Zododometsa

Zododometsa - mbalame ya dongosolo la odutsa, banja la nyenyezi kuchokera ku mtundu wa nyenyezi. Dzinalo lachi Latin - Sturnus vulgaris - adapatsidwa ndi Karl Lineney.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Starling

Banja la nyenyezi, Sturnidae, ndi gulu lalikulu lokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa iwo amakhala ku Eurasia ndi Africa. Amakhulupirira kuti mbalamezi zidawonekera ndikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku Africa. Zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ndizomwe sizinatchulidwe dzina. Mitunduyi idapulumuka nthawi ya Ice Age mdera la Iberia. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri zodziwika bwino ndi za Middle Pleistocene.

Starling wamba imakhala ndi ma subspecies pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri. Ena amasiyana wina ndi mzake mopanda kukula kapena kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu, madera. Ma subspecies ena amawonedwa ngati osinthika kuchokera kumaiko ena.

Chosangalatsa: Pakusamuka, nyenyezi zimauluka pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 70-75 pa ola limodzi ndipo zimayenda mtunda wa makilomita 1-1.5,000.

Mbalame zaphokosazi zimaimba ndi kupanga mamvekedwe osiyanasiyana chaka chonse. Tanthauzo lake limatha kukhala losiyana, kupatula nyimbo, uku ndikufuula koopseza, kuwukira, kuyitanitsa kusonkhana kapena kusonkhana, kulira modabwitsa. Ana a nyenyezi amapanga phokoso kwambiri akamadyetsa kapena kukangana, amangokhala ndi kumalankhulana. Kusakhazikika kwawo kumakhala kovuta kuphonya. M'mizinda, amayesa kutenga malo obisika m'makhonde, pansi pa mawindo, m'zipinda zam'mwamba, ndikupangitsa mavuto ena kwa anthu. Pakubwera gulu lankhosa lalikulu, mapiko awo amatulutsa kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamene kangamveke pamtunda wamamita angapo.

Chosangalatsa: Nyenyezi zoyenda zimayenda kapena kuthamanga pansi, ndipo sizimangodumpha.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Mbalame yodabwitsa

Mbalame zotchedwa Starlings zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi zina zopitilira pakati ngati mbalame zakuda kapena ma funnel. Ali ndi mchira wawufupi, mulomo wakuthwa, wozungulira, mawonekedwe osakanikirana, ofiira ofiira miyendo. Mukuuluka, mapikowo ndi akuthwa. Mtundu wa nthengawo umawoneka wakuda patali, koma mukayang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona kusefukira kwamtambo wa buluu, wabuluu, wobiriwira, wofiirira ndi phulusa loyera lamapiri. Chiwerengero cha nthenga zoyera chimakulirakulira nyengo yachisanu.

Kanema: Starling

Pakhosi laimuna, nthenga zimakhala zomasuka komanso zosalala, mwa akazi nthenga zokhala ndi malekezero akuthwa zimakwanira zolimba. Mapazi ndi ofiira ofiira, olimba, zala zake ndizolimba, zazitali ndi zikhadabo zolimba. Mlomo ndi wakuthwa, wakuda bulauni, nthawi yotentha umakhala wachikaso mwa akazi, mwa amuna umakhala wachikasu pang'ono wokhala ndi maziko abuluu. Mapiko a mbalame ndi zazitali kutalika ndi matupi ozungulira kapena osongoka. Iris nthawi zonse amakhala wofiirira mwa amuna, ndi imvi mwa akazi.

Chosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira, nsonga za nthenga zimatha, ndipo mabala oyera amayenda pang'ono, mbalame zimayamba kuda.

Magawo Starling:

• kutalika - 20 - 23 cm;
• mapiko - 30 - 43 cm;
• kulemera - 60 - 100 g;
• mchira kutalika - 6.5 cm;
• kutalika kwa milomo - 2 - 3 cm;
• kutalika kwa ma paws - 2.5 - 3 cm;
• kutalika kwa mapiko - 11-14 cm.

Mbalame zimasungunuka kamodzi pachaka, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, pambuyo pa nyengo yobereka, ndi nthawi yomwe nthenga zambiri zoyera zimawonekera. Zikamauluka, mbalame zimawombetsa mwachangu mapiko kapena kuuluka kwakanthawi kochepa osataya kutalika. Amachoka kunyama ndi gulu lonselo, pakuuluka amapanga misa yathunthu kapena mzere.

