Peacock ankawona mbalame yokongola kwambiri - ankakonda kukongoletsa mabwalo amfumu ndi ma sultans, ngakhale anali ndi liwu loyipa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kupsa mtima. Mchira wawo wokulirapo wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino umagwira diso. Koma amuna okha ndi omwe angadzitamande ndi kukongola koteroko - mothandizidwa nawo amayesa kukopa chidwi cha akazi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Peacock
Mbalame zinasintha kuchokera ku zokwawa zakale - archosaurs, abuluzi osathawa monga thecodonts kapena pseudosuchia adakhala makolo awo. Pakadali pano, palibe mitundu yapakatikati pakati pawo ndi mbalame yomwe yapezeka, momwe zingathere kudziwa bwino momwe chisinthiko chidachitikira. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mafupa ndi minyewa idapangidwa, kulola kuthawa, komanso nthenga - amakhulupirira kuti poyambirira amafunikira kutchinjiriza kwamatenthedwe. Mwina, mbalame zoyambirira zidawonekera kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Triassic kapena koyambirira kwa Jurassic, ngakhale sipanapezeke zakale za m'badwo uno.
Kanema: Peacock
Mbalame zakale kwambiri zopezeka zakale ndizaka 150 miliyoni, ndipo izi ndi Archeopteryx. Pakati pawo ndi zokwawa, mwina makolo awo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'mapangidwe - ndichifukwa chake asayansi amakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu yapakatikati yomwe sinapezekebe. Malangizo ambiri amakono a mbalame adawonekera pambuyo pake - zaka 40-65 miliyoni zapitazo. Zina mwa izo ndi dongosolo la nkhuku, kuphatikizapo banja la pheasant, lomwe nkhanga zimakhala. Malingaliro anali kuchitika panthawiyi makamaka makamaka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma angiosperms - kutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwa mbalame.
Apikoko adafotokozedwa mu 1758 ndi K. Linnaeus, ndipo adalandira dzina loti Pavo. Anazindikiranso mitundu iwiri: Pavo cristatus ndi Pavo muticus (1766). Pambuyo pake, mu 1936, mtundu wachitatu, Afropavo congensis, adafotokozedwa mwasayansi ndi James Chapin. Poyamba, sizinkatengedwa ngati zamoyo, koma pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti ndizosiyana ndi mitundu iwiriyo. Koma kwanthawi yayitali pikoko wamapewa akuda amawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wodziyimira pawokha, koma Darwin adatsimikizira kuti izi sizinanso koma kusintha komwe kudachitika panthawi yokometsera nkhanga.
Pikoko adatengeredwa kubanja laling'ono, komabe, pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti kulumikizana kwawo ndi mbalame zina zomwe zidaphatikizidwa m'banjamo, monga ma tragopan kapena amfumu, zinali zopanda nzeru. Zotsatira zake, adasanduka gulu la banja la pheasant komanso banja laling'ono.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Peacock ya Mbalame
Peacock ndi kutalika kwa 100-120 masentimita, ndipo mchira wawonjezeredwa kwa ichi - komanso, iyeyo amafikira masentimita 50, ndipo mchira wobiriwira pamwamba ndi 110-160 cm. Ndi miyeso yotereyi, imalemera pang'ono - pafupifupi 4-4.5 kilogalamu, ndiye kuti pang'ono nkhuku wamba yokometsera.
Kutsogolo kwa thunthu ndi mutu kuli buluu, kumbuyo kuli kobiriwira, ndipo thupi lakumunsi liri lakuda. Amuna ndi okulirapo komanso owala, mutu wawo umakongoletsedwa ndi gulu la nthenga - mtundu wa "korona". Zazimayi ndizochepa, zilibe mchira wapamwamba, ndipo matupi awo ndiopepuka. Ngati champhongo chimakhala chosavuta kuzindikira nthawi yomweyo ndi mchira wakumtunda, ndiye kuti chachikazi sichimaonekera.
