Makoswe amadzi kapena mvula yamadzi ndi nyama wamba mdera lathu. Ndodo yaying'ono yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Amawoneka nyama zokongola komanso zopanda vuto lililonse, komabe, muulimi, makoswe amadzi amadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo toopsa chifukwa amawononga mitengo ndikulima. Ndiwoonyamula matenda ambiri owopsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Khoswe Wamadzi
Khoswe wamadzi kapena chimbudzi chamadzi (Arvicola amphibius) ndi nyama yaying'ono yomwe ili motsatira dongosolo la makoswe, banja lachilengedwe. Mtundu wama Water voles umaphatikizapo mtundu umodzi wokha, Ma voles amadzi.
Makoswe ndi nyama zakale kwambiri komanso zofala kwambiri. Makoswe amakhala m'dziko lathu lino la Cretaceous. Zakale zakale kwambiri zamakedzana zimatchedwa nthawi ya Pleocene, pomwe nyama zimakhala m'chigawo cha America chamakono. Popita nthawi, mawonekedwe a nyama asintha, nyamazo zasintha bwino pakusintha zachilengedwe, ndipo pakadali pano mdziko lathu lino muli mabanja 11 amtundu wa mbewa.
Kanema: Khoswe Wamadzi
Banja la vole limaphatikizapo mibadwo 15. Mitundu yambiri yamabanja amphongo ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mphuno yaying'ono, makutu ang'onoang'ono, zikhomo zazifupi ndi mchira. M'kamwa muli mano olimba, omwe amatha kulumphira pamtengo wolimba. Chovala cha makoswe ambiri ndi chachifupi, pomwe chovalacho chimakhala chachitali komanso chokulirapo. Khoswe Wamadzi amakhala ndi mchira wautali makamaka, womwe umatchingidwa pang'ono kuchokera mmbali; mulibe zimbudzi ku zala zake zakumbuyo. Makoswe amadzi amasiyana ndi makoswe ena ang'onoang'ono, pafupifupi ma auricles osatulutsa, amasiyana ndi maimvi otuwa ndikukula kwakukulu, ndipo amasiyana ndi muskrat mumchira.
Palevaceae ndi amodzi mwamagulu amphaka omwe amatha kupirira zovuta zachilengedwe ndikudya chakudya chopatsa thanzi, monga masamba, makungwa ndi mizu ya mitengo ndi zitsamba, tirigu. Makoswe amadzi amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, koma amathanso kukhala kumtunda pafupi ndi thupi lamadzi komanso nkhalango. Nyama zamtunduwu zimagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, zimakhala m'mabowo. Iwo samabisala.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe makoswe amadzi amawonekera
Khoswe wamadzi ndi nyama yaying'ono. Nyamayo ndi ya kutalika kwa 140-220 mm. Kutengera malo okhala, komanso moyo wa nyama, kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake kumatha kusiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi, kulemera kwa thupi la madzi kuchokera ku 130 mpaka 350 magalamu. Thupi la nyama ndi lalikulu komanso losavuta. Pamapazi, chala chachitatu ndi chachitali kuposa zinazo. Palibe tsitsi pazidendene. Mchira ndi wautali wokulirapo wofanana ndi theka la kutalika kwa thupi, wozungulira pamtanda. Palibe masikelo amphete kumchira, pali tsitsi lochepa.
Nsonga ya mchira imathera ndi burashi kutalika kwa masentimita 0.5. Mtundu wa nyama umatha kusiyanasiyana mpaka kufiyira mpaka wakuda. Mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana, mtundu wa nyama sichimasintha. Ubweya wamphongo wamadzi ndiwofewa komanso wofewa. Chivundikirocho chimasiyanitsidwa ndi underfur ndi coarse axis. Pamimba pa khoswe, tsitsi limakhala lowala kuposa mbali ndi kumbuyo. Mwakuwoneka, chinyama chimafanana ndi khoswe, koma chimasiyana ndi ubweya wonyezimira, mawonekedwe mchira ndi kukula kokulirapo. Maso ndi ochepa, akuda. Makutu ndi ochepa ndipo samatuluka ubweya, ndipo chifukwa cha tsitsi lalitali, zikopa za nyama zimakhala zosawoneka. Pakamwa pakamwa pake pamakhala bulauni, mano a chinyama 16. Akazi ndi abambo alibe zosiyana zakunja.
