Kumata tizilombo - cholengedwa chodabwitsa cha akatswiri azachilengedwe. Pafupifupi mitundu 2500 ya tizilombo tomwe timapanga mizimu. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, amadziwika kuti akatswiri obisalira (kutsanzira). Gwirani tizilombo mwaluso potengera mbali zosiyanasiyana za zomera: masamba obiriwira, masamba okongoletsa, nthambi zouma. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa phytomimicry, chomwe chimamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Greek chimatanthauza phyton - chomera, ndi mimikos - kutsanzira. Zazikazi za mitundu ina zimaberekana kudzera mu parthenogenesis, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti achichepere amatuluka m'mazira osakwanira kwathunthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kakamira tizilombo
Gulu la mizukwa (Phasmatodea) ndi lovuta, ndipo ubale pakati pa mamembala ake samamveka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusamvetsetsana kambiri pazamaina aodzozedwa a mamembala a gululi. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa tizilombo timitengo kumatha kusintha pafupipafupi ndipo nthawi zina kumatsutsana kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo ikupezeka nthawi zonse. Pafupifupi, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ma daxa angapo angapo amawonekera chaka chilichonse. Zotsatira zake zimasinthidwa nthawi zambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Pepala lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu 2004 ndi Oliver Zompro, Timematodea adachotsedwa mu tizilombo tomwe timayikidwa ndikuyika Plecoptera ndi Embioptera. Mu 2008 mokha, ntchito zina ziwiri zazikulu zidachitika, kuphatikiza pakupanga taxa yatsopano kubanja, zomwe zidapangitsanso kugawidwa kwa maxaxa ambiri kubanja.
Tizilombo takale kwambiri zakale zidapezeka ku Triassic ku Australia. Mamembala oyamba am'banja amapezekanso ku Baltic, Dominican ndi Mexico amber (kuchokera ku Eocene mpaka ku Miocene). Nthaŵi zambiri, izi ndi mphutsi. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku fossil family Archipseudophasma tidae, mitundu ya Archipseudophasma phoenix, Sucinophasma blattodeophila ndi Pseudoperla gracilipes ochokera ku Baltic amber amafotokozedwa.
Pakadali pano, kutengera komwe kunachokera, mitundu yambiri ya anthu imadziwika kuti ndi yofanana ndi mitundu yomwe yatchulidwayi kapena, monga Balticophasma lineata, imayikidwa mumtundu wawo. Kuphatikiza pa izi, zotsalazo zikuwonetsanso kuti mizukwa kamodzi idali ndi malo ochulukirapo. Kotero, mu miyala ya Messel (Germany), chidindo cha chivindikiro cha tsamba chotchedwa Eophyllium messelensis chidapezeka, chomwe chili ndi zaka 47 miliyoni.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe tizilombo timatabwa timawonekera
Kutalika kwa tizilombo timene timayambira 1.5 cm mpaka 30 cm kutalika. Mitundu yovuta kwambiri ndi Heteropteryx dilatata, yazimayi yomwe imatha kulemera mpaka magalamu 65. Ena ndi mizukwa yomwe imakhala yozungulira, yopindika ndodo, pomwe ina imakhala yopyapyala, yofanana ndi masamba. Mitundu yambiri ilibe mapiko kapena yocheperako mapiko. Nthiti za mitundu ya mapiko ndi yaifupi kwambiri kuposa ya mitundu yopanda mapiko. Mwa mitundu yamapiko, mapiko awiri oyamba ndi opapatiza komanso opangidwa ndi keratinized, ndipo mapiko akumbuyo amakhala otambalala, okhala ndi mitsempha yolunjika m'litali ndi mitsempha yambiri yopingasa.
Kanema: Kakamira tizilombo
Nsagwada zomwe zimatafunidwa ndizofanana m'mitundumitundu ya tizirombo tomwe timatenda. Miyendo ndi yayitali komanso yopyapyala. Ena mwa iwo amatha kupititsa patsogolo autotomy (kukonzanso). Zina zimakhala ndi tinyanga tating'ono, toonda. Kuphatikiza apo, tizilombo timakhala ndi mawonekedwe amaso ovuta, koma ziwalo zosazindikira kuwala zimapezeka mwa amuna ochepa okha okhala ndi mapiko. Ali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe amawalola kuti azindikire zozungulira ngakhale mumdima, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi moyo wawo wamadzulo.