Peacock wobiriwira, monga dzina limatanthawuzira, amadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira. Nthenga zake zimadziwikanso ndi chitsulo chosalala, ndipo thupi lake limakhala lokulirapo - pofika gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, miyendo yake imalinso yayitali. Nthawi yomweyo mchira wake wakumwamba ndi wofanana ndi wa nkhanga wamba.
Amuna okha ndi omwe amakhala ndi zokongoletsera zokongola, amazifunira kuvina mosakanikirana. Nyengo yamatchi ikatha, molt imayamba, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kusiyanitsa amuna ndi akazi, kupatula kukula.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhanga zachikazi ndizoyipa posamira mazira, chifukwa chake ukapolo nthawi zambiri umakhala kuti uwayika pansi pa mbalame zina - nkhuku kapena nkhuku zamphongo, kapena zimaswa. Koma anapiyewo akawonekera, mayi amawasamalira mosamala: amatenga nawo nthawi zonse ndikuphunzitsa, ndipo nthawi yozizira amatentha pansi pa nthenga zake.
Kodi nkhanga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Pikoko wachimuna
Mitundu ya nkhanga wamba (nawonso ndi Amwenye) imaphatikizapo gawo lalikulu la madera oyandikana ndi Hindustan ndi oyandikana nawo.
Amakhala m'malo omwe ali m'maiko otsatirawa:
- India;
- Pakistan;
- Bangladesh;
- Nepal;
- Anagarika Dharmapala Mawatha, Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka
Kuphatikiza apo, palinso anthu amtundu uwu omwe adalekanitsidwa ndi mitundu yayikulu ku Iran, mwina makolo akale a nkhanga izi adayambitsidwa ndi anthu nthawi zakale ndikukhala amphawi - kapena m'mbuyomu kuchuluka kwawo kunali kokulirapo ndikuphatikizira maderawa, ndipo popita nthawi adadulidwa.
Amakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pafupi ndi midzi yoyandikira. Amakonda malo athyathyathya kapena okwera mapiri - sapezeka pamtunda woposa 2,000 mita pamwamba pa nyanja. Sakonda malo akuluakulu otseguka - amafunikira zitsamba kapena mitengo kuti agonemo.
Mitundu ya nkhanga zobiriwira ili pafupi ndi malo okhala nkhanga wamba, koma nthawi yomweyo samadutsana.
Nkhanga zobiriwira zimakhala:
- gawo lakummawa la India kunja kwa Hindustan;
- Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram;
- kum'mawa kwa Bangladesh;
- Myanmar;
- Thailand;
- Vietnam;
- Malaysia;
- Chilumba cha Java ku Indonesia.
Ngakhale polemba mndandandawu zikuwoneka kuti akukhala madera ambiri, kwenikweni izi siziri choncho: mosiyana ndi nkhanga wamba, yomwe imakhazikika mdziko muno, masamba samapezeka m'maiko omwe atchulidwa, m'malo osiyana. Peacock waku Africa, yemwenso amadziwika kuti peacock waku Congo, amakhala ku Congo Basin - nkhalango zomwe zimamera m'malo amenewa ndizabwino kwa iye.
Pa izi, madera okhala nkhanga atopa, koma m'malo ambiri, oyenera kukhalamo, adayambitsidwa ndi munthu, adazika mizu ndikukhala okhazikika. M'madera ena, tsopano muli anthu ochulukirapo - pafupifupi nkhanga zonse ndi Amwenye.
Amapezeka ku Mexico ndi zigawo zina zakumwera kwa United States, komanso ku Hawaii, New Zealand ndi zilumba zina ku Oceania. Nkhanga zonse zotere, zisanakhale zamtchire, zinali zowetedwa, motero zimadziwika kuti ndi zazikulu komanso zazifupi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhanga imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi nkhanga imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Peacock ya buluu
Makamaka chakudya cha mbalameyi chimakhala ndi zakudya zamasamba ndipo chimaphatikizapo mphukira, zipatso ndi mbewu. Nkhanga zina zimakhala pafupi ndi minda yolimidwa ndipo zimadyapo - nthawi zina anthu amazithamangitsa ndikuziwona ngati tizirombo, koma nthawi zambiri amachitapo izi mwachizolowezi - nkhanga sizimawononga kwambiri kubzala, pomwe oyandikana nawo ali ndi gawo labwino.
