Njiwa yonyamula anthu

Njiwa yonyamula anthu - chitonzo chamuyaya kwa anthu. Chitsanzo chakuti mtundu uliwonse, ngakhale utakhala wochuluka motani, ukhoza kuwonongeka. Tsopano akudziwika kwambiri za oyendayenda kuposa nthawi ya moyo wawo, koma izi sizokwanira ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachokera pakuphunzira nyama, mafupa, zolembedwa ndi zojambula za mboni zowona. Zambiri zimapezeka pakufufuza kwamtundu.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Akuyenda njiwa

Nkhunda yoyendayenda (Ectopistes migratorius) ndi nthumwi yokhayo yomwe imayimira gulu lokhalokha la Ectopistes kuchokera kubanja la nkhunda. Dzinalo la Chilatini lomwe Linnaeus adachita mu 1758 likuwonetsa mawonekedwe ake ndipo potanthauzira limatanthauza "woyendayenda wosamukasamuka" kapena "nomad".

Amapezeka ku North America. Monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wamtundu, abale ake apamtima apamtundu wa Patagioenas amapezeka ku New World kokha. Achibale akutali komanso osiyanasiyana amitundu yoyimira nkhunda zenizeni ndi nkhunda za cuckoo amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Kanema: Akuyenda Njiwa

Malinga ndi gulu lina la ofufuza, zinali kuchokera pano kuti makolo a nkhunda yomwe ikuyenda nthawi ina adapita kukafunafuna malo atsopano mwina kuwoloka dziko la Berengi kapena molunjika kunyanja ya Pacific. Zakale zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi zaka 100,000 zapitazo, mitunduyo idakhala kale m'maiko osiyanasiyana ku North America.

Malinga ndi asayansi ena, kulumikizana kwamabanja ndi nkhunda zaku East Asia ndikutali kwambiri. Akuluakulu a nkhunda za New World ayenera kufunidwa ku Neotropics, ndiye kuti dera lachilengedwe lomwe limagwirizanitsa South ndi Central America ndi zilumba zoyandikana nazo. Komabe, onsewa adasanthula zakubadwa pazinthu zosungidwa zakale ndipo zotsatira zake sizingatchulidwe kuti ndi zolondola.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi nkhunda yoyendayenda imawoneka bwanji

Woyendayenda adasinthidwa kukhala maulendo ataliatali othamanga, chilichonse chomwe chimapangidwa mthupi lake chikuwonetsa izi: mutu wawung'ono, mawonekedwe owongoleredwa, mapiko atali akuthwa ndi mchira wopanga theka la thupi. Nthenga ziwiri zazitali pakati pa mchira zimatsindika mawonekedwe a mbalameyi, yolodzedwa kuti iuluke.

Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe azakugonana. Kutalika kwamwamuna wamkulu kunali pafupifupi 40 cm, kulemera kwake kunali mpaka 340. Phiko lamwamuna linali lalitali 196 - 215 mm, mchira - 175 - 210 mm. Mtunduwo ukhoza kuweruzidwa ndi nyama zopukutidwa ndifumbi ndi zojambula zopangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo kapena pamtima. Wojambula m'modzi yekha amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha nkhunda zamoyo - Charles Knight.

Nthenga zosalala za mutu zimasandulika zokhala zokongola pakhosi, monga za sisar wathu. Kutengera kuyatsa, kudawala kofiirira, mkuwa, golide wobiriwira. Imvi yabuluu yokhala ndi azitona kumbuyo kwake idadutsa pazenera zachiwiri. Zophimba zina zimathera pamalo amdima, ndikupatsa mapikowo kusiyanasiyana.

Nthenga zoyendetsa ndege zoyambirira zinali zosiyana mdima ndipo nthenga ziwiri zapakati mchira zinali ndi mtundu womwewo. Nthenga zonse zotsalazo zinali zoyera ndipo pang'onopang'ono zidafupikitsidwa kuyambira pakati mpaka m'mbali mwake. Poona zithunzizi, mchira wa njiwa iyi ungakonde mbalame ya paradaiso. Mtundu wa apurikoti wa pakhosi ndi pachifuwa, pang'onopang'ono umasanduka wotumbululuka, ndikusanduka choyera pamimba ndi pachitetezo. Chithunzicho chidamalizidwa ndi mulomo wakuda, maso ofiira ofiira komanso miyendo yofiira.