Kutalika kwake ndi masentimita 7-8, ndi okulirapo kuposa mbewa zodziwika bwino. Ma voles amadzi amasambira bwino kwambiri komanso mwachangu, amatha kusambira mtunda wautali, amatha kuyendetsa chakudya chawo m'madzi. Amathamanga pamtunda, makamaka ngati nyama ili ndi mantha. Amalumikizana ndi kulira. Kutalika kwa moyo wamphongo wamadzi ndi zaka 3-4.
Kodi khoswe wamadzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Khoswe Wamadzi ku Russia
Malo okhala nyama izi ndi otakata kwambiri mdziko lathu, makoswe amadzi amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse. Makoswe amadzi amakhala kumpoto konse kwa Eurasia kuchokera ku Atlantic mpaka Yakutia. Kum'mwera, malo okhala nyama izi amayambira kunyanja ya Mediterranean kupita ku Asia komanso kumpoto kwa China. Komanso, nyama izi ndizofala kwambiri kumpoto kwa Mongolia, Ukraine, Belarus, North Caucasus ndi Siberia (kupatula Arctic).
Makoswe amadzi amakhala m'mitsinje, pafupi ndi nyanja, mayiwe ndi madzi ena. Amasankha malo okhala ndi chinyezi kwa moyo wonse. Kumpoto, imakhazikika m'malo am'nkhalango m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi, ziboda zomwe zimadzazidwa ndi mitengo ya paini ndi birch. M'chigawochi chimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja zomwe zimamera ndi mabango.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, nyamazi zimasamukira kunkhalango, kapena kuminda ndi minda ya zipatso kumeneko, nyamazi zimatha kupeza chakudya chawo mosavuta. Wokhoza kusamuka maulendo ataliatali. Vole imatha kubisala pansi pa udzu kapena mobisa mumtsinje. Maenje amamangidwa ndi makoswe amadzi pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi ya kusefukira kwamadzi amatha kumanga zisa zotseguka m'nkhalango ndi udzu. M'dzinja amakumba maenje m'minda ndi minda. Kutalika kwa burrow kumakhala pafupifupi mita 3, ma burrows samazizira nthawi yozizira, ndipo nyama zimatha kupulumuka nthawi yozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe khoswe wamadzi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe vole yamadzi imadya.
Kodi khoswe wamadzi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Makoswe am'munda
Khoswe wamadzi ndi udzu wodyera ndipo amadya zakudya zokha.
Zakudya zamphongo zamadzi zimaphatikizapo:
- bango;
- ndodo;
- sedge;
- mutu wa mivi;
- matenda;
- mbalame zam'madzi ndi ndere;
- mizu ya maluwa a madzi;
- rhizomes ndi makungwa a mitengo;
- mphukira zazing'ono zazitsamba;
- zipatso zamasamba;
- ubweya;
- mbewu za mbewu, spikelets wa mbewu za tirigu.
M'chilimwe, makoswe amapeza chakudya chawo pafupi ndi mosungiramo, komwe amadzimva kukhala otetezeka kwathunthu. Minks, makoswe amatulutsidwa ndikuyika khomo pafupi ndi mosungiramo, kuti potuluka m'madzi, zitha kubisala m'bowo pakagwa ngozi. Pakugwa, nyamazi zimasamukira kunkhalango kapena kufupi ndi minda komanso kubzala zikhalidwe.
M'nyengo yozizira, amadyetsa makungwa ndi mitengo ya zipatso ndi zitsamba, zomwe zimawapweteka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, minda ikulimbana ndi makoswewa. Makoswe amadzi samangokhalira kudya, chifukwa chake amatha kupulumuka pamavuto aku Siberia ndi Yakutia.
Chosangalatsa: Makoswe amadzi amadya m'malo okhawo. Amadzipangira "matebulo odyetsera" kapena "mabowo odyetsera" pomwe nyama imatha kudya mosamala. Malo otere amatha kudziwika ndi kupezeka kwa zotsalira zingapo ngati masamba odyedwa theka ndi zimayambira.
Mndende, makoswe amadzi amadyetsedwa tirigu, udzu, mavwende ndi zipatso za zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zosiyanasiyana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Makoswe amadzi
Ma voles am'madzi ndi nyama zodekha kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wachinsinsi. M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Pofika nthawi yophukira, zimasunthira pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, kapena kunkhalango. Kumeneko nyama izi zimakumba maenje ndi ngalande zapansi panthaka zokhala ndi zitseko zambiri zochokera mbali zosiyanasiyana. Asanalowe mu dzenjelo, makoswe amaluma udzu, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a kapinga. M'nyengo yophukira, nyama zimasunga chakudya m'ng'anjo m'nyengo yozizira. Makoswe amasunga tirigu, mizu, ndi chilichonse chomwe angatenge kulowa mdzenjemo.