Zosangalatsa: Tizilombo tomwe timakhala timakhala ndi maso ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mbali zochepa. Mukamakula molts motsatizana, kuchuluka kwa mbali iliyonse ya diso kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwama cell a photoreceptor. Kumverera kwa diso la munthu wamkulu kumakhala kakhumi poyerekeza ndi diso la mwana wakhanda.
Diso likayamba kuvuta, njira zosinthira mdima / kuwunika zimathandizanso. Maso okulirapo a tizilombo tachikulire amawapangitsa kuti atengeke mosavuta ndi radiation. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake achikulire amakhala usiku. Kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa kuwala kwa tizilombo tatsopano kumene kumawathandiza kuti amasulidwe ndi masamba omwe agwa omwe adaswa, ndikusunthira kumtunda masamba owala.
Tizilombo timene timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala ndi thupi. Ngati kachilombo kameneka kamapatsidwa mwayi panthawiyi, kamakhala mmenemo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale kuchotsa gawo limodzi la thupi sikungakhudze momwe limakhalira. Mapadi omata amapangidwira kuti azitha kugwirapo pakukwera, koma sagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda
Kodi tizilombo timitengo timakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kakamira tizilombo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapezeka m'zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula Antarctica ndi Patagonia. Amapezeka kwambiri kumadera otentha komanso otentha. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazachilengedwe imapezeka ku Southeast Asia ndi South America, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Australia, Central America ndi kumwera kwa United States. Mitundu yoposa 300 imakhala pachilumba cha Borneo, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale malo olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi pazambiri zowopsa (Phasmatodea).
Pali mitundu yodziwika pafupifupi 1,500 m'chigawo chakum'mawa, ndi mitundu 1,000 yomwe imapezeka mdera la neotropical ndi mitundu yoposa 440 ku Australia. M'madera ena onse, mitundu ya zamoyo ku Madagascar komanso ku Africa konse, komanso kuchokera ku Near East mpaka ku Palaearctic, ikuchepa. Pali mitundu yochepa chabe yamtundu ku Mediterranean ndi Far East.
Chosangalatsa: Imodzi mwa mitundu ya tizilombo tomwe timakhala ku Southeast Asia, tizilombo tambiri padziko lapansi. Akazi amtundu wa Phobaeticus ndi tizilombo totalika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 56.7 pankhani ya Phobaeticus chani, kuphatikiza miyendo yayitali.
Malo okhalamo abwino amakhala ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yamitundu. Nkhalango ndi yomwe ikuluikulu, makamaka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhalango zotentha. M'madera ouma, mitundu ya zamoyo imachepa, komanso kumapiri ataliatali, motero madera ozizira. Oimira amtundu wa Monticomorpha ali ndi mitunda yayikulu kwambiri ndipo adakalipo pamtunda wa mamitala 5000 pafupi ndi mzere wachisanu ku phiri laphalaphala la Ecuadorian Cotopaxi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe tizilombo timitengo timakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi tizilombo timene timadya timadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gwirani tizilombo m'chilengedwe
Mizimu yonse ndi phytophages, ndiye kuti, odyetsa ziweto. Ena mwa iwo ndi monophage makamaka m'mitundu ina yazomera kapena magulu azomera, mwachitsanzo, Oreophoetes Peruana, omwe amadyetsa ferns kokha. Mitundu ina ndi odyera osadziwika kwambiri ndipo amawerengedwa kuti ndi odyetsa zinyama. Kuti adye, nthawi zambiri amangoyenda mwaulesi kudzera muzakudya. Masana, amakhala m'malo amodzi ndikubisala pazomera kapena pansi pamasamba, ndipo mdima utayamba kuyamba kuwonetsa ntchito.
Tizilombo timene timakhala timitengo timadya masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, ndikuzipukuta ndi nsagwada zolimba. Amadyetsa usiku kuti apewe adani akuluakulu. Koma ngakhale mdima wopitilirawo sukutitsimikizira kuti tizilombo tikhoza kukhala otetezeka, choncho mizukwayo imachita zinthu mosamala kwambiri, kuyesera kuti isamve phokoso lochepa. Mitundu yambiri imadyetsa yokha, koma mitundu ina ya tizirombo ta ku Australia timayenda m'magulu akulu ndipo imatha kuwononga masamba onse omwe akuyenda.