Kodi nyenyezi zimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Momwe nyenyezi ikuwonekera

Mbalamezi zimapezeka ku Europe kumwera kwa 40 ° N. sh., kumpoto kwa Africa, ku Syria, Iran, Iraq, Nepal, India, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China. Ena amasamuka kuchokera kumadera okhala ndi nyengo zowopsa kwambiri, komwe kumangokhala kuzizira kokha, komanso kumakhala mavuto ndi chakudya m'nyengo yozizira. Kugwa, pomwe magulu osamukira kumayiko ena amabwera kuchokera kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, nzika zakomweko kuchokera pakati ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe zimasamukira kumadera akumwera.

Mbalamezi zasankha malo okhala ndi mizinda, komwe amakhala m'malo opangira, pamitengo. Chilichonse chomwe chingawapatse malo ogona ndi nyumba: mabizinesi azolimo ndi mafamu, minda, nkhalango zowirira, minda, nkhalango zopanda udzu, malamba am'nkhalango, mabwinja, magombe amiyala, malo onsewa akhoza kukhala pothawirapo mbalame. Amapewa nkhalango zowirira, ngakhale amatha kusinthasintha malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kudambo mpaka kudambo lamapiri.

Kuchokera kumpoto, gawo logawa limayambira ku Iceland ndi Kola Peninsula, kumwera, malire amadutsa kudera la Spain, France, Italy, ndi Northern Greece. Kudzera ku Turkey, malire akumwera akummwera amayambira kumpoto kwa Iraq ndi Iran, kudutsa Afghanistan, Pakistan, ndi kumpoto kwa India. Mzere wakum'mawa wokhalamo umafika ku Baikal, ndipo chakumadzulo kumalanda Azores.

Mitunduyi idayambitsidwa kudera la North America, kumwera kwa Africa, Australia, ndi New Zealand. Pamenepo, chifukwa chakusinthasintha kwakukulu pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana, idachulukitsa mwachangu ndipo tsopano ili ndi magawo ambiri.

Chosangalatsa: M'zaka za m'ma 90 m'zaka za zana la XIX, makope 100 adatulutsidwa ku Central Park ku New York. Kwa zaka zana, mbadwa za mbalame khumi ndi imodzi zomwe zidatsalapo zidakhazikika, kuyambira zigawo zakumwera kwa Canada mpaka zigawo zakumpoto kwa Mexico ndi Florida.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mbalame yodabwitsa. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.

Kodi nyenyezi imadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Kuyang'ana ku Russia

Menyu ya mbalame zazikulu ndizosiyana, ndizopatsa chidwi, koma tizilombo ndiye gawo lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri izi ndi tizirombo ta mbewu zaulimi.

Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi:

• agulugufe;
• njenjete;
• akangaude;
• ntchentche;
• ziwala;
• mayfly;
• mavu;
• njuchi;
• nyerere;
• Zhukov.

Mbalame zimadya tizilombo tonse tating'ono ndi mphutsi zawo. Amatha kutulutsa nyongolotsi, ma wireworms, ndi zilonda za tizilombo pansi. Amadya nkhono, slugs, abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, amphibians. Zitha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zina ndikudya mazira. Ziwombankhanga zimadya zipatso zilizonse, zipatso, mbewu, mbewu za mbewu, zinyalala za chakudya. Ngakhale mbalamezi sizigaya chakudya ndi msuzi wambiri wa sucrose, zimadya mosangalala mphesa, yamatcheri, mabulosi ndipo zimatha kuwononga mbewuzo, zikuwuluka pamitengo yamagulu onse.

Mbalamezi zili nazo m'nkhokwe zawo m'njira zingapo zopezera tizilombo. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi pamene zonse zimauluka pamodzi, zikugwira timiyala mlengalenga. Poterepa, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yosunthira mosadukiza, ndiye kuti, anthu ochokera ku "mchira" wa gululo, amakonda kukhala kutsogolo. Kukulirako tsango, mbalame zimayandikana kwambiri. Kuchokera patali, malingaliro amtambo wakuda woyenda ndikusinthasintha amapangidwa. Njira ina ndiyo kudya tizilombo tanthaka. Mbalameyi imangosompha nthaka, ngati kuti ikuifufuza, mpaka ikagwa pa kachilombo.

