Daphnia - nsomba zazinkhanira zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala makamaka m'madzi amadzi padziko lapansi. Ndi kukula kwawo kocheperako, ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira m'chilengedwe - pochulukitsa mwachangu, amalola nsomba ndi amphibiya kudyetsa, kuti popanda iwo malo osungira azikhala opanda kanthu. Amadyetsanso nsomba zam'madzi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Daphnia
Mtundu wa Daphnia udafotokozedwa mu 1785 ndi O.F. Mueller. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 50 ya daphnia pakati pawo, ndipo ambiri aiwo amasiyana kwambiri ndi ena. Daphnia longispina, wofotokozedwa ndi Müller yemweyo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtundu wamtundu.
Daphnia imagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu - Daphnia yoyenera ndi Ctenodaphnia. Otsatirawa amasiyana pamitundu ingapo, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mphako pachikopa cha mutu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe achikale. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti zidachitika kale: zotsalira zidayambira chiyambi cha zonsezo mpaka pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo.
Kanema: Daphnia
Oimira oyamba a gillfoot adawoneka pafupifupi zaka 550 miliyoni zaka zapitazo, ena mwa iwo anali makolo a Daphnia. Koma iwowo adadzuka pambuyo pake: zotsalira zakale kwambiri zakale za Lower Jurassic - ndiye kuti ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 180-200 miliyoni.
Ino si nthawi zakale monga munthu amayembekezera kuchokera kuzinthu zosavuta - mwachitsanzo, nsomba ndi mbalame zidayamba kale. Koma, monga nthumwi zina za wamkulu wa cladocerans, kale m'masiku amenewo Daphnia amafanana ndi omwe ali pano, ndipo mwa ichi amasiyana ndi zamoyo zokonzedwa bwino kwambiri zakale zomwezo.
Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kuganiza kuti daphnia samasintha: M'malo mwake, ali ndi kusintha kosinthika kosiyanasiyana komanso kusinthasintha, ndipo nthawi zonse kumabweretsa mitundu yatsopano. Mapangidwe omaliza amtundu wa Daphnia adachitika atangotha kutha kwa Cretaceous.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Daphnia Moina
Mitundu ya Daphnia imatha kusiyanasiyana: mawonekedwe amthupi lawo, komanso kukula kwake, zimadalira momwe zinthu zilili. Komabe, pali zina zodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, thupi lawo limakutidwa ndi chipolopolo chachitini chokhala ndi mavavu owonekera - ziwalo zamkati zimawonekera bwino. Chifukwa chowonekera bwino m'madzi, daphnia samawonekera kwenikweni.
Chipolopolocho sichikuphimba mutu. Ili ndi maso awiri, ngakhale nthawi zambiri ikamakula, imaphatikizana kukhala diso limodzi, ndipo nthawi zina daphnia imakhala ndi gawo lachitatu, koma nthawi zambiri imadziwika bwino ndipo imakhala yaying'ono. Kumbali ya tinyanga, daphnia amawaweyulira mowirikiza, ndipo mothandizidwa nawo amayenda ndikudumpha.
Pamutu pake, rostrum ndi mphukira yofanana ndi mlomo, ndipo pansi pake pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tokhala tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timakulira. Mothandizidwa ndi ma swing, tinyanga timasuntha - tikamayisisita, daphnia imawulukira chamtsogolo, ngati ikudumpha. Tinyanga tina timapangidwa bwino ndipo timalimba kwambiri.
Thupi limakhala lophwatuka kuchokera mbali, miyendo imakhala yosalala komanso yopanda chitukuko, chifukwa sichigwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kukankhira madzi abwino kumakutu ndi tinthu tambiri pakamwa. Njira yogaya chakudya ndi yovuta kwambiri kwa kanyama kakang'ono ngati kameneka: pamakhala zotupa zonse, m'mimba ndi m'matumbo, momwe zimakhalira.
Daphnia amakhalanso ndi mtima womwe umagunda kwambiri - 230-290 beats pamphindi, zomwe zimayambitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi kwa ma 2-4 atmospheres. Daphnia amapuma ndi chivundikiro chonse cha thupi, koma choyambirira mothandizidwa ndi zida zopumira m'miyendo.
Kodi daphnia amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Daphnia magna
Oimira amtunduwu amapezeka pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi. Anapezeka ngakhale ku Antarctica mu zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa m'madzi am'nyanja. Izi zikutanthauza kuti daphnia amatha kukhala munthawi zonse zachilengedwe padzikoli.