M'nyengo yozizira samabisala, amatuluka m'mabowo awo akuswa chisanu. Kuphatikiza pa nkhokwe m'nyengo yozizira, amadyetsa makungwa a mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba, ndikubzala mbewu. Makoswe amakhala madera, koma amakhala okha. Nthawi yamadzi osefukira, nyama zimapita kumalo okwera, nthawi zina zimatha kukwera mitengo. Makoswe akugwira ntchito usana ndi usiku. M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kusambira m'menemo ndi kufunafuna chakudya. M'dzinja, imakumba maenje ndikupanga nkhokwe m'nyengo yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira imatuluka mumtobowo kuti ingopeza chakudya chokha.
Makoswe amadzi ndi nyama zanzeru kwambiri komanso zanzeru, ali ndi adani ambiri, koma amatha kuthawa mosavuta komanso mwachangu kudzera pamaulendo angapo apansi panthaka. Kapangidwe kazomwe anthu sanakhazikitse, amakhala mwamtendere okha, koma maenje a makoswe nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi. Makoswe amadzi samachita nkhanza pokhapokha atakhala pachiwopsezo. Munthu amathandizidwa mwachizolowezi mu ukapolo, amazindikira mbuye wawo. Nyama ikamva kuti ili pangozi, imatha kuluma.
Chosangalatsa: Makoswe amadzi amanyamula matenda owopsa monga Omsk fever, tularimia ndi matenda ena ambiri. Chifukwa chake, mukawona khoswe kuthengo, simuyenera kutenga m'manja mwanu, kapena ndibwino kuti muziyenda mukuweta.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Makoswe amadzi nthawi yachisanu
Ma voles amadzi amakula msinkhu wazaka ziwiri. Makoswe amadzi amaswana mwachangu kwambiri. Nthawi yakumasirana imagwera nyengo yotentha. M'chaka, mkazi amatha kupirira malita 2 mpaka 4. Mimba yoyamba mchaka chachikazi imachitika koyambirira kwa masika, komaliza kumapeto kwa Ogasiti. Kuchuluka kwapadera kwakubala m'makoswe amadzi kumachitika mu Julayi. M'nyengo yozizira, makoswe amadzi samaswana kawirikawiri, pokhapokha ngati nyengo ili yabwino komanso kupezeka kwa chakudya chomwe angadyetse ana awo.
Kwa zinyalala imodzi, ana a 5-7 amabadwa. Mimba imakhala masiku 21. Ana agalu amabadwa akhungu komanso opanda tsitsi, koma amakula mwachangu kwambiri. Ndi makamaka wamkazi yemwe amasamalira anawo; anawo amakhala masabata angapo oyamba ali moyo ali mumtanda. Poyamba, mayi amadyetsa anawo ndi mkaka. Popita nthawi, ana amphaka ang'onoang'ono amayamba kudya zakudya zamasamba zomwe amayi awo amawabweretsera, pambuyo pake amayamba kudzipezera okha chakudya. Pakadutsa miyezi 1.5-2 atabadwa, mtsikanayo ali kale wokonzeka kuswana.
Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa ziwerengero ndizofala pakati pa nyama izi. Nthawi ngati imeneyi, nyama zimadzaza m'minda mochuluka ndipo zitha kuwononga ulimi. Asayansi alephera kupeza zomwe zimayambitsa miliri yayikulu. Malo omwe ziphuphu zakuthwa zowonjezeka zakuchulukirachulukira zimangokhala m'malo ochepa.
Adani achilengedwe a makoswe amadzi
Chithunzi: Momwe makoswe amadzi amawonekera
Adani achilengedwe a makoswe amadzi ndi nyama zolusa monga:
- nkhandwe;
- chikondi;
- mink;
- ziphuphu;
- otters;
- nkhwangwa;
- akadzidzi ndi akadzidzi;
- mavuwe ndi mbalame zina zambiri zodya nyama;
- agalu ndi amphaka;
- njoka ndi abuluzi.
