthawi imeneyi imadutsa mwezi umodzi. Nkhono yaying'ono yamapiri imapirira kwambiri pankhaniyi. Itha kumamatira ku gawo lapansi ndi mamvekedwe opangidwa (mwa njira, nkhono zam'madzi zimachita chimodzimodzi. Kuti mudziwe kulimbana kwa mitundu iyi poyesedwa, mitundu 4 idakhalabe yothandiza atakhala mu desiccator kwa mwezi umodzi chifukwa cha calcium chloride.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina ya nkhono zam'madzi sizifa pomwe matupi amadzi amaundana. Poona kuthekera kwawo, amazizizira kwambiri m'madzi oundana ndikukhala ndi moyo akasupewo akasungunuka. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha Moscow, pali magawo asanu a nkhono zam'madzi okhala ndi kuthekera uku! Ngakhale nkhono yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi nthawi zonse imamwalira nthawi yozizira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Dziwe mu aquarium
Nkhono zonse zamadziwe ndizopangidwa mwapadera. Kukula kwawo kwakumagulu kumachitika pafupifupi milungu khumi. Mazira omwe amatayidwa amasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu ataliatali, okutidwa ndi mamina ambiri, omwe amalumikizana bwino ndi zomera zam'madzi. Kuchokera m'mazira (kutengera posungira), nkhono zopangidwa kale zimaswa pambuyo pa masiku 15-30.
Ngakhale kuti nkhono zam'madzi ndi ma hermaphrodites, umuna umachitika m'njira yopingasa. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kudzipangira okha mazira awo. Okonda chinyeziwa nthawi ina amayikira mazira ambiri, otsekedwa ndichowonekera chapadera cha ntchofu. Monga lamulo, clutch imodzi yotereyi imakhala ndi mazira 300.
Mazira omwewo mu nkhono za m'mayiwe ndi ang'ono komanso opanda mtundu, wina amatha kunena kuti - owonekera. Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi pambuyo pake, nkhono zazing'ono zimachokera kwa iwo, zomwe mikhalidwe yawo yakunja sizimasiyana mwanjira iliyonse ndi akulu. Nkhono za m'madzi zimaberekanso mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake, ngati amakhala mumtsinje, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti nthawi ndi nthawi muzichotsa ndowe zawo. Chosangalatsa - ngati zachilengedwe nkhono zam'madzi sizimapezeka nthawi yozizira, ndiye kuti akaidiwo amakhala amoyo mpaka zaka 2-3, ndipo munthawi imeneyi amabala mpaka 500.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono za m'mayiwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhono ya dziwe imawonekera
Adani achilengedwe a nkhono zonse zamadziwe (kupatula, mwina, nkhono yakhutu - imakhala pamtunda) ndi nsomba, zomwe zimaidya mwakhama. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zimachitika kuthengo komanso m'nyanja yamchere. M'mitsinje ndi nyanja, nkhono ya dziwe ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamndandanda wa nsomba za carp - amakonda kudya ma mollusc awa kwambiri. Roach, bream ya siliva, chub, asp ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zam'madzi abwino sizitsutsa "kudzipukusa" nayo.
Amadya nkhono zam'madzi ndi akamba, ndipo ngati nsombayo ifunika kuyang'anitsitsa mphindi yomwe nkhonoyi ikuwonetsa thupi lake kuchokera ku chipolopolo, akambawo amathyola "nyumba" ya nkhonoyi ndi unyinji wawo, kudya nyama yokoma. Poganizira zakuchedwa kwawo, nkhono zam'madzi sizikhala ndi mwayi wobisala mwachangu nyama zomwe zikufuna kudya thupi lawo.
Zomwezo zimachitika mu aquarium - apa nkhono zokhala ndi chidwi chachikulu zimasakidwa ndi tambala ndi macropods. Zinthu zikuwoneka chimodzimodzi - atadikirira nkhono za dziwe kuti zisonyeze kusazindikira ndikuwonekera mchipolopolo, nthawi yomweyo amazigwira ndikuzikoka.
Pamtunda, adani akulu a nkhono zam'madzi ndi mbalame. Kwa iwo, nkhono ndizosangalatsa komanso zosavuta kuzipeza. Chigoba chake chimathyoledwa mosavuta ndi mulomo wake wamphamvu (pomwe chimathandizanso ngati calcium), ndipo thupi limadyedwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nkhono ya Pond
Ponena za kugawa kwa zamoyo, nkhono zam'madzi (magawo awo osiyanasiyana) amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi - anthu awo amakhala m'malo a Europe, Asia, komanso ku Africa ndi America. Kutha kusintha kwakukulu kumapangitsa kukhala kotheka kusintha pafupifupi malo aliwonse okhala. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale matupi amadzi omwe adayipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zamakampani ndiosangalatsa kuzisamba zam'madzi - aphunzira kupulumuka ngakhale ataganizira zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha anthropogenic. Titha kunena motsimikiza kuti nkhono zam'madzi ndi amodzi mwa anthu omwe amapezeka m'madzi, omwe amakhala pafupifupi madamu onse ndi mitsinje yomwe ilipo. Nkhono zimakhalanso m'matope!
Kumbali inayi, ndi munthu yemwe amathandizira kufalitsa mtundu wa mollusk pamlingo waukulu - malo ochepa okhala ndi madzi opanda nkhono zamadziwe (zotsukira khoma mwachilengedwe). Kuphatikiza apo, pali minda yapadera yopangira nkhono zamadziwe, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwa nyama izi zikukula kwambiri. China chake, osatinso zakusowa kapena Buku Lofiira, sizowopsezedwa!
Popeza kuti nkhono zam'madzi ndizosafatsa nyama zidawalola kuti apange mitundu ingapo, koma nthawi yomweyo pali zinthu zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kubereka kwawo kwambiri. Choyambirira, ziyenera kudziwika kuti dziwe la nkhono ndi "nyumba" yabwino kwambiri kwa ma helminths ambiri - nkhono ndizomwe zimakhala pakati pa nyongolotsi. Mphutsi zawo zikachoka m'thupi la nkhono, zimafa. Komanso, vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndikulephera kwa nkhono za dziwe ndi bowa - ngakhale vutoli limapezeka nthawi zambiri.
Nkhono dziwe - imodzi mwama molluscs okhazikika kwambiri, amasinthasintha mwanjira iliyonse chilengedwe. Zinthu zoyipa za anthropogenic, chilala, kupezeka kwa adani achilengedwe ambiri - izi sizili vuto kwa iwo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa molluscs sikukucheperako.Kuphatikiza apo, nkhono zam'madzi zimapindulitsa anthu popha namsongole ndi zomera zakufa, ndipo m'nyanjayi mumakhala zosefera zachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/11/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 18:04