Komabe, ngati zaka zana zapitazo zidakhulupirira kuti mitundu yawo yonse ili paliponse, ndiye zidatsimikiziridwa kuti iliyonse ya iwo ili ndi mitundu yake. M'mitundu yambiri, ndi yotakata ndipo imaphatikiza ma kontrakitala angapo, komabe palibe yomwe ikupezeka paliponse.
Iwo amakhala mdziko lapansi mofanana, posankha nyengo zakutentha ndi malo otentha. Pali owerengeka ochepa pamitengo yadziko lapansi, komanso pafupi ndi equator, m'malo otentha. Mitundu yamitundu ina yasintha kwambiri posachedwa chifukwa chakuti imagawidwa ndi anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Daphnia ambigua unachokera ku America kupita ku Great Britain ndipo unazika mizu bwinobwino. M'malo mwake, mitundu ya Daphnia lumholtzi idadziwitsidwa ku North America kuchokera ku Europe, ndipo idakhala yodziwika bwino pamasamba a kontinentiyi.
Kwa malo okhala daphnia, matupi amadzi opanda madzi amasankhidwa, monga mayiwe kapena nyanja. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'matope akuluakulu. M'mitsinje yoyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndi yocheperako, ndipo pafupifupi sapezeka m'mitsinje yothamanga. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhala m'madzi abwino.
Koma kutha kusintha komwe kudawonekeranso apa: Daphnia, nthawi ina adapezeka m'malo ouma, pomwe panali madzi amchere okha, sanafe, koma adayamba kukana. Tsopano, mitundu yomwe idachokera kwa iwo imadziwika ndi kukonda malo okhala ndi mchere wambiri.
Amakhala bwino m'madzi oyera - ayenera kukhala ndi madzi apansi pang'ono momwe angathere. Kupatula apo, daphnia amadyetsa kusefa madzi ndipo, ngati ndi odetsedwa, tinthu tanthaka timalowanso m'mimba mwawo limodzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti m'matupi amadzi owonongeka amafa mwachangu chifukwa chamimba yotseka.
Chifukwa chake, potengera kuchuluka kwa daphnia m dziwe, titha kuweruza momwe madzi aliri oyera. Amakhala makamaka m'madzi, ndipo mitundu ina imakhala pansi. Sakonda kuwala kowala ndipo amapita mwakuya dzuwa likayamba kuwala molunjika pamadzi.
Kodi Daphnia amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Daphnia mu aquarium
Zakudya zawo:
- matumba;
- udzu wam'madzi;
- mabakiteriya;
- kusokoneza;
- tizilombo tina tomwe timayandama m'madzi kapena kugona pansi.
Amadyetsa kusefa madzi, pomwe amasunthira miyendo yawo, ndikuwakakamiza kuti ayende. Kusefera kwa madzi omwe akubwera kumachitika ndi mafani apadera pazosefera. Tinthu timene timayamwa timadziphatika chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi katulutsidweko ndipo timatumiza m'thupi.
Daphnia amadziwika ndi kususuka kwawo: tsiku limodzi lokha, mitundu ina imadya kasanu ndi kawiri kulemera kwake. Chifukwa chake, ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya, pamakhala ochepa m'nyanjayi - izi zimachitika nyengo yozizira ikayamba, koma koposa zonse Daphnia amakhala kumapeto kwa masika ndi chilimwe.
Detritus amadyetsa mitundu ya daphnia yomwe simabisala nthawi yozizira. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira pansi pamadzi ndipo m'madzi oyandikira - nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi detritus, ndiye kuti, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tazinthu zina zamoyo.
Zomwezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha nsomba mu aquarium - ndizothandiza kwambiri chifukwa chakuti m'mimba mwawo muli chakudya chambiri. Daphnia amapatsidwa owuma ndikukhazikitsidwa amoyo mu aquarium. Zomalizazi ndizothandizanso ngati madzi m'menemo akhala mitambo: Daphnia amadya mabakiteriya, chifukwa chake izi zimachitika, ndipo nsomba, zimadya Daphnia.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Daphnia crustaceans
Amapezeka pagawo lamadzi, ndikusunthira mothandizidwa ndi kudumpha, nthawi zina kumayenda pansi pa dziwe kapena pamakoma a aquarium. Nthawi zambiri amasuntha kutengera nthawi yamasana: ikakhala kuwala, amalowa m'madzi, ndipo usiku amapezeka kumapeto kwenikweni.
