Cassowary amakhala ku New Guinea komanso kufupi ndi Australia. Izi ndi mbalame zazikulu komanso zowopsa kwa anthu, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango ndipo zimakonda kubisala kwa alendo. Dzinalo "cassowary" limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Papuan ngati "mutu wokhala ndi nyanga" ndikufotokozera gawo lawo lalikulu: kutuluka kwakukulu pamutu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cassowary
Mbiri yakukula kwamakoswe, omwe ma cassowaries ali, afotokozedweratu pang'ono posachedwa. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti zonse zimachitika m'malo amodzi - ndipadera, nkokayikitsa kuti mitundu yamitundu yobalalika yomwe idabalalika m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana (nthiwatiwa, emu, kiwi, tinam, rhea, cassowary) idataya chidwi chawo mosiyana.
Koma ofufuza ochokera ku Australia ndi New Zealand adapeza kuti zinali momwemo: makoswe monga superorder adagawanika pafupifupi zaka 100 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe kontinenti imodzi ya Gondwana inali itagawanika kale. Chifukwa cholephera kuthekera kuwuluka chinali kutha kwa misala kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Cretaceous, pambuyo pake ziphuphu zambiri zachilengedwe zidamasulidwa.
Kanema: Cassowary
Zowononga zidayamba kuchepa, ndipo makolo amakono amakono adayamba kukula ndikuuluka pang'ono pang'ono, kotero kuti pakapita nthawi, chidwi chawo chimangokhala chochepa. Koma asanawonekere cassowary yoyamba, anali akadali patali: mosinthika, iyi ndi mbalame "yaying'ono". Zakale zakale kwambiri zamtundu wa Emuarius zokhudzana ndi cassowaries zili zaka pafupifupi 20-25 miliyoni, ndipo zopezedwa zakale kwambiri za cassowaries ndi "zokha" zaka 3-4 miliyoni.
Zotsalira za cassowaries zimapezeka kawirikawiri, pafupifupi onse m'chigawo chomwecho komwe amakhala. Choyimira chimodzi chidapezeka ku South Australia - izi zikuwonetsa kuti mbalame zam'mbuyomu zinali zokulirapo, ngakhale madera ena akunja anali opanda anthu ambiri. Gulu la cassowary (Casuarius) adalongosola ndi M.-J. Brisson mu 1760.
Zimaphatikizapo mitundu itatu:
- chisoti kapena cassowary wamba;
- cassowary ya khosi lalanje;
- muruk.
Yoyamba idafotokozedwa ngakhale kale kuposa mtunduwo - wolemba K. Linnaeus mu 1758. Ena awiriwa adalandiridwa ndi sayansi m'zaka za zana la 19 zokha. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti mtundu umodzi wokha uyenera kusiyanitsidwa, koma zosiyana zake ndi muruk ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo lingaliro ili siligawidwa ndi asayansi onse. Mitundu yomwe yatchulidwayo, imagawidwa m'magulu 22 onse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame cassowary
Cassowary ndi mbalame yayikulu ndipo imatha kuwuluka. Ma cassowaries okhala ndi chisoti amakula mpaka kutalika kwa munthu, ndiye kuti, masentimita 160-180, ndipo kutalika kwambiri kumatha kufikira mamita awiri. Kulemera kwawo ndi makilogalamu 50-60. Magawo awa amawapanga kukhala mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ku Australia ndi Oceania, ndipo padziko lapansi amakhala achiwiri kwa nthiwatiwa.
Ngakhale kuti ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wamtundu wa cassowary womwe umatchedwa kuti chovala chisoti, makamaka, mphukira, "chisoti" chomwecho, ili m'mitundu yonse itatu. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana adafotokozedwera za momwe imagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuti itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi zopinga zomwe nthambi zimathamanga ikamathamanga, pomenya nkhondo pakati pa akazi, kutulutsa masamba kwinaku ikufuna chakudya, kulumikizana.
Muruki amadziwika ndi khosi lawo lamapiko. Koma mwa mitundu iwiriyo pali "ndolo" pakhosi, mwa khosi lalanje, komanso iwiri yokhala ndi chisoti. Nthenga za cassowary zimawoneka bwino poyerekeza ndi nthenga wamba zanyama chifukwa chofewa komanso kusinthasintha. Mapikowa ndi achikhalidwe, mbalameyo silingakwere mumlengalenga ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa. Nthenga zouluka zimachepa, nthawi zambiri amwenye amakongoletsa zovala zawo nawo.
Amuna ndi otsika kuposa akazi kukula, mtundu wawo ndiwopepuka. Nthenga za mbalame zomwe zikukula zimakhala zofiirira, osati zakuda, monga akulu; zimakhala ndi zotuluka zochepa pamutu. Cassowaries ali ndi miyendo yophuka bwino yokhala ndi zala zitatu, chilichonse chimatha ndi zikhadabo zochititsa chidwi. Mbalameyi imatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati chida: motalika kwambiri kufika pa 10-14 cm ndipo, ngati cassowary imawamenya bwino, imatha kupha munthu kuyambira pomwe amenyedwa koyamba.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale cassowary imawoneka yolemera komanso yothinana, ndipo siyidziwa kuuluka konse, imathamanga kwambiri - imatulutsa 40-50 km / h m'nkhalango, ndipo imathanso kuyenda bwino m'malo athyathyathya. Amalumpha mita imodzi ndi theka msinkhu ndikusambira bwino - ndibwino kuti mbalameyi isakhale mdani.
Kodi cassowary amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Cassowary yonyamula chisoti
Amakhala m'nkhalango zotentha, makamaka pachilumba cha New Guinea. Anthu ochepa kudera lonse la Gulf of Australia. Mitundu itatu yonseyi imayandikana, mitundumitundu yake imalumikizana, koma samakumana maso ndi maso.
