Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa (Struthio camelus) ndi mbalame yodabwitsa m'njira zambiri. Ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mbalame, yomwe ikuikira mazira akulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nthiwatiwa zimathamanga kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina zonse, zimathamanga mpaka 65-70 km / h.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa
Nthiwatiwa ndi yekhayo amene ali m'banja la Struthionidae komanso mtundu wa Struthio. Nthiwatiwa zimagawana gulu lawo la Struthioniformes ndi emu, rhea, kiwi ndi makoswe ena - mbalame zosalala (ma ratite). Zakale zakale za mbalame ngati nthiwatiwa zomwe zimapezeka ku Germany zimadziwika kuti Central European Paleotis wochokera ku Middle Eocene - mbalame yosawuluka 1.2 mita kutalika.
Kanema: Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa
Zomwe zapezeka m'mayikidwe a Eocene ku Europe komanso madontho a Moycene aku Asia akuwonetsa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa nthiwatiwa pakati pa zaka 56.0 mpaka 33.9 miliyoni zapitazo kunja kwa Africa:
- kudera laling'ono la India;
- ku Front ndi Central Asia;
- kum'mwera kwa Eastern Europe.
Asayansi adavomereza kuti makolo omwe amawuluka a nthiwatiwa amakono anali othamanga pansi komanso othamanga kwambiri. Kutha kwa abuluzi akale pang'onopang'ono kunapangitsa kuti mpikisano wazakudya usowa, motero mbalamezo zidakulirakulira, ndipo kuthekera kouluka sikungakhale kofunikira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa
Nthiwatiwa zimatchedwa ratites - mbalame zosawuluka, zokhala ndi sternum mosabisa popanda keel, pomwe minofu yamapiko imamangiriridwa mu mbalame zina. Zikafika chaka chimodzi, nthiwatiwa zimalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 45. Kulemera kwa mbalame yayikulu kumakhala pakati pa 90 mpaka 130 kg. Kukula kwa amuna okhwima ogonana (kuyambira zaka 2-4) kumakhala pakati pa 1.8 mpaka 2.7 mita, ndi akazi - kuchokera 1.7 mpaka 2 mita. Nthawi yayitali ya nthiwatiwa ndi zaka 30-40, ngakhale pali opitilira nthawi yayitali omwe amakhala zaka 50.
Miyendo yolimba ya nthiwatiwa ilibe nthenga. Mbalameyi ili ndi zala ziwiri kuphazi lililonse (pomwe mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi zinayi), ndipo chazithunzi chamkati chimafanana ndi ziboda. Mbali imeneyi ya mafupa inayamba posintha zinthu ndipo imadziwika ndi nthiwatiwa zabwino kwambiri za nthiwatiwa. Miyendo yolimba imathandizira nyamayo kuthamangira ku 70 km / h. Mapiko a nthiwatiwa omwe ali ndi gawo limodzi la mita ziwiri sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwuluka kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma mapiko akuluwo amakopa chidwi cha anzawo munthawi ya mating ndi kupereka nkhuku mthunzi.
Nthiwatiwa zazikuluzikulu zimadana ndi kutentha modabwitsa ndipo zimatha kupirira kutentha mpaka 56 ° C osapanikizika kwambiri.
Nthenga zofewa komanso zotayirira zamphongo zazikulu zimakhala zakuda, zokhala ndi nsonga zoyera kumapeto kwamapiko ndi mchira. Akazi achimuna ndi achichepere amakhala amtundu wakuda. Mutu ndi khosi la nthiwatiwa zili pafupifupi zamaliseche, koma zokutidwa ndi gawo locheperako. Maso a nthiwatiwa amafika kukula ngati mipira yakuda. Amatenga malo ochuluka kwambiri m'mutu mwake momwe ubongo wa nthiwatiwa ndi wocheperako kuposa maso ake onse. Ngakhale dzira la nthiwatiwa ndilo lalikulu kwambiri pa mazira onse, silikhala loyambirira kutengera kukula kwa mbalameyo. Dzira lolemera makilogalamu angapo limangolemera 1% yokha kuposa wamkazi. Mosiyana ndi izi, dzira la kiwi, lalikulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayi, limakhala ndi 15-20% yolemera thupi lake.
Kodi nthiwatiwa zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa Yakuda yaku Africa
Kulephera kuuluka kumachepetsa malo okhala nthiwatiwa zaku Africa ku savannah, zigwa zowuma komanso madera otseguka a Africa. M'nkhalango yowirira kwambiri, mbalameyo imatha kuzindikira zoopsazo pakapita nthawi. Koma pamalo otseguka, miyendo yolimba komanso masomphenya abwino amalola nthiwatiwa kuti izindikire ndikupeza nyama zambiri zolusa mosavuta.