Mphamvu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu awa, chifukwa chake ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa. Komabe, sizinathekebe kupeza ndendende. Pali zowerengeka zochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo, daphnia yayikuluyo imakakamira kumira kwambiri masana kuti asamawonekere kwa adani - pambuyo pake, madzi akuya sanaunikidwe pang'ono.
Lingaliro ili limatsimikiziridwa ndikuti m'matupi amadzi momwe mulibe nsomba zodyetsa daphnia, kusamuka koteroko kumachitika kawirikawiri. Palinso kufotokozera kosavuta - kuti daphnia imangothamangira kumtunda kwamadzi komwe kutentha ndi kuwunikira kumakhala koyenera kwa iwo, ndipo masana kumangokwera ndi kutsika.
Kutalika kwa moyo wawo kumasiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ndi mitundu. Nthawi zambiri ndondomekoyi ndi yosavuta - yayikulu kwambiri ndikukhala ndi moyo wautali. Daphnia yaying'ono imatenga masiku 20-30, yayikulu kwambiri mpaka masiku 130-150.
Chosangalatsa: Ndichizolowezi kuyesa kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe ka mayankho osiyanasiyana pa daphnia. Amachitanso zinthu zing'onozing'ono - mwachitsanzo, amatha pang'onopang'ono kapena kumira pansi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Daphnia
Daphnia ndi yachonde kwambiri, ndipo kubereka kwawo kumakhala kosangalatsa m'magawo awiri - amaberekanso zogonana komanso zogonana. Poyamba, ndi akazi okha omwe amatenga nawo gawo ndipo parthenogenesis imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiye kuti, amaberekana popanda umuna, ndipo ana awo amalandila chibadwa chofanana ndi cha kholo limodzi. Ndi chifukwa cha parthenogenesis, zinthu zikafika pabwino, kuti kuchuluka kwawo mosungiramo kumawonjezeka kwambiri munthawi yochepa kwambiri: nthawi zambiri njirayi yoberekera ku daphnia imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa kasupe ndi chilimwe, pomwe pali chakudya chochuluka kwa iwo.
Kubereka pankhaniyi ndi motere: mazira amaikidwiratu m'chipinda chapadera ndikukula popanda umuna. Pambuyo pakukula kwawo ndikukula kwa daphnia yatsopano, ma molts achikazi, ndipo atangotha masiku 3-6 okha amatha kuyamba kuzungulira kwatsopano. Pakadali pano, zazikazi zomwe zidawonekera nthawi yotsiriza nawonso zakonzeka kuswana.
Poganizira kuti daphnia yatsopano imawonekera mumwana aliyense, kuchuluka kwawo m'nyanjayi kukukula mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo m'masabata angapo atha kudzazidwa - izi zimawonekera ndi utoto wofiyira wamadzi. Ngati chakudya chikuyamba kuchepa, amuna amawoneka pakati pa anthu: ndi ocheperako komanso othamanga kuposa akazi, komanso amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ena. Amadzaza akazi, chifukwa chake mazira amawoneka otchedwa ephippia - cholimba cholimba chomwe chimaloleza kupulumuka zovuta.
Mwachitsanzo, sasamala za kuzizira kapena kuyanika kwa dziwe, amatha kunyamulidwa ndi mphepo limodzi ndi fumbi, samamwalira akamadutsa nyama. Ngakhale kukhala mumayankho amchere owopsa si kanthu kwa iwo, chipolopolo chawo ndi chodalirika kwambiri.
Koma, ngati ndikosavuta kuti daphnia iberekane ndi parthenogenesis, ndiye kuti kubereka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumafunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri, ndipo m'mitundu yambiri azimayi amafa ngakhale atayika mazira. Pambuyo pokhala m'malo abwino, mbadwo wotsatira wa daphnia umaswedwa m'mazira ndikuberekanso ndi parthenogenesis. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi azimayi okha omwe amawoneka, popeza amuna samakumana ndi zovuta.
Tsopano mukudziwa kubereketsa Daphnia. Tiyeni tiwone zoopsa zomwe zimadikirira daphnia kuthengo.
Adani achilengedwe a daphnia
Chithunzi: Mazira a Daphnia
Zilombo zazing'ono komanso zopanda chitetezo zili ndi adani ambiri - nyama zomwe zimawadyetsa.
