Bandicoots, oimira infraclass of marsupials aku Australia, amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe: zipululu ndi nkhalango zotentha, madera ozungulira nyanja ndi magombe a nyanja, ena mwa iwo amakhala pamtunda wa 2000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Komabe, ngakhale gawo lalikulu logawa, kapena kuchuluka kwa mitundumitundu kwa zamoyozi kudapulumutsa nyamazo kuti zisawonongeke. Masiku ano ma bandicoots - omwe amapezeka ku Australia nthawi yomweyo ndi amodzi mwa nyama zake zosowa kwambiri. Tiyeni tiwadziwe bwino?
Kufotokozera kwa bandicoots
Mbalame za Marsupial ndi nyama zazing'ono: kutengera mitundu, kutalika kwa thupi la nyama kumakhala pakati pa 17 mpaka 50 cm... Kulemera kwa bandicoot ndi pafupifupi 2 kg, koma palinso anthu akuluakulu omwe amafikira 4-5 kg. Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi.
Maonekedwe
- Pakamwa pakatikati, koloza m'mbali kumapangitsa bandicoot kuwoneka ngati khoswe. Kukula kwake kwa thupi ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yayitali kuposa yakutsogolo, imapangitsa nyamayo kuoneka ngati kalulu.
- Maso ndi ochepa, amawoneka bwino masana.
- Makutuwo alibe ubweya ndipo, kutengera mtundu wa nyama yomwe imakhalapo, imatha kukhala yaying'ono komanso yazunguliro, komanso yolumikizidwa ndikuloza.
- Pamatsogolo, chala chachiwiri, chachitatu, chachinayi ndi chachitali ndipo chimapatsidwa zikhadabo, 1 ndi 5 ndi zazifupi komanso zopanda zikhadabo.
- Pamiyendo yakumbuyo, chala choyamba chimakhala chachilendo kapena sichipezeka, chachiwiri ndi chachitatu chimasakanikirana, koma chidagawa zikhadabo, chachinayi ndichaching'ono.
- Mchira ndiwopyapyala, osagwira, wokutidwa ndi ubweya, potengera kukula kwa thupi ndi lalifupi.
- Ma bandicoots achikazi ali ndi thumba lomwe limatseguka chakumaso ndi kutsika, mkati mwake muli mabedi awiri amkaka okhala ndi ma peyala atatu kapena asanu a nsonga zamabele.
- Maonekedwe ndi kutalika kwa ubweya wam'mapewa a marsupial amasiyana kutengera mitundu: imatha kukhala yofewa komanso yayitali kapena yolimba komanso yayifupi.
- Mtundu wa thupi uli ndi imvi kapena bulauni wosiyanasiyana wokhala ndi mithunzi yachikaso komanso yofiira, m'mimba ndikowoneka koyera - koyera, chikaso kapena imvi. Mikwingwirima yambiri yakuda yodutsa nthawi zambiri imadutsa sacrum.
Mu 2011, Chuma Cha ku Australia chidapereka ndalama zachikumbutso zasiliva ndi bilby wachikuda - kalulu bandicoot (Macrotis lagotis). Wojambula E. Martin, yemwe adalemba zojambula za ndalamazo, mochenjera kwambiri komanso mwachikondi adapereka zonse zomwe zimasiyanitsa ma bilbi ndi ma marsupial badger: nkhope yokongola, makutu atali a pinki, ubweya wonyezimira wabuluu, mchira wakuda ndi woyera. Njira ya moyo ya nyama zokondazi ilinso ndi mawonekedwe ake: amakumba mozama (mpaka 1.5 mita) ndikutulutsa mizere yozungulira, komwe nthawi zambiri amakhala awiriawiri kapena ndi ana akuluakulu.
Moyo
Ma bandicoots onse ndiminyama yobisalira, yosamala ndipo imakhala usiku, amapita kukasaka mumdima ndikufunafuna nyama makamaka mothandizidwa ndi kumva ndi kununkhiza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Kumtchire, nyama zimakhala zaka 1.5-2, koma ochepa okha amakhala ndi zaka zitatu. Achinyamata amalembedwa bwino, ndipo akamasungidwa m'ndende, nthawi yayitali ya bandicoots imakula mpaka zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.