Mitundu inayi ya nthiwatiwa imakhala m'chigawochi kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara. Nthiwatiwa za kumpoto kwa Africa zimakhala kumpoto kwa Africa: kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo kupita kumadera akum'mawa. Timagulu ta nthiwatiwa ta ku Somalia ndi Masai timakhala kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala. Nthiwatiwa ya ku Somalia imagawidwanso kumpoto kwa Amasai, ku Horn of Africa. Nthiwatiwa za ku South Africa zimakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino, Middle East kapena Arabia nthiwatiwa, idapezeka m'malo ena a Syria ndi Arabia Peninsula posachedwa mu 1966. Oimira ake anali ochepera pang'ono poyerekeza ndi nthiwatiwa za kumpoto kwa Africa. Tsoka ilo, chifukwa chakusimidwa mwamphamvu, kupha anthu mosavomerezeka komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti mderali, ma subspecies adafafanizidwa kwathunthu padziko lapansi.
Kodi nthiwatiwa imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame zaku Africa zopanda ntchentche zopanda mbalame
Maziko azakudya za nthiwatiwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazitsamba, mbewu, zitsamba, zipatso, maluwa, mazira ndi zipatso. Nthawi zina nyama imagwira tizilombo, njoka, abuluzi, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, i.e. nyama yomwe amatha kuyimeza. M'miyezi yowuma kwambiri, nthiwatiwa imatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa masiku angapo, ikukhutira ndi chinyezi chomwe chili ndi mbeu.
Popeza nthiwatiwa zimatha kugaya chakudya, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kumeza timiyala tating'onoting'ono, ndipo sichiwonongeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zomera, zimatha kudya zomwe nyama zina sizingathe kupukusa. Nthiwatiwa "zimadya" pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chabwera, nthawi zambiri kumeza makatiriji a zipolopolo, mipira ya gofu, mabotolo ndi zinthu zina zazing'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulu la nthiwatiwa zaku Africa
Pofuna kukhala ndi moyo, nthiwatiwa zaku Africa zimakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, zimangoyenda posaka zipatso zokwanira, zitsamba, mbewu ndi tizilombo. Madera a Nthiwatiwa nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, chifukwa chake amatha kuwona pafupi ndi njovu ndi antelope. Kwa omalizirawa, malo oterewa ndiopindulitsa makamaka, chifukwa kulira kwakukulu kwa nthiwatiwa kumachenjeza nyama za ngozi zomwe zingachitike.
M'miyezi yachisanu, mbalame zimayendayenda ziwiriziwiri kapena zokha, koma m'nyengo yoswana komanso m'nyengo yamvula, nthawi zonse amakhala magulu a anthu 5 mpaka 100. Maguluwa nthawi zambiri amayenda pambuyo pa zitsamba zina. Wamwamuna wamkulu amalamulira pagululi komanso amateteza gawo. Amatha kukhala ndi wamkazi m'modzi kapena angapo opambana.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zokhala ndi ana
Nthiwatiwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'magulu a anthu 5-10. Pamtsogolo pa gululo pali yayikulu yamphongo, yomwe imayang'anira dera lonselo, ndi yaikazi yake. Chenjezo laphokoso komanso lakuya laimuna yakutali litha kusokonekera chifukwa cha kubangula kwa mkango. Mu nyengo yabwino yoswana (kuyambira Marichi mpaka Seputembara), yamphongo imavina mwamwambo, ikutambasula mapiko ake ndi nthenga za mchira. Ngati wosankhidwayo akuthandiza, wamwamuna amakonza dzenje lakuya kuti akonzekere chisa, momwe mkaziyo amaikira mazira 7-10.
Dzira lililonse limakhala lalitali masentimita 15 ndipo limalemera 1.5 kg. Mazira a nthiwatiwa ndi aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi!
Nthiwatiwa zingapo zazikazi zimaswa mazira motsatizana. Pofuna kupewa chisa, mazirawo amasamaliridwa ndi akazi masana ndi amuna usiku. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthenga zakuda, zanzeru zazimayi zimaphatikizana ndi mchenga, pomwe yamphongo yakuda imakhala yosawoneka usiku. Ngati mazira atha kupulumutsidwa ku nkhandwe, mimbulu ndi ankhandwe, anapiye amabadwa patadutsa milungu 6. Nthiwatiwa zimabadwa kukula kwa nkhuku ndipo zimakula mpaka 30 cm mwezi uliwonse! Pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, nthiwatiwa zazing'ono zimafika kukula kwa makolo awo.
Adani achilengedwe a nthiwatiwa zaku Africa
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa
Mwachilengedwe, nthiwatiwa zimakhala ndi adani ochepa, chifukwa mbalameyi ili ndi zida zochititsa chidwi: zikopa zamphamvu ndi zikhadabo, mapiko olimba ndi mulomo. Nthiwatiwa zokula msinkhu nthawi zambiri zimadyedwa ndi zilombo zolusa, pokhapokha zitakwanitsa kubisalira mbalame ija zikubisalira mwadzidzidzi zikaukira kumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri, zoopsezazi zimawopseza kukakamira ndi ana ndi ana obadwa kumene.