Popeza mamembala a dongosololi ndi phytophages, mitundu ina imatha kuwonanso ngati tizirombo pazomera. Chifukwa chake, m'minda yamaluwa ku Central Europe, nthawi zina timapezeka tizilombo tomwe timatha kuthawa ndi kuthawa ngati tizirombo. Anapezeka: Tizilombo tomwe timachokera ku India (Carausius morosus), wochokera ku Vietnam (Artemis), komanso tizilombo Sipyloidea Sipylus, zomwe zidawononga kwambiri. B. mu Munda wa Botanical ku Munich. Kuopsa kwa nyama kuthawa, makamaka m'malo otentha, kumakhala kwakukulu; ubale wa mitundu ina kapena magulu athunthu a tizilombo umafunikira kafukufuku.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Tizilombo tomwe timagwira kuchokera ku Red Book
Tizilombo tokomera, monga mapemphero opempherera, amawonetsa mayendedwe ena, momwe tizilombo timayendera, ndikuyenda mobwerezabwereza mbali ndi mbali. Kutanthauzira kofala kwa khalidweli ndikuti kumalimbitsa crypsis poyeserera zomera zomwe zikuyenda mphepo. Komabe, mayendedwe awa akhoza kukhala ofunikira kwambiri chifukwa amalola tizilombo kusiyanitsa zinthu zakumbuyo kudzera poyenda pang'ono.
Kusunthika kwa tizilombo tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono kameneka kamatha kusintha ndege kapena kuthamanga ngati gwero lothandizira kuwathandiza kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu zakutsogolo. Tizilombo tina tokometsera, monga Anisomorpha buprestoides, nthawi zina timapanga magulu angapo. Tizilombo timeneti timawonedwa kuti timasonkhana masana m'malo obisika, kuyenda usiku kukadya chakudya, ndikubwerera kumalo awo kusanache. Khalidweli silimamveka bwino, ndipo momwe tizilombo timapezera njira yobwerera sizikudziwika.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yakukula kwa mazira m'mazira, kutengera mtundu, pafupifupi miyezi itatu mpaka khumi ndi iwiri, mwapadera - mpaka zaka zitatu. Mbewuyo imasanduka tizilombo tating'ono patadutsa miyezi itatu mpaka khumi ndi iwiri. Makamaka mumitundu yowala ndipo nthawi zambiri amasiyana ndi makolo awo. Mitundu yopanda kapena yopanda utoto wowopsa imawonetsa mitundu yowala ya makolo pambuyo pake, mwachitsanzo ku Paramenexenus laetus kapena Mearnsiana bullosa.
Mu mizukwa, akazi achikulire amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yayitali kuposa amuna, kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka chaka, ndipo amuna amakhala miyezi itatu mpaka isanu yokha. Tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala timakhala moyo pafupifupi kwa mwezi umodzi. Zaka zazikulu kwambiri zolembedwa, zopitilira zaka zisanu, zidakwaniritsidwa ndi Haaniella scabra wamkazi wakutchire waku Sabakh. Mwambiri, mamembala ambiri am'banja la Hetropterygigae amakhala olimba kwambiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tizilombo tambiri tambiri
Kukhwimitsa kwa tizilomboti timitengo tina m'magulu awiri kumakhala kodabwitsa m'nthawi yake. Zolemba za tizilombo zimawonetsa mitundu ya Necroscia, yopezeka ku India, yomwe masewera ake osakanizirana amatenga masiku 79. Mitunduyi nthawi zambiri imatenga masiku angapo kapena milungu ingapo ikutsatizana. Ndipo m'mitundu monga Diapheromera veliei ndi D. covilleae, kukhathamiritsa kumatha kutha maola atatu mpaka 136. Kulimbana pakati pa amuna opikisana kumachitika mu D. veiliei ndi D. covilleae. Pakukumana kumeneku, njira ya mdaniyo imakakamiza wamwamuna kuti agwiritse ntchito mimba ya mkazi kuti atseke tsambalo.