Masana, mabowo osaya kapena mchenga, mabowo amitengo amakhala pothawirapo iwo. Mitundu ina ya mbalame zotchedwa marsupial badger, monga bandicoot yakumpoto ya bulauni, imamanga zisa zapansi ndi chipinda chamkati chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobereka.
Gulu
Gulu la Bandicoot (Peramelemorphia) zikuphatikizapo mabanja 3:
- Ma bandicoots oyenda ndi nkhumba (Chaeropodidae);
- Bandicoot (Peramelidae);
- Kalulu Bandicoots (Thylacomyidae).
KU banja la ma Bandicoots oyenda ndi nkhumba (Chaeropodidae) Mitundu yokhayo yomwe yatha tsopano ndi bandicoot ya Pig-footed (Chaeropus ecaudatus) yamtundu wa bandicoots (Chaeropus).
MU banja la Bandicoots (Peramelidae) pali mabanja atatu:
- Zingwe zazing'ono (Echymiperinae);
- Bandicoot (Peramelinae);
- Mabungwe Atsopano a Guinea (Peroryctinae)
Banja laling'ono la Spiny Bandicoots (Echymiperinae) tichipeza atatu m'badwo:
- Zokometsera bandicoots (Echymiperinae);
- Zingwe zamagulu (Microperoryctes);
- Ceram bandicoots (Rhynchomeles).
Mtundu wa bandicoots waminga Chili ndi mitundu isanu:
- Spiny Bandicoot (Echymipera clara);
- Bandicoot David (Echymipera davidi);
- Bandicoot yosongoka (Echymipera echinista);
- Lathyathyathya spiked bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu);
- Bandicoot yamutu wofiira (yofiira) (Echymipera rufescens).
KU mtundu wa Mouse Bandicoots onaninso mitundu:
- Harfak Bandicoot (Microperoryctes);
- Mikwingwirima yoluka (Microperoryctes longicauda);
- Mbewa bandicoot (Microperoryctes murina);
- Bandicoot yaku Eastern (Microperoryctes murina);
- Bandicoot ya ku Papua (Microperoryctes papuensis).
Mtundu wa ma Cico bandicoots ali ndi mtundu umodzi wokha - Ceram (Seram) bandicoot (Rhynchomeles prattorum).
Mabanja Akuluakulu (Peramelinae) Mulinso mitundu iwiri:
- Zingwe zazifupi zazifupi (Isoodon);
- Zingwe zamphuno zazitali (Zopanda pake).
Mtundu wama bandicoots amafupikitsa (Isoodon) zikuphatikizapo mitundu zotsatirazi:
- Golide (Barrow) Bandicoot (Isoodon auratus);
- Bandicoot Yaikulu (Isoodon macrourus);
- Bandicoot yaying'ono (Isoodon obesulus).
KU banja la bandicoot lalitali, kapena ma marsupial badgers (Perameles), ndi mitundu inayi:
- Coarse Bandicoot (Perameles bougainville);
- Chipululu Bandicoot (Perameles eremiana);
- Tasmanian Bandicoot (Perameles gunnii);
- Bandicoot wamphongo yayitali (Perameles nasuta).
KU Mabanja ang'onoang'ono a New Guinea (Peroryctinae) mtundu umodzi wokha ndiwo - New Guinea bandicoots (Peroryctes), yomwe imagwirizanitsa mitundu iwiri yokhazikika:
- Giant Bandicoot (Peroryctes broadbenti);
- New Guinea Bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayana).
MU banja la bandicoots kalulu ikuphatikiza mtundu womwewo (Macrotis) ndi mitundu iwiri:
- Kalulu bandicoot (Macrotis lagotis);
- Kanyumba kakang'ono ka kalulu (Macrotis leucura), tsopano katha.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Zomangira zazifupi zamphongo zazitali komanso zazitali zili paliponse ku Australia, komanso pachilumba cha Tasmania. Malo abwino - okwera mpaka 1000 m pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi mitengo yambiri, koma osasiya malo omasuka, nkhalango, madambo, ndi madera oyandikana ndi midzi.
Oimira mtundu wa bandicoots waminga amapezeka ku Papua New Guinea kokha... Chilumba cha Keram, chomwe chili pakati pazilumba za Sulawesi ndi New Guinea ndipo chomwe chidatchula dzinali, ndi malo okhawo omwe amakhala a Ceram bandicoots. Amakonda udzu wobiriwira wamapiri kuti azikhalamo.