Mbalame zotsekemera zimathanso kukulitsa mabowo, kukulitsa njira zopangidwa ndi tizilombo, motero zimatulutsa nyongolotsi ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, mbalamezi, zikawona kachilombo kakukwawa, zimatha kugwira kuti zizigwire. Amatha kujompha tizilombo osati udzu ndi zomera zina, komanso amatha kukonza "chipinda chodyera" chawo kumbuyo kwa ng'ombe zodyetsa, kudyetsa tiziromboti.

Chosangalatsa: Monga momwe nyenyezi zimafutukulira timitengo ta tizilombo tanthaka, zimaboola matumbawo ndi zinyalala zokhala ndi mlomo wakuthwa, kenako ndikukulitsa bowo, kutsegula mulomo, ndikuwotcha zinyalala za chakudya kuchokera m'matumba.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Chodabwitsa m'chilengedwe

Starlings amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu, kuchuluka kwawo kumatha kusiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka. Nthawi zina, izi ndi ziweto zazikulu kwambiri, pakuuluka zimawoneka ngati gawo lolimba, lomwe, pamene likuyenda, mwina mapangano kapena kukulira. Izi zimachitika popanda mtsogoleri womveka bwino; mamembala onse a paketiyo amatha kusintha mayendedwe, ndikukopa oyandikana nawo. Magulu otere amateteza ku mbalame zodya nyama monga mpheta kapena mphamba.

M'mizinda ina komanso malo osungira nkhalango, mbalame zazikuluzikulu zoterezi zimapanga gulu lalikulu la anthu miliyoni ndi theka, zomwe ndi tsoka lenileni, chifukwa ndowe zochokera m'gulu la ziwetozi zimatha kudzikundikira mpaka masentimita 30. Ndende imeneyi ili ndi poizoni ndipo imayambitsa kufa kwa zomera ndi mitengo. Timagulu tambiri titha kuwonedwa mu Marichi pachilumba cha Jutland komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja yaku Denmark. Pakuthawa, zimawoneka ngati gulu la njuchi, anthu amderalo amatcha masango amenewo dzuwa lakuda.

Zochitika zoterezi zimawonedwa mbalame zochokera ku Scandinavia zisanayambe kusamukira kumalo okhala chilimwe pakati pa Epulo. Ziweto zofananira, koma mwa anthu 5-50 zikwi, zimapangidwa nthawi yozizira ku Great Britain kumapeto kwa tsiku. Mbalameyi imatha kupanga mawu ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, mbalameyi imatsanzira kwambiri. Starlings amabwereza mawu ngakhale atamvetsera kamodzi. Wamkulu mbalame ndi, ndi yotakata repertoire ake. Amuna amatha kuyimba bwino ndipo amayimba pafupipafupi.

Chosangalatsa: Ziwombankhanga zazimayi zimasankha zibwenzi ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, ndiye kuti, odziwa zambiri.

Vocalization ili ndi mitundu inayi yamayimbidwe omwe amasinthana wina ndi mzake osapumira. Amatha kutsanzira kuyimba kwa mbalame zina, kulira kwa magalimoto, kugogoda kwazitsulo, kulira. Mpangidwe uliwonse wamawu umabwerezedwa kangapo, kenako nyimbo yatsopano imamveka. Pali kudina kobwereza pakati pawo. Mbalame zina zimakhala ndi nyimbo khumi ndi zitatu komanso kudina khumi ndi zisanu. Kutukuka kwakukulu pakumveketsa mawu kumachitika nthawi yakumasirana, pomwe yamphongo imayesera kukopa wokondedwa wake ndi kuyimba kwake, komanso kuwopseza ena omwe akufuna kulowa nawo gawo, ngakhale kuyimba kwawo ndikulira kumamveka nthawi iliyonse ya chaka.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Mwana wankhuku

Mbalamezo zimakhala ndi malo oyenera chisa, dzenje, amuna amayang'ana ndikuyamba kugwetsa magawo owuma komanso obiriwira kumeneko. Nthawi zambiri amasunga zitsamba zonunkhira, mwina kukopa zazikazi kapena kuthamangitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amapanga zoperewera, kuphatikiza zinthu zomangira panthawi yomwe bwenzi lawo limawonekera. Munthawi yonseyi, amuna amayimba nyimbo, nthenga zikuwomba pakhosi, kuyesera kuti akope yaikazi. Awiriwo atapangidwa, amapitilizabe kumanga chisa pamodzi. Zisa zimapangidwa m'mabowo amitengo, nyumba zokumbiramo mbalame, zitsa zakuya, zipinda zazinyumba, m'ming'alu ya miyala. Chisa chomwecho chimapangidwa ndi udzu wouma, nthambi. Mkati mwake muli ndi nthenga, ubweya, pansi. Ntchito yomanga imatenga pafupifupi masiku asanu.