Mkazi anali wocheperako pang'ono, osapitilira masentimita 40, ndipo amawoneka wotsutsa. Makamaka chifukwa cha mtundu wa imvi wa m'mawere ndi mmero. Imasiyananso ndi mapiko owoneka bwino kwambiri, nthenga zouluka zokhala ndi malire ofiira panja, mchira wawufupi, mphete yabuluu (osati yofiira) mozungulira diso. Achinyamata, ambiri, amafanana ndi akazi achikulire, amasiyana pakakhala kusefukira konse pakhosi, mtundu wakuda wamutu ndi chifuwa. Kusiyana kwakugonana kunawonekera mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo.

Kodi nkhunda yosochera inkakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Nkhunda yoyendayenda

Munthawi yomaliza yamitunduyi, nkhunda zomwe zimangoyendayenda zinagwirizana ndi dera logawidwa kwa nkhalango zowuma, zomwe zimakhala kudera lakum'mawa ndi kum'mawa kwa North America kuchokera kumwera kwa Canada mpaka Mexico. Gulu lankhunda lidagawidwa mofanana: adasamukira kudera lonselo kufunafuna chakudya, ndipo amakhala mosakhazikika panthawi yobereketsa.

Malo okonzera mahatchi anali ochepa ku zigawo za Wisconsin, Michigan, New York kumpoto ndi Kentucky ndi Pennsylvania kumwera. Gulu losiyana la osamukasamuka lidadziwika pamzere wamapiri amiyala, koma makamaka nkhalango zakumadzulo zidayikidwa ndi oyenda okhaokha - njiwa zamizeremizere. M'nyengo yozizira yozizira, nkhunda zomwe zimayendayenda zimatha kuuluka kutali kumwera: kupita ku Cuba ndi Bermuda.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ya nkhunda izi ndiyokhazikika, kuweruza ndi nyama zoyika. Mwa mitundu yambiri ya mitundu, mtundu umodzi wokha wopezeka udapezeka. Mkazi kuchokera ku Natural History Museum ku Thring (England) ali ndi bulauni pamwamba, pansi pamutu woyera, nthenga zoyera zoyera. Pali kukayikira kuti chowopsyezera khwangwala adangokhala padzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali.

Gulu lalikulu linkafuna madera oyenera kuti awapatse. Zokonda zachilengedwe munthawi yosamukasamuka komanso kukaikira mazira zimatsimikizika ndikupezeka kwa malo okhala ndi chakudya. Izi zidawapatsa nkhalango zazikulu za thundu, komanso malo okhala - minda yambewu zokolola.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhunda ikuyenda inkakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe adadya.

Kodi njiwa yomwe idasochera idadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Nkhunda yosatha

Zakudya za nkhuku zimadalira nyengoyi ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chakudya chomwe chimapezeka chochuluka.

M'ngululu ndi chilimwe, chakudya choyambirira chinali chakudya chaching'ono (nyongolotsi, nkhono, mbozi) ndi zipatso zofewa zamitengo ndi udzu:

• irgi;
• mbalame yamatcheri ndi mochedwa ndi Pennsylvania;
• mabulosi ofiira;
• deren canadian;
• mphesa zamtsinje;
• mitundu yamtundu wabuluu;
• raspberries chakumadzulo ndi mabulosi akuda;
• lakonos.

Pakugwa, mtedza ndi zipatso zidakhwima, nkhunda zidayamba kusaka. Kukolola kochuluka kunkachitika mosasinthasintha komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana, kotero chaka ndi chaka nkhunda zimayang'ana m'nkhalango, ndikusintha njira ndikuima pakapezedwe kambiri ka chakudya. Amatha kuwuluka ndi gulu lonse la ziweto, kapena amatumiza mbalame iliyonse kukazindikiridwa, zomwe zimapanga maulendo apandege masana, kusunthira kutali mpaka 130, kapena ngakhale 160 km kuchokera komwe kumakhala usiku.