Zingwe za New Guinea zimakhala mdera laling'ono lomwe limaphatikizapo zilumba za New Guinea ndi Yapen. Malo okondedwa a mitundu iyi ndi nkhalango zotsika kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zitsamba zowuma komanso udzu.
Zakudya za marsupial badger
Bandicoots ndi omnivorous. Ang'ono, koma akuthwa komanso olimba, ngati amphaka, mayini amalola nyamazo kuthana ndi abuluzi ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Pakalibe nyama yokongola ngati imeneyi, mbalame zotchedwa marsupial badgers sizinyalanyaza nkhono, chiswe, nyongolotsi, mphutsi, mbozi. Sachita manyazi kudya zipatso zowutsa mudyo, mazira a mbalame, mizu ndi mbewu za zomera.
Kufunika kwa madzi mu bandicoots ndikochepa, chifukwa amalandira chinyezi chofunikira pamoyo wawo komanso chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Nyama zimakhala padera: iliyonse payokha kudera lake, lomwe limadziwika ndi chinsinsi chobisika kuchokera kumafinya kumbuyo kwa makutu a bandicoot. Amuna ali ndi gawo lalikulu kuposa akazi. Pamodzi amasonkhana munthawi yokhwima: ali ndi miyezi inayi, bandicoots amafika pokhwima, ndipo "operekera" amakhala nthawi yayitali kufunafuna okwatirana.
Mimba mwa mkazi imakhala pafupifupi milungu iwiri, mchaka imabereka ana pafupifupi 16, pomwe pamalulu amodzi pamatha kukhala awiri kapena asanu. Ana ndi ochepa kwambiri - kutalika kwa mwana wakhanda ndi masentimita 0,5 okha, komabe, atangobadwa kumene, amapeza mphamvu yolowera mchikwama cha amayi ndikupeza nsonga yamphongo pamtunda.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma bandicoots okhala ndi mphuno zazitali (Perameles) ndi nyama zam'madzi zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri: akazi okhaokha amtunduwu amakhala ndi zotuluka za chorioallantoid placenta, yofanana ndi kuyikika kwa nyama zakutchire. Chifukwa chake, ana amphongo ataliatali amphuno, omwe amalandila zakudya zina m'nthawi ya ubwamuna, amakhala okulirapo nthawi yobadwa kuposa ma marsupial ena ofanana kukula.
Ali ndi miyezi iwiri, bandicoots ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti achoke m'thumba, ndikupatsa zinyalala zatsopano zomwe zawonekera kale mwa amayi awo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mbadwo wachinyamata umangotsalira pazida zawo, ndipo chisamaliro cha makolo chimatha.
Adani achilengedwe
Kuopseza kukhalapo kwa bandicoots makamaka kumayimiriridwa ndi munthu amene amasintha ndikuwononga malo achilengedwe azinyama powapatsa malo omanga ndi kukhazikitsa minda. Kulimbana kwa anthu aku Australia ndi akalulu amtchire, kuwononga malo odyetserako ziweto zachonde, mwachisoni kudakhudza ma bandicoots, omwe adazunzidwa ndi nyambo ndi misampha. Kumtchire, adani a marsupial badger ndi nyama zolusa - akadzidzi, nkhandwe, dingoes, ndi amphaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chifukwa choti malo okhala achilengedwe a marsupial badgers akusintha kwambiri, ziweto zawo zikuchepa. Kuphatikiza pa timapazi ta nkhumba tating'onoting'ono, timikanda ting'onoting'ono ta kalulu ndi steppe, New Guinea ndi ma bandicoots amphongo zazifupi atsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa chochepa komanso kuwasaka nthawi zonse.
Ndizosangalatsa! Adatchulidwa mu ma bandicoots okhala ndi mikwingwirima komanso atsitsi. Malo ocheperako a Ceram marsupial badger amawopseza kukhalapobe kwawo.
Lero, ntchito ya asayansi ndikutsitsimutsa ndi kuteteza zoocenosis ya bandicoots... Dongosolo loswana la mbalame zam'madzi mu ukapolo likufalikira kuti ana omwe aswedwawo abwezeretsedwe kuthengo.