Momwemonso - kuphatikiza pazomera, amadyetsanso nyama zazing'ono: amalimbana bwino ndi makoswe, njoka zowopsa, ma slugs. Zotsatira zake, zabwino zokhala kufupi ndi nkhanga zimatha kupitilira zomwe zawonongeka, chifukwa chake sizimakhudzidwa.
Amakhulupirira kuti nkhanga zidali zoweta makamaka chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, koma makamaka chifukwa zimawononga tizirombo, ndizofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi njoka zapoizoni - mbalamezi siziwopa konse poizoni wawo ndipo zimagwira mamba ndi ena njoka.
Nthawi zambiri amadyera m'mbali mwa dziwe kapena m'madzi osaya: amagwira achule, abuluzi, ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Mukasungidwa, nkhanga zimatha kupatsidwa zosakaniza za tirigu, amadyera, mbatata, masamba. Pofuna kuti nthenga zizikhala zowala, squid amawonjezeranso pachakudyacho.
Chosangalatsa: Mwachilengedwe, mapikoko aku India ndi obiriwira samasakanirana, popeza magulu awo samadutsana, koma mu ukapolo nthawi zina zimakhala zotheka kupeza hybrids yotchedwa Spaulding - imaperekedwa polemekeza Kate Spaulding, yemwe adayamba kubereka wosakanizidwa wotere. Sapereka ana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Pikoko wobiriwira
Nthawi zambiri amafunafuna chakudya, akudutsa tchire ndi nkhalango zowononga, akuwononga nthaka - mmenemo amafanana ndi nkhuku wamba. Nkhanga amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, amamvetsera mwatcheru, ndipo akawona zoopsa, amathawa kapena kukabisala pakati pazomera. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, nthenga zokongola sizimawasokoneza, ndipo ngakhale mosiyana, pakati pa maluwa owala otentha, komanso okhala ndi multicolor, amawalola kuti asadziwike.
Masana, kutentha kukayamba, nthawi zambiri amasiya kufunafuna chakudya ndikupuma kwa maola angapo. Kuti achite izi, amadzipezera malo mumthunzi: m'mitengo, tchire, nthawi zina amasambira. Ankhandwe amadzimva otetezeka m'mitengo, ndipo iwonso amagona.
Ali ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono, ndipo amatha kuwuluka, koma moyipa kwambiri - amachoka pansi atayenda patali, otsika kwambiri, ndikuwuluka mpaka mamita 5-7, pambuyo pake sangathenso kukwera mlengalenga, chifukwa amawononga mphamvu zambiri. Chifukwa chake, nkhanga yomwe ikuyesera kunyamuka imatha kukumana nayo kawirikawiri - komabe zimachitika.
Liwu la nkhanga ndi lomveka komanso losasangalatsa - kulira kwa peacock kumafanana ndikulira kwamphaka. Mwamwayi, amafuula pafupipafupi, nthawi zambiri pofuna kuchenjeza za abale awo, kapena mvula isanagwe.
Chosangalatsa: Pikoko akavina kuvina mosamalitsa, amakhala chete, zomwe zitha kuwoneka zodabwitsa - ndipo yankho lake ndi ili: M'malo mwake, samangokhala chete, koma amalankhulana wina ndi mnzake pogwiritsa ntchito infrasound, kuti khutu laumunthu lisamve kulumikizanaku.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pikoko wachikazi ndi wamwamuna
Pikoko ndi mitala; pali akazi atatu kapena asanu ndi amodzi paamuna onse. Nthawi yoswana imayamba ndi nyengo yamvula ndipo imatha ndikutha. Ngati pali amuna ambiri pafupi, amabalalika wina ndi mnzake ndipo aliyense amakhala m'dera lake, momwe muyenera kukhala malo angapo owonetsera nthenga.