Kwenikweni, chakudyacho chinapita:

• mitengo 4 yamitengo yayikulu, makamaka yoyera, yomwe inali yofala kwambiri masiku amenewo;
• mtedza wa beech;
• zipatso za mabokosi amano, omwe sanawonongedwe ndi mliri wa matenda a fungal omwe adayambitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20;
• nkhono yamapulo ndi mitengo ya phulusa;
• mbewu zolimidwa, buckwheat, chimanga.

Amadyetsa nthawi yonseyi m'nyengo yozizira ndikudyetsa anapiye kumapeto, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidalibe nthawi yoti zimere. Mbalame zimakumba chakudya pakati pa masamba ndi chisanu chakufa, chodulidwa m'mitengo, ndi zipatso zimatha kumeza zonse chifukwa cha pakhosi lokulirapo ndikutha kutsegula pakamwa pawo. Woyendetsa woyendayenda adasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwake kwapadera. Ankaganiza kuti mtedza 28 kapena mitengo 17 yamitengo imatha kulowa mmenemo; patsiku, mbalameyi imatenga 100 g yamitengo. Atameza mwachangu, nkhunda zija zidakhala m'mitengo ndipo sizinachite changu posinkhasinkha nsombazo.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Akuyenda njiwa

Nkhunda zoyendayenda zinali mbalame zosamukasamuka. Nthawi zonse, popanda kuwamwitsa ndi kuwadyetsa ana, zimawuluka kukafunafuna chakudya m'malo osiyanasiyana. Pofika nyengo yozizira, adasunthira kumwera kwamtunda. Gulu limodzi la nkhosa linali ndi mbalame mabiliyoni ambiri ndipo zimawoneka ngati nthiti zokulungika mpaka 500 km kutalika ndi 1.5 km mulifupi. Zinkawoneka kwa owonerera kuti alibe mathero. Kuthamanga kwakumtunda kumasiyana pakati pa 1 mpaka 400 m, kutengera mphamvu ya mphepo. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa njiwa yayikulu pamaulendo otere kunali pafupifupi 100 km / h.

Pouluka, njiwa idapanga mapiko ake mwachangu komanso mwachidule, omwe amakhala pafupipafupi asanafike. Ndipo ngati mlengalenga anali wolimba komanso woyenda mosavuta ngakhale m'nkhalango yowirira, ndiye kuti amayenda pansi ndi sitepe zochepa. Kupezeka kwa paketiyo kumatha kudziwika kwa makilomita ambiri. Mbalamezo zinalira kwambiri, mwamphamvu, mosalira. Izi zidafunidwa ndimomwemo - pagulu lalikulu lodzaza, aliyense adayesa kufuula mnzake. Panalibe nkhondo iliyonse - pakamachitika mikangano, mbalamezo zidakhutira ndikuwopsezana ndi mapiko otambalala ndi kusokonekera.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali zolemba za mayimbidwe a nkhunda zopangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala waku America a Wallis Craig mu 1911. Wasayansiyo adalemba oimira omaliza amitundu yomwe ikukhala ndende. Zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zolira komanso zodandaula zidakopa chidwi, kulira poyitanitsa, nyimbo yapadera idayimbidwa ndi nkhunda pachisa.

Kwa kugona usiku, amwendamnjira adasankha madera akuluakulu. Makulu akulu makamaka amatha kukhala mahekitala 26,000, pomwe mbalamezo zimakhala m'malo opanikizana, zikufinyirana. Nthawi yotsalira imadalira chakudya, nyengo, nyengo. Malo oimikapo magalimoto amatha kusintha chaka ndi chaka. Nthawi ya nkhunda zaulere sizinadziwike. Akadatha kukhala ku ukapolo zaka zosachepera 15, ndipo woimira posachedwa kwambiri pamtunduwu, Martha nkhunda, adakhala zaka 29.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Nkhunda yosochera yomwe yasochera

Kwa oyendayenda, zisa za anthu onse ndizodziwika. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa Marichi, ziweto zimayamba kusonkhana m'malo obisalira. Pakutha kwa mwezi, zigawo zazikulu zidayamba. Mmodzi mwa omalizira, omwe adatchulidwa mu 1871 m'nkhalango ya Wisconsin, adakhala mahekitala 220,000, anthu 136 miliyoni amakhala mmenemo komanso pafupi kwambiri kotero kuti panali pafupifupi zisa pafupifupi 500 pamtengo uliwonse. Koma nthawi zambiri madera amakhala ochepa mahekitala 50 mpaka chikwi. Kukhazikikako kwa miyezi umodzi mpaka theka ndi theka.