Mbalamezi zimakhala zokhazokha; mabanja amitala sakhala wamba. Popeza mbalame zam'mlengalenga zimakonda kukhala m'magulu akulu, zisa zimatha kukhala pafupi. M'mabanja amitala, amuna amakwatirana ndi mnzake wachiwiri, pomwe oyamba amafungata mazira. Kubalana mu chisa chachiwiri ndikotsika kuposa koyambirira. Nthawi yobereketsa imakhala nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe. Mkazi amakhala atanyamula kwa masiku angapo. Nthawi zambiri awa amakhala mazira asanu abuluu. Kukula kwawo ndi 2.6 - 3.4 masentimita m'litali, 2 - 2.2 cm m'lifupi.Mazira amaswa milungu iwiri, makolo onse amachita izi, koma wamkazi amakhala pachisa usiku. Anapiye amawoneka opanda nthenga komanso akhungu, patatha sabata ali pansi, ndipo tsiku lachisanu ndi chinayi akuwona. Kwa sabata yoyamba, makolo nthawi zonse amachotsa ndowe pachisa kuti chinyezi chisakhudze mkhalidwe wa anapiye omwe alibe mafunde abwino.

Anapiye amakhala mthunzi masiku 20, nthawi yonseyi amadyetsedwa ndi makolo onse, ngakhale anawo atachoka panyumbapo, makolowo amapitiliza kuwadyetsa pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Kumpoto kwamtunduwu, ana amodzi amapezeka nyengo iliyonse, kumadera akumwera kwambiri - awiri kapena atatu. Pagulu, zazikazi zomwe zatsala popanda awiri zimatha kuikira mazira m'misasa ya anthu ena. Anapiye m'midzi amatha kupita ku zisa zoyandikana nawo, kuthamangitsa ana ena mmenemo. Pafupifupi makumi awiri peresenti ya anapiye amapulumuka kufikira atakula atatha kuswana. Kutalika kwa mbalame m'chilengedwe ndi zaka zitatu.

Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yomwe nyenyezi idakhala ndi moyo inali pafupifupi zaka 23.

Adani achilengedwe a nyenyezi

Chithunzi: Gray Starling

Adani akuluakulu a mbalamezi ndi mbalame zodya nyama, ngakhale kuti odutsawa amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowuluka m'magulu awo. Njira yawo ndi mayendedwe ake sizikugwirizana ndi kuwuluka kwa mbalame zodya nyama.

Komabe, zilombo zambiri zimakhala zoopsa kwa iwo, izi ndi izi:

• hawk wakumpoto;
• Mpheta ya Eurasia;
• peregrine falcon;
• zosangalatsa
• wachibale;
• mphungu;
• khungubwe;
• kadzidzi wamng'ono;
• khutu lalitali;
• kadzidzi wam'madzi;
• nkhokwe kadzidzi.

Ku North America, pafupifupi mitundu 20 ya nkhwangwa, mphamba, kadzidzi ndizowopsa kwa mbalame wamba, koma zovuta zonse zimatha kuyembekezeredwa kuchokera ku merlin ndi peregrine falcon. Mbalame zina zimawononga mazira kapena anapiye a ana amasiye ndi kutenga chisa. Zinyama zochokera kubanja la marten, ma raccoon, agologolo, ndi amphaka zimatha kudya mazira ndikusaka anapiye.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timabweretsa mavuto kwa ana a nyenyezi. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi onse oimira nyemba zopangidwa ndi akatswiri azakuthambo anali ndi utitiri, nkhupakupa, ndi nsabwe. 95% anali ndi kachilomboka mkati - mphutsi. Nthata za ntchentche ndi ntchentche zotumbuluka zimasokonezanso kwambiri mbalame zisa zawo, koma zina mwa izo ndizo chifukwa cha izi. Kugwira zisa za anthu ena, amazilandira ndi zinthu zonse, kuphatikizapo tiziromboti. Mbalameyi ikafa, tizilomboti timene timayamwa magazi timachoka kwa mwininyumbayo kuti tikapeze ina.