Amasamalira ndi kudzitama pamaso pa zazikazi, ndipo amayamikira kukongola kwa nthenga zawo - samapeza kuti njondayo ndi yopanda malire, nthawi zina amapitilira kuyamika inayo. Akasankha, akazi amagwada pansi, kuwonetsa izi - ndipo mating amachitika, pambuyo pake amayang'ana malo oti agone, ndipo yamphongo imapitilizabe kuyitana akazi ena.
Akazi amakonza zisa m'malo osiyanasiyana: pamitengo, ziphuphu, m'ming'alu. Chachikulu ndikuti adaphimbidwa ndikutetezedwa, osakhala m'malo otseguka. Mkazi atayika mazira, amawasanganiza nthawi zonse, amasokonezedwa kuti adyetse yekha - ndipo amakhala nthawi yochulukirapo kuposa izi, ndikuyesera kubwerera mwachangu.
Mazirawo amafunika kuwaswa kwa milungu inayi, kenako anapiyewo amaswa. Pamene akukula, makolo awo amawasamalira, amawabisa ndikuwateteza kwa adani - poyamba amawabweretsera chakudya, kenako amayamba kuwatengera kukadyetsa. Ngati anapiyewo ali pangozi, amabisala pansi pa mchira wa mayiyo. Ziphuphu zimakula kumapeto kwa mwezi woyamba wa moyo, ndipo pakatha miyezi iwiri amatha kukwera kale mlengalenga. Amakula mpaka kukula kwa mbalame wamkulu kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba, patapita nthawi pang'ono amasiya chisa cha banja.
Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Mpaka chaka ndi theka, amuna amawoneka ofanana ndi akazi, ndipo pokhapokha atayamba kuchita izi amayamba kukula mchira wobiriwira. Izi zimamalizidwa kwathunthu ndi zaka 3. Mitundu yaku Africa ndiyokwatirana, ndiko kuti, pali mkazi m'modzi wamwamuna m'modzi. Pakasakaniza mazira, yamphongo imakhala pafupi nthawi zonse ndikuteteza chisa.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhanga
Chithunzi: peacock mbalame
Zina mwa izo ndi mphalapala zazikulu ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Zoopsa kwambiri pa nkhanga ndi akambuku ndi akambuku - nthawi zambiri amazisaka, ndipo nkhanga sizingatsutse. Kupatula apo, yoyamba ndi yachiwiri imakhala yofulumira komanso yopatsa chidwi, ndipo mwayi wokha wopulumuka ndikukwera mtengo munthawi yake.
Izi ndi zomwe nkhanga zimayesera kuchita zikawona kambuku kapena kambuku pafupi, kapena kumva phokoso lokayikitsa. Mbalamezi zimasokoneza, ndipo zimatha kuchita mantha ngakhale zitakhala kuti palibe chowopseza, ndipo nyama zina zimapanga phokoso. Nkhanga zimathawa ndikulira kosasangalatsa kukadziwitsa dera lonselo.
Koma ngakhale pamtengo, nkhanga sizingathe kuthawa, chifukwa ntchentche zimakwera bwino, choncho nkhanga imangodalira kuti chilombocho chithamangitsa m'bale wake yemwe sanakwere kwambiri. Munthu ameneyo, yemwe sanakhale ndi mwayi wokwanira kuti agwidwe, amayesa kumenya nkhondo, akumenya mdaniyo ndi mapiko ake, koma mphalapala yolimba siyimvulaza izi.
Ngakhale nkhanga zazikulu zimatha kulimbana ndi ziwombankhanga, amphaka amtchire kapena mbalame zina, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimasaka nyama zazing'ono - ndizosavuta kuzigwira, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zothanirana nazo. Pali anthu ochulukirachulukira amene amafuna kudya anapiye kapena mazira - ngakhale nyama zolusa zochepa kwambiri zimatha kuchita izi, ndipo ngati nkhuku yankhuku isokonezedwa, chisa chake chitha kuwonongeka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Peacock ku India
Pali nkhono zambiri zaku India mwachilengedwe, amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu, komwe kulibe pangozi. Ku India, zili m'gulu la mbalame zolemekezedwa kwambiri, ndipo ndi ochepa omwe amawasaka, komanso amatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwawo konse kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 200 zikwi.