Ndi:
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- mwachangu;
- Nkhono;
- achule;
- mphutsi za nyerere ndi zina zachilengedwe;
- nzika zina zodya nyama.
Nsomba zazikulu komanso zapakatikati sizikhala ndi chidwi ndi daphnia - kwa iwo ndi nyama yaying'ono kwambiri, yomwe imafuna kuti ikwaniritse kwambiri. Koma kupeputsa ndi nkhani ina, chifukwa nsomba zazing'ono, ngati pali daphnia wambiri mchigwacho, zimakhala ngati chakudya.
Izi ndizowona makamaka pamitundu ikuluikulu, chifukwa pa daphnia yaying'ono kukula kwake kumakhala ngati chitetezo - ngakhale nsomba yaying'ono siyingathamangitse crustacean theka la millimeter kukula, chinthu china ndi cha anthu akuluakulu a 3-5 mm. Ndi nsomba yomwe ndi yomwe imadya nyama zomwe zimawononga daphnia, ndipo nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimadyetsa. Kwa iwo, daphnia ndichimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopezera chakudya.
Koma ngakhale mosungiramo mulibe nsomba, akuwopsezedwabe ndi zoopsa zambiri: achule ndi ena amphibiya amadya anthu akulu, ndipo mphutsi zawo zimadyanso zazing'ono. Nkhono ndi nkhono zina zomwe zimadya nyama ya Daphnia - ngakhale ena a iwo Daphnia amatha kuyesa "kulumpha", mosiyana ndi nsomba zowala kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kuzindikira mtundu wa daphnia kutsegulira asayansi zinthu zambiri: pafupifupi 35% yazinthu zamtundu zomwe zimapezeka mu genome ndizapadera, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwachilengedwe. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kuti daphnia imazolowera mwachangu kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Daphnia m'madzi
Chiwerengero cha daphnia omwe amakhala m'madzi am'madzi padziko lapansi sichingathe kuwerengedwa - ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndichachikulu kwambiri ndipo palibe chomwe chikuwopseza kupulumuka kwamtunduwu. Amakhala padziko lonse lapansi, m'malo osiyanasiyana, akusintha ndikusinthasintha ngakhale kwa omwe sangakhaleko kale. Ngakhale kuwatulutsa dala kungakhale kovuta.
Chifukwa chake, ali ndi chiopsezo chochepa kwambiri ndipo satetezedwa ndi lamulo, atha kugwidwa momasuka. Izi ndi zomwe eni ambiri a aquarium amachita, mwachitsanzo. Kupatula apo, ngati mugula daphnia youma ya nsomba, amatha kugwidwa m'madzi owonongeka komanso owopsa.
Nthawi zambiri amakololedwa kuti agulitsidwe m'madzi akuda pafupi ndi malo opangira zimbudzi - kulibe nsomba pamenepo, chifukwa chake zimasungidwa kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsanso momwe aliri olimba mtima, koma zimakupangitsani kusankha mosamala komwe mungazigwire, apo ayi nsomba zitha kupatsidwa chiphe. Daphnia wogwidwa ndi dziwe loyera ndikulowetsedwa mu aquarium adzakhala chakudya chabwino kwa iwo.
Chosangalatsa: Mibadwo ya Daphnia imatha kusiyanasiyana pakapangidwe kathupi kutengera nyengo yomwe ikukula. Mwachitsanzo, mibadwo yotentha nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chisoti chotalikirapo pamutu ndi singano kumchira. Kuti muwalere, pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa, kubereka kwa munthu kumachepa, koma izi ndizoyenera chifukwa choti zotulukazo zimateteza kwa adani.
M'chilimwe, nyama zolusa zimachulukirachulukira, ndipo chifukwa chakuchulukaku, zimakhala zovuta kuti ena agwire Daphnia, ndipo nthawi zina, singano zawo zachira zimatha, chifukwa chomwe Daphnia amatha kutuluka. Nthawi yomweyo, zotulukazo zimawonekera, chifukwa chake sizikhala zosavuta kuzizindikira chifukwa cha iwo.
Daphnia - wokhala pang'ono komanso osadziwika m'madziwe, nyanja komanso matope, akugwira ntchito zingapo zofunika nthawi yomweyo, kuphunzira kwawo ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa asayansi. Inde, ndipo eni ake a aquariums amawadziwa bwino - simungangopatsa daphnia wouma kuti azisodza, komanso mukhale ndi ma crustaceans iwowo kuti ayeretse madzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 17.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/25/2019 pa 21:05