Njira yocheza pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi isanakwane. Zinachitikira padenga la nthambi ndipo zimaphatikizira kulira pang'ono ndikutseguka kwa mchira ndi mapiko omwe champhongo chimakwera pamwamba. Mwambowo umatha ndi mkazi kumpsompsona wamphongo, chimodzimodzi monga momwe amachitira sisari. Sizikudziwika kuti kangati adaswa anapiye pa nyengo. Mwachidziwikire chimodzi chokha. Kwa masiku angapo, okwatiranawo adamanga chisa kuchokera ku nthambi ngati mbale yosaya pafupifupi 15 cm m'mimba mwake. Dzira nthawi zambiri limakhala limodzi, loyera, 40 x 34 mm. Makolo onsewa amawasungunulira, nawonso anaswa m'masiku 12 mpaka 14.

Mwana wankhuku ndi mwana wamba wa mbalame zisaisa; adabadwa wakhungu komanso wopanda chochita, poyamba adadya mkaka wa makolo ake. Pambuyo masiku atatu mpaka 6 adasamutsidwa kuti adye chakudya cha akulu, ndipo atatha 13 - 15 adasiya kudya. Mwanapiye, yemwe anali ndi nthenga zonse, anali atayamba kudziyimira pawokha. Ntchito yonseyi idatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Chaka chotsatira, ngati adakwanitsa kupulumuka, mwanayo anali atayamba kale kumanga chisa.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhunda yoyendayenda

Chithunzi: Nkhunda yoyendayenda

Nkhunda, ngakhale zitakhala za mtundu wanji, nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi adani ambiri. Nkhunda ndi mbalame yayikulu, yokoma komanso yopanda chitetezo.

Pansi ndi pamitu ya mitengo, adasakidwa ndi zolusa zamitundu yonse ndi misonkho yosiyanasiyana:

• wochenjera weasel (American mink, marten, long-tailed weasel;
• raccoon gargle;
• red lynx;
• nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe;
• chimbalangondo chakuda;
• cougar.

Anapiye omwe anagwidwa pazisa komanso munthawi yaulendo anali osatetezeka kwambiri. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimathamangitsidwa m'mlengalenga ndi ziwombankhanga, nkhandwe ndi mphamba, akadzidzi adatuluka usiku. Amapezeka pa nkhunda zoyenda ndi majeremusi - atamwalira, kumene. Izi ndi mitundu ya nsabwe zingapo zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti zamwalira ndi omwe amawayang'anira. Koma imodzi mwa izo inapezeka pamtundu wina wa nkhunda. Izi ndizolimbikitsa pang'ono.

Mdani wowopsa kwambiri adadzakhala munthu yemwe amwendamnjirawo adasowa. Amwenye akhala akugwiritsa ntchito njiwa kuyambira kale, koma ndi njira zawo zakale zosakira, sakanatha kuwawononga kwambiri. Ndi kuyamba kwa nkhalango yaku America ndi azungu, kusaka nkhunda kudatenga gawo lalikulu. Iwo anaphedwa osati chakudya, koma chifukwa cha nthenga ndi masewera kusaka, chakudya cha nkhumba, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - zogulitsa. Njira zambiri zosakira zidapangidwa, koma zonse zidawira chinthu chimodzi: "Momwe mungagwire kapena kupha ena."

Mwachitsanzo, nkhunda zokwana 3,500 zimatha kuwulukira mumanetiwebu apadera nthawi imodzi. Pofuna kugwira mbalame zazing'ono makamaka zokoma, adawononga malo okhala, kudula ndi kuwotcha mitengo. Kuphatikiza apo, adangowonongedwa ngati tizirombo taulimi. Kutha kwa mitengo m'malo okhala zisa kunawononga nkhunda makamaka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Ndi njiwa yotayika yomwe imawoneka bwanji

Udindo wa zamoyozi watha. Nkhunda yoyendayenda inali mbalame yochuluka kwambiri ku North America. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi sichinali chosasintha komanso chosiyanasiyana kwambiri kutengera zokolola za mbewu ndi zipatso, nyengo. Pofika nthawi yotsogola, idafika 3 - 5 biliyoni.