Nthawi ndi nthawi, mkazi amamenya mpikisano. Nthawi zambiri kugwira mwamphamvu pamimba ya mkazi ndikuwombera kwa wakubayo kumakhala kokwanira kuthana ndi mpikisano wosafunikira, koma nthawi zina wopikisana naye amagwiritsa ntchito machenjera kuti ateteze mkaziyo. Pomwe mnzake wamkazi amadyetsa ndikukakamizidwa kumasula malo amkati, wolowayo amatha kugwira mimba ya mkazi ndikulowetsa kumaliseche kwake. Nthawi zambiri, pamene wakuba alowa m'mimba mwa mkazi, zimathandizira kuti mnzake wakale alowe m'malo mwake.
Chosangalatsa: Tizilombo tambiri tokometsera, kuwonjezera pa njira yoberekera, titha kubereka ana popanda mnzake, titaikira mazira osakwanira. Chifukwa chake, sizimadalira amuna okha, chifukwa umuna sofunikira. Pankhani ya parthenogenesis, yomwe ili ndi ma chromosomes a haploid a dzira, makanda amabadwa ali ndi makope enieni a mayiyo.
Pakukula ndikukula kwa mitunduyi, kutenga mbali kwamphongo kumafunikira kuti mazira ena atengere. Ndikosavuta kuti tizilombo tomwe timakhala m'mitundumitundu tipeze zibwenzi - ndizovuta kuti mitundu yazolowera kukhala yokha. Zazikazi zamtunduwu zimatulutsa ma pheromones apadera omwe amawalola kukopa amuna. Masabata awiri pambuyo pa umuna, mkaziyo amaikira mazira ofanana ndi mbewu (kwinakwake mpaka 300). Ana omwe amatuluka dzira pambuyo poti metamorphosis yakwaniritsidwa amayamba kufikira kumene amapezako chakudya mwachangu.
Adani achilengedwe a tizilomboti
Chithunzi: Kakamira tizilombo
Adani akuluakulu amzukwawo ndi mbalame zomwe zimafunafuna chakudya mu udzu, komanso pakati pa masamba ndi nthambi. Njira yayikulu yodzitchinjiriza ya tizilombo tambiri tambiri ndikubisa, makamaka, kutsanzira zakufa kapena zamoyo.
Nthawi zambiri, tizirombo tating'onoting'ono timatengera njira zotsatirazi zodzitchinjiriza:
- khalani osasunthika ngakhale mutakhudzidwa ndipo musayese kuthawa kapena kukana;
- yendetsani, kutsanzira mbali zomwe zimagwedezeka pa mphepo;
- sintha mtundu wawo wamasana kukhala wakuda usiku chifukwa chakutulutsa mahomoni. Mphamvu ya mahomoni imatha kubweretsa kudzikundikira kapena kukulira kwa mbewu zofiira lalanje m'maselo achikopa amtundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisinthe;
- amangomira pansi, pomwe kumakhala kovuta kuwawona pakati pa mbali zina za chomeracho;
- kugwa pansi mwachangu, kenako, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphindiyo, kuthawa mwachangu;
- zamoyo zina zimawopseza oukira potambasula mapiko awo kuti awoneke okulirapo;
- ena amapanga phokoso ndi mapiko awo kapena mahema;
- Pofuna kupewa nyama zolusa, mitundu yambiri imatha kuthyola miyendo paliponse pomwe pali pakati pa ntchafu ndi mphete ya ntchafu ndipo imatha kusintha m'malo mwa khungu lotsatira (kusinthika).
Mizimu imakhalanso ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kuti gland. Mitunduyi imatulutsa timadzi tambiri kudzera m'mabowo pachifuwa, omwe ali pamwamba pa miyendo yakutsogolo. Zimbudzi zimatha kununkhira mwamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosasangalatsa, kapenanso zimakhala ndi mankhwala owopsa. Makamaka, mamembala am'banja la Pseudophasmatidae ali ndi zotupa zoyipa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawononga komanso makamaka mamina.