Ntchentche amauluka ndipo ntchentche yotchedwa saprophage imakuma nthenga za mbalamezi. Nyau yofiira kwambiri yonyezimira, yomwe imayenda mthupi la wolandirayo kuchokera ku trachea kupita m'mapapu, imayambitsa kutsamwa. Mbalame zam'madzi ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimasowa kwambiri, chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito malo awo akale, kapena zimakhala m'nyumba za anthu ena.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Mbalame yodabwitsa

Mitundu yodutsayi imakhala pafupifupi ku Europe konse, kupatula ku Arctic, ndipo imagawidwa kumadzulo kwa Asia. M'madera ena, amangofika nthawi yachilimwe, mwa ena, amakhala kwamuyaya osasunthika nyengo zina. Starlings adayambitsidwa ndikukhazikika kulikonse ku North America, tsopano akupezeka ku Chile, Peru, Uruguay ndi Brazil, ali ku South Africa ndipo amapezeka kuzilumba za Fiji. Adawadziwitsa ndikukhala kulikonse ku Australia ndi New Guinea. Ku Europe, awiriawiri ndi 28.8 - 52.4 miliyoni awiriawiri, omwe ali pafupifupi 57.7 - 105 miliyoni achikulire. Amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi 55% ya mbalame zonse zimakhala ku Europe, koma uku ndikuyerekeza kovuta kwambiri komwe kumafuna kutsimikiziridwa. Malinga ndi chidziwitso china, mzaka khumi zoyambirira za 2000s, kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi padziko lonse lapansi kudafika anthu opitilira 300 miliyoni, pomwe amakhala m'malo pafupifupi 8.87 miliyoni km2.

Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, ana a nyenyezi adabweretsedwa ku Australia kuti athane ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono, komanso amakhulupirira kuti kupezeka kwawo ndikofunikira pakuyendetsa mungu. Zolinga zamoyo zonse zidapangidwira mbalame, malo okonzera zisa adakonzedwa, omwe mbalamezo zidagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wawo. Pofika zaka za m'ma 20 zapitazo, adachulukana bwino ndikuyamba kulanda madera ambiri ku New South Wales, Victoria ndi Queensland. Skvortsov adachotsedwa m'gulu la mbalame zothandiza kalekale ndipo adayamba kulimbana ndi kufalikira kwawo. Malo ndi nyengo zidalepheretsa mitundu iyi kukhazikika m'maiko ena. Komanso, njira zowongolera mosamalitsa komanso kuwonongeka kosalekeza kwa nyenyezi kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Australia mzaka makumi atatu zikubwerazi ndi anthu 55,000.

Chosangalatsa: Starlings akuphatikizidwa mu "mndandanda wakuda" wa nyama 100, kusamutsidwa kwawo kumayiko atsopano kunali ndi zoyipa.

Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa manambala mzaka zapitazi ndi theka ndikukula kwa malo, kusinthasintha kosavuta kwa mbalamezi mikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zidaloleza International Union for the Conservation of Animals kunena kuti mitunduyi ndi yomwe ili pamndandanda wopanda nkhawa.Zochita zaulimi ku Europe, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa nyenyezi zakumpoto kwa Russia, mayiko a dera la Baltic, Sweden ndi Finland. Ku UK, pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi zazaka zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kwatsika ndi 80%, ngakhale kuli kuwonjezeka kumadera ena, mwachitsanzo, ku Northern Ireland. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuchuluka kwa tizilombo komwe anapiye ang'ono amadya kwatsika, chifukwa chake kupulumuka kwawo kwatsika. Akuluakulu, kumbali inayo, amatha kudya zakudya zamasamba.

Zododometsa - mbalame yothandiza paulimi, yomwe imagwira ntchito yowononga tizilombo tosavuta, imatha kuberekana mosavuta, ikusintha mosiyanasiyana. Pokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu, chakudya chamagulu cha tizilombo sichikwanira, nthenga imasanduka tizilombo, kuwononga zokolola zaulimi.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/30/2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/30/2019 pa 20:03