Nkhanga za ku Africa zili pachiwopsezo, kuchuluka kwawo sikunakhazikitsidwe. M'mbuyomu, sichinakhalepo chachikulu kwambiri, ndipo pakadali pano palibe chizolowezi chakuwonongeka kwake - amakhala mdera lopanda anthu ambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri samakumana ndi anthu.
Palibenso nsomba zowononga - ku Congo Basin muli nyama zomwe zimakopa owopsa. Komabe, kuti zamoyozi zisakhale pachiwopsezo, pakufunika njira zotetezera, zomwe sizinatengedwebe.
Chovuta kwambiri ndi nkhanga yobiriwira - yatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Pafupifupi, anthu pafupifupi 20,000 amakhala padziko lapansi, pomwe kuchuluka kwawo ndi chiwerengerochi zatsika mofulumira mzaka 70-80 zapitazi. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa ziwiri: chitukuko chokhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa madera okhala ndi nkhanga, ndikuwonongedwa kwawo.
Ku China ndi m'maiko a Indochina, nkhanga sizili zolemekeza monga ku India - zimasakidwa kwambiri, ndipo anapiye awo ndi mazira amapezeka m'misika, nthenga zimagulitsidwa. Alimi aku China akumenya nawo ziphe.
Mlonda wa nkhanga
Chithunzi: Peacock
Ngakhale nkhanga yaku India siyomwe ili mu Red Book, ku India ikadali yotetezedwa: kuyisaka kuli ndi chilango chalamulo. Anthu osaka nyama amazinyamula mofananamo, koma pang'ono pang'ono, kuti anthu akhalebe okhazikika. Ndizovuta kwambiri ndi Afirika makamaka nkhanga yobiriwira - mitunduyi siyodziwika bwino ndipo imakhala yotetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi, m'maiko momwe akukhalamo, njira zoyenera sizitengedwa nthawi zonse.
Ndipo ngati kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya ku Africa sikuyambitsa nkhawa zambiri, ndiye kuti wobiriwirayo watsala pang'ono kutha. Pofuna kupulumutsa mitunduyi, m'maiko ena, makamaka ku Thailand, China, Malaysia, nkhokwe zikupangidwa, komwe madera omwe mbalamezi zimakhala osasiyidwa, ndipo nawonso amatetezedwa.
Mapulogalamu akumaphunziro akumudzi akuchitika ku Laos ndi China kuti asinthe momwe amaonera nkhanga ndi kuwaletsa kuti asawonongeke ngati tizirombo. Kuchuluka kwa nkhanga zobiriwira zimasungidwa mu ukapolo, nthawi zina zimayambitsidwa ndi nyama zakutchire, chifukwa chake amakhala ku North America, Japan, Oceania.
Chochititsa chidwi: M'mbuyomu, panali kusaka kwachangu chifukwa cha nthenga za peacock - mu Middle Ages atsikana ndi ma knights adadzikongoletsa nawo pamipikisano, ndipo pamaphwando, nkhanga zimatumizidwa zouma nthenga momwemo. Nyama yawo siyiyimira kukoma kwake, chifukwa chake chachikulu ndichodzionetsera - zinali kulumbira pachikopa chokazinga.
Pikoko Nthawi zambiri amasungidwa mu ukapolo ndipo imazika mizu mmenemo ngakhale kuberekanso. Komabe, mbalame zoweta sizilinso zakutchire, ndipo mwachilengedwe zilipo zocheperako.Mwa mitundu itatu ya mbalame zochititsa chidwi, ziwiri ndizosowa kwambiri ndipo zimafunikira chitetezo cha anthu kuti zikhale ndi moyo - apo ayi, Dziko lapansi litha kutaya gawo lina lofunikira lazachilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 23.09.2019 pa 22:44