Njira ina yodziwika bwino yamitundu ikuluikulu monga Eurycanthini, Extatosomatinae, ndi Heteropteryginae ndikumenya adani. Nyama zotere zimatambasula miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, ndikuziyika mlengalenga, ndikukhalabe mpaka pano mdani atayandikira. Kenako amamenya womenyera mnzakeyo ndi miyendo yolumikizana. Izi zimachitika mobwerezabwereza mpaka wopikisanayo aperekeka kapena atagwidwa, zomwe zitha kukhala zopweteka kwambiri chifukwa cha ma spikes pamiyendo yakumbuyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe tizilombo timatabwa timawonekera
Mitundu inayi yatchulidwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, mitundu iwiri ili pafupi kutha, mtundu umodzi watchulidwa kuti uli pangozi, ndipo wina watha.
Mitundu iyi ndi monga:
- Carausius scotti - atatsala pang'ono kutha, amapezeka pachilumba chaching'ono cha Silhouette, chomwe ndi gawo lazilumba za Seychelles;
- Dryococelus australis - atatsala pang'ono kutha. Idawonongedwa pachilumba cha Lord Howe (Pacific Ocean) ndi makoswe obweretsedwa kumeneko. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha zitsanzo zomwe zangopezeka kumene, pulogalamu yoswana yogwidwa idayambitsidwa;
- Graeffea seychellensis ndi mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kutha womwe umapezeka ku Seychelles;
- Pseudobactricia ridleyi ndi mitundu yotheratu. Tsopano amadziwika kuchokera pachitsanzo chokha chomwe chidapezeka zaka 100 zapitazo kumadera otentha ku Malay Peninsula ku Singapore.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nkhalango kumatha kuchitika, makamaka m'malo amodzi. Kuchokera ku Australia kupita ku South America, adayambitsa mitundu ya Echetlus evoneobertii ku eucalyptus yaku Brazil - yomwe minda yawo ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ku Australia komweko, Didymuria violescens nthawi zambiri imawononga nkhalango zamapiri ku New South Wales ndi Victoria zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Chifukwa chake, mu 1963, makilomita mazana ambiri a nkhalango ya eucalyptus adasandulikanso opanda vuto.
Omata tizilombo kusamala
Chithunzi: Tizilombo tomwe timagwira kuchokera ku Red Book
Zochepa ndizodziwika pazowopseza mizimu chifukwa chobisalira. Komabe, kuwononga malo okhala ndi kubweretsa nyama zolusa nthawi zambiri zimakhudza kwambiri mitundu ya zamoyo zomwe zimakhala m'malo ang'onoang'ono, monga zilumba kapena malo okhala. Kuwonekera kwa khoswe wofiirira pachilumba cha Lord Howe mu 1918zidapangitsa kuti anthu onse a Dryococelus australis awoneke kuti atha mu 1930. Kupezeka kokha kwa anthu osakwana nyama 30 pamtunda wamakilomita 23 kuchokera pachilumba chapafupi, Pyramid ya Ball, ndi komwe kudatsimikizira kupulumuka kwake. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa anthu komanso kuti malo okhala nyama omwe amapezeka pamenepo anali ochepa m 6 mx 30 m, adaganiza zopanga pulogalamu yoswana.
Kubwereranso kumadera ena kumawonetsa kuti izi sizimangochitika zokha. Chifukwa chake, Parapachymorpha spinosa idapezeka kumapeto kwa 1980s pafupi ndi station ya Pak Chong ku Thailand. Kwa mitundu yogawidwa pang'ono, njira zodzitetezera zimayambitsidwa ndi akatswiri ndi okonda. Wapezeka mu 2004, kachilombo kakang'ono kameneka kumpoto kwa Peru, kachilomboka kakang'ono (Peruphasma schultei) kamapezeka kudera la mahekitala asanu okha.
Popeza pali mitundu ina yachilengedwe m'derali, idatetezedwa ndi boma la Peru. NGO INIBICO (bungwe lachilengedwe la ku Peru) linali m'gulu lachifundo. Pulojekiti ya anthu okhala ku Cordillera del Condor National Park ayambitsanso pulogalamu yolera ya velvet. Ntchitoyi, yomwe idayenera kuchitika kumapeto kwa 2007, idali yopulumutsa kapena kugulitsa theka la anawo. Chifukwa cha mafani a phasmids, mitundu iyi yasungidwa mpaka pano. ndodo tizilombo ndi imodzi mwamagazi odziwika kwambiri mu terrarium.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/24/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/29/2019 ku 19:47