Pafupifupi onse odyetsa amasaka makoswe amadzi. Komabe, makoswe amadzi ndi nyama zosamala, zanzeru komanso zanzeru. Pozindikira kuwopsa, khoswe akhoza kubisala mdani pakadutsa mphindi, chofunikira kwambiri ndikufika pachipata chimodzi choloba. Pamadzi, mbewa yamadzi imatha kubisala posabisala pansi pamadzi. Nyama izi ndizosambira bwino kwambiri ndipo zimasambira bwino pansi pamadzi.
Koma mdani wamkulu wa makoswe amadzi anali ndipo amakhalabe munthu. Makoswe amadzi amawononga kwambiri ulimi. Amawononga zomera zolimidwa, amawononga mitengo yazipatso. Ziphe zam'madzi sizipatsidwa poizoni mofanana ndi momwe zimakhalira poizoni, ndipo makoswe ndi nyama zanzeru ndipo amayang'ana chakudya chosazolowereka. Amayamba kuluma kachidutswa kakang'ono ndipo akawona kuti china chake chalakwika ndi chakudyacho, samachigwira.
Alimi amaika owopsa akupanga paminda yawo, zomwe zimalepheretsa nyama kuti zifike pokolola. Makoswe amadzi amawonongedwa ambiri pafupi ndi minda yamaluwa ndi minda yamasamba. Komanso ubweya wa nyama ndiwofunika kwambiri, ndipo nyama zambiri zimaphedwa chifukwa cha zikopa zawo. Zikopa zimakololedwa mochuluka.
Kuphatikiza apo, momwe zachilengedwe zimakhalira zimakhudza kwambiri ziweto. Asayansi awona kuti m'zaka zowuma, ndi nyengo yotentha, makoswe amadzi amachepetsa kwambiri. Mtundu uwu umakhala ndi matenda monga tularia, Omsk fever nthawi zambiri imadwala matenda okhala ndi helmites.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Khoswe wamadzi wamkulu
Arvicola amphibius kapena vole yamadzi ndi mitundu yambiri. Udindo wa mitunduyo ndi mitundu yomwe sichidetsa nkhawa. Kukula kwa anthu kumatha kusintha kutengera nyengo. Nthawi zina pamakhala kulumpha kwakuthwa pamlingo wakubadwa, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi sayansi sikudziwikabe. M'zaka zotere, nyama zimadzazadi m'mindamu, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti anthu azisunga mbewu zawo kuchokera ku tizilomboto.
Nyama izi zimaberekana mwachangu, mosavuta kuti zizolowere momwe zinthu zilili kunja, chifukwa mitundu ya nyama imeneyi siziwopseza pakadali pano. Pazaka zokhala ndi chilimwe chouma komanso zokolola zochepa, kubadwa kwa makoswe kumachepa, izi zimachitika chifukwa chachilengedwe. Zowononga zowononga nyamazi ndi mtundu wa nkhalango, zomwe sizimalola kuti makoswe akule mwamphamvu ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa matenda owopsa omwe amabwera ndi makoswe.
Mitunduyi siyifunikira chitetezo china chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri amakulira mu ukapolo chifukwa cha ubweya wake wamtengo wapatali. Imasungidwa bwino ndipo imazindikira mbuye wake. Kwa ulimi, ndi tizilombo toopsa, zomwe ndizovuta kuzichotsa. Poyesera kusunga zokololazo, anthu adakhazikitsa zowopsa, mipanda ndi misampha. Komabe, nyama zanzeru izi zimatha kulowa m'malo aliwonse ndikuboola ngalande zapansi panthaka.
Chosangalatsa: Makoswe amadzi nthawi zambiri amakhala osamuka, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuwatsata. M'chaka, pali mitundu ingapo yosamuka, pomwe pakusamuka kuti apumule, nyama zimadzikumbira zokha kuti zidye ndikupumuliramo. Maenje okhazikika amakhala ndi nthambi ndi ma nambala ambiri.
Makoswe amadzi chinyama chodekha chotsogola. Ndiwanzeru kwambiri komanso ndiwanzeru, amatha kukonza zofunikira m'nyengo yozizira, amasamuka mosavuta kangapo pachaka, amasankha malo abwino okhala. Ndiowopsa kwa anthu kokha chifukwa amanyamula matenda owopsa. Amazolowera msanga munthuyo. Mu ukapolo, amakhala ndi moyo wodekha, ndipo amaswana chaka chonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 19:58