Kuphatikiza pa ankhandwe, afisi, ndi ankhandwe owononga zisa, anapiye opanda chitetezo amenyedwa ndi mikango, akambuku ndi agalu afisi aku Africa. Anapiye akhanda opanda chitetezo atha kudyedwa ndi chilombo chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, nthiwatiwa zaphunzira kukhala zanzeru. Ngakhale atangoopsa pang'ono, amagwa pansi ndi kuzizira osachita chilichonse. Poganiza kuti anapiye afa, nyama zolusa zimawadutsa.
Ngakhale kuti nthiwatiwa yayikulu imatha kudziteteza kwa adani ambiri, ikakhala pachiwopsezo imakonda kuthawa. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti nthiwatiwa zimangowonetsa izi kunja kwa nthawi yogona. Kukulitsa makola ndikusamalira ana awo pambuyo pake, amasandulika makolo olimba mtima komanso ankhanza. Munthawi imeneyi, sipangakhale funso losiya chisa.
Nthiwatiwa imangochita chilichonse ikafuna kuopsezedwa. Kuti awopsyeze mdaniyo, mbalameyo imatambasula mapiko ake, ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, imathamangira mdaniyo ndikuponda ndi mapazi ake. Akangomenya kamodzi kokha, nthiwatiwa yayikulu imatha kuthyola chigaza cha chilombo chilichonse, kuwonjezera pamenepo liwiro lalikulu lomwe mbalame imakula mwachilengedwe. Palibe munthu wokhala m'nkhalangozi amene angayerekeze kumenya nkhondo ndi nthiwatiwa. Ndi ochepa okha amene amapezerapo mwayi pa zomwe mbalamezi zimaonera patali.
Fisi ndi mimbulu zimalanda zenizeni zisa za nthiwatiwa ndipo pomwe zina zimasokoneza chidwi cha wozunzidwayo, ena amabera dzira kumbuyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nthiwatiwa Yakuda yaku Africa
M'zaka za zana la 18, nthenga za nthiwatiwa zinali zotchuka kwambiri pakati pa akazi mwakuti nthiwatiwa zinayamba kuzimiririka kumpoto kwa Africa. Ngati sichinali chifukwa cha kuswana kwapangidwe, komwe kunayamba mu 1838, mbalame yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi pano mwina ikadatha.
Pakadali pano, nthiwatiwa zaku Africa zidalembedwa mu IUCN Red List, popeza anthu akuthengo akuchepa. Subpecies akuopsezedwa ndi kutayika kwa malo okhala chifukwa chakulowererapo kwa anthu: kukulitsa kwaulimi, kumanga midzi yatsopano ndi misewu. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zimasakabe nthenga, khungu, nyama ya nthiwatiwa, mazira ndi mafuta, zomwe amakhulupirira ku Somalia kuti zimachiza Edzi komanso matenda ashuga.
Kuteteza nthiwatiwa ku Africa
Chithunzi: Momwe nthiwatiwa za ku Africa zimawonekera
Kuchuluka kwa nthiwatiwa zakutchire ku Africa, chifukwa chakusokonekera kwa anthu m'chilengedwe komanso kuzunzidwa kosalekeza, komwe amakumana nako ku kontrakitala, osati chifukwa cha nthenga zokha, komanso popanga mazira ndi nyama kuti idye, ikuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Zaka zana zapitazo, nthiwatiwa zinkakhala kudera lonse la Sahara - ndipo awa ndi mayiko 18. Popita nthawi, chiwerengerocho chatsika mpaka 6. Ngakhale zigawo 6 izi, mbalameyi ikuvutika kuti ikhale ndi moyo.
SCF - Sahara Conservation Fund, yapanga mayankho apadziko lonse lapansi kuti apulumutse anthu apaderaderawa ndikubwezeretsanso nthiwatiwa kuthengo. Mpaka pano, Sahara Conservation Fund ndi anzawo adachita bwino kwambiri poteteza nthiwatiwa zaku Africa. Bungweli lidatenga njira zingapo kuti amange nyumba zatsopano zodyeramo ana, adakambirana zingapo zakubereketsa mbalame zomwe zidagwidwa, ndikuthandizira Niger National Zoo pobzala nthiwatiwa.
Malinga ndi ntchitoyi, ntchito idapangidwa kuti apange nazale yokhazikika m'mudzi wa Kelle kum'mawa kwa dzikolo. Tithokoze thandizo la Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ku Niger, mbalame zambiri zomwe zimasungidwa m'minda yosungidwa zatulutsidwa m'magawo am'madera am'mudzimo.
Onani zamakono Nthiwatiwa za ku Africa ndizotheka osati ku Africa kokha. Ngakhale kuli minda yochulukirapo ya nthiwatiwa - mu Republic of South Africa. Masiku ano minda ya nthiwatiwa imapezeka ku America, Europe komanso Russia. Minda yambiri yapakhomo "safari" imapempha alendo kuti adziwane ndi mbalame yonyadayi komanso yodabwitsa osachoka mdzikolo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.01.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/18/2019 pa 20:35