Njira yakutha imawonetsedwa bwino ndi mbiri yazaka zomaliza za zamoyo:

• Zaka za m'ma 1850. Nkhunda ikuchulukirachulukira kumayiko akum'mawa, ngakhale anthu akukhalabe mamiliyoni. Umboni wosaka nkhanzawu ukuneneratu kuti kumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, nkhunda zidzakhala m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale zokha. Mu 1857. bilu yoteteza mbalame yomwe idakonzedwa ku Ohio, koma idakanidwa;
• Zaka za m'ma 1870. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa manambala. Malo akulu okhala ndi zisa adatsalira ku Great Lakes. Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe amatsutsa masewera owombera;
• 1878 Malo omaliza okhala ndi zisa pafupi ndi Petoskey (Michigan) amawonongedwa mwadongosolo kwa miyezi isanu: mbalame 50,000 tsiku lililonse. Kukhazikitsa kampeni zoteteza woyendayenda;
• Zaka za m'ma 1880. Zisa zinabalalika. Mbalame zimasiya zisa zawo pakagwa ngozi;
• 1897 Ndalama zosakira Michigan ndi Pennsylvania zidadutsa;
• Zaka za m'ma 1890. M'zaka zoyambirira za khumi, magulu ang'onoang'ono amawoneka m'malo. Kuphana kukupitilizabe. Pakatikati mwa nthawi, nkhunda zimasowa mwachilengedwe. Malipoti apadera okumana nawo adakalipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20;
• 1910 Ku Cincinnati Zoo, membala womaliza wamtunduwu, a Martha Nkhunda, amakhalabe ndi moyo;
• 1914, Seputembara 1, 1 pm ndi nthawi yakomweko. Mitundu ya nkhunda zoyendayenda zatha.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Martha ali ndi chipilala, ndipo malo ake omaliza othawira ku Cincinnati, otchedwa "Memorial Cabin of the Wandering Pigeon", ali ndi mbiri ngati chipilala ku United States. Pali chithunzi cha moyo wake wonse ndi Charles Knight. Zithunzi, mabuku, nyimbo ndi ndakatulo zaperekedwa kwa iye, kuphatikiza zomwe zidalembedwa zaka zana limodzi zapitazo.

Mu International Red Book ndi IUCN Red Lists of Threatened Species, a pilgrim pigeon amadziwika kuti ndi nyama zomwe zatha. Pazinthu zonse zachitetezo zomwe zatchulidwa, yankho limodzi ndi No. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti watsirizidwa kwamuyaya? Kugwiritsa ntchito matupi athu kuchokera ku nyama zodzaza ndi zotsalira zina pankhaniyi ndizosatheka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ma chromosomes panthawi yosungira. M'zaka zaposachedwa, George Church wa ku America wapanga lingaliro latsopano: kukhazikitsanso matupi athu kuchokera kuzidutswa ndikuziyika m'maselo ogonana a sisars. Kuti abereke ndikusamalira "phoenix" wobadwa kumene. Koma zonsezi zikadali pazoyambira.

Njiwa yonyamula anthu amatchulidwa nthawi zonse monga chitsanzo cha nkhanza za munthu kwa anzawo. Koma zifukwa zakutha kwa mitundu ya nyama nthawi zambiri zimakhala pazinthu zapadera za biology yake. Ali mu ukapolo, oyendayendawo adawonetsa kusabereka bwino, kuchepa kwa nkhuku, komanso kutenga matenda. Ngati izi zidalinso nkhunda zakutchire, zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi ochepa okha omwe adawapulumutsa. Kuwononga kwakukulu kungayambitse kuchepa kwa manambala pansi pamlingo wovuta kwambiri, pambuyo pake njira yowonongera sinasinthe.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/30/2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/30/2019 pa 23:38