Amakonda malo amitundumitundu: muruki ndi mapiri, ma cassowaries okhala ndi chisoti amakonda madera omwe amakhala ataliatali msinkhu, ndipo okhala ndi khosi lalanje amakhala m'malo otsika. Muruki ndiosankha kwambiri - m'mapiri momwe amakhala kuti asadutsane ndi mitundu ina, ndipo osakhalako amatha kukhala kutalika kulikonse.
Mitundu yonse itatu imakhala m'nkhalango zakutali kwambiri ndipo sakonda gulu la wina aliyense - ngakhale ma cassowaries ena, ngakhale mitundu yawo, makamaka anthu. Mbalameyi ndi yobisa komanso yochititsa mantha, ndipo imatha kuchita mantha ndikuthawa ikawona munthu, kapena kumuukira.
Amakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumpoto kwa chilumbachi, komanso m'chigawo cha Morobi, mtsinje wa Ramu, ndi zilumba zazing'ono pafupi ndi New Guinea. Sizikudziwika ngati ma cassowaries amakhala m'zilumbazi kale, kapena adatumizidwa kuchokera ku New Guinea.
Iwo akhala ku Australia kuyambira nthawi zakale, ndipo asanakhalepo ambiri: ngakhale ku Pleistocene, amakhala gawo lalikulu ladziko. Masiku ano, ma cassowaries amapezeka ku Cape York kokha. Monga ku New Guinea, amakhala m'nkhalango - nthawi zina amawonekera m'malo otseguka, koma chifukwa chongowononga nkhalango, ndikuwakakamiza kuti asamuke.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame ya cassowary imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi cassowary imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cassowary yofanana ndi Nthiwatiwa
Mndandanda wa mbalamezi umaphatikizapo:
- maapulo ndi nthochi, komanso zipatso zina zingapo - mphesa zakutchire, mchisu, nightshade, mgwalangwa ndi zina zotero;
- bowa;
- achule;
- njoka;
- Nkhono;
- tizilombo;
- nsomba;
- makoswe.
Kwenikweni, amadya zipatso zomwe zagwa kapena zokula m'mitengo yapansi. Malo omwe zipatso zambiri zimagwera kuchokera mumitengo, amakumbukira ndipo amapitako pafupipafupi, ndipo akapeza mbalame zina kumeneko, amazithamangitsa. Chipatso chilichonse chimamezedwa chonse popanda kutafuna. Chifukwa cha izi, nyembazo zimasungidwa bwino, ndikusuntha nkhalango, ma cassowaries amazinyamula, kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ndikulola nkhalango yamvula kuti isungidwe. Koma zipatso zonse sizivuta kugaya, chifukwa chake amayenera kumeza miyala kuti chimbudzi chikhale bwino.
Chakudya chabwinobwino chimakhala pachakudya cha cassowary, komanso samanyalanyaza nyama ngakhale pang'ono: amasakanso nyama zing'onozing'ono, ngakhale samakonda kuchita izi mwadala, koma akangokumana, mwachitsanzo, njoka kapena chule, amayesa kugwira ndikudya. Mosungiramo amatha kugwira nawo nsomba ndipo amachita mosamala kwambiri. Sanyalanyaza cassowary ndi zovunda. Chakudya cha nyama, monga bowa, chimafunika ndi cassowaries kuti abwezeretse mapuloteni m'thupi. Ayeneranso kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza madzi nthawi zonse - amamwa kwambiri, motero amakhala kuti pali gwero pafupi.
Chosangalatsa: Mbeu zomwe zidadutsa m'mimba mwa cassowary zimera bwino kuposa zomwe zilibe "chithandizo" chotere. Kwa mitundu ina, kusiyana kwake kumawonekera kwambiri, ndiye wamkulu kwambiri ku Ryparosa javanica: mbewu wamba zimamera ndi kuthekera kwa 4%, ndipo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ndowe za cassowary - 92%.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Cassowary yachikazi
Amakhala achinsinsi, amachita mwakachetechete ndipo amakonda kubisala m'nkhalango - chifukwa cha izi, mtundu umodzi mwa mitundu itatu, chisoti cassowary, adaphunzira bwino. Samavota kawirikawiri, motero nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuziwona, ngakhale zili zazitali. Cassowary imakhala nthawi yayitali ikufunafuna chakudya: imasunthira pafupipafupi kupita kwina, ndikusankha pakati pa zipatso zomwe zagwa zomwe zili zabwino, kuyesera kusankha zomwe zikukula pang'ono. Mbalameyi imachita izi pang’onopang’ono, nchifukwa chake imatha kupereka chithunzi chakuti ilibe vuto - makamaka popeza kuoneka kwake kulibe vuto lililonse.
Koma malingaliro awa ndi olakwika: cassowaries mwachangu, mwamphamvu komanso mwaluso, ndipo koposa zonse, ndiowopsa. Amatha kusuntha mwachangu pakati pa mitengo, komanso, ndi olusa, motero ndiwokwiya. Nthawi zambiri anthu samazunzidwa - pokhapokha ngati akudziteteza, koma nthawi zina amatha kusankha kuti akuyenera kuteteza madera awo. Nthawi zambiri, cassowary imawonetsa kukwiya kwa munthu ngati anapiye ake ali pafupi. Asanaukiridwe, nthawi zambiri amatenga mawonekedwe owopseza: amagwada, thupi lake limanjenjemera, khosi lake limafufuma ndipo nthenga zimawuka. Poterepa, ndibwino kuti mupume pantchito nthawi yomweyo: ngati nkhondoyi idakalipo, cassowaries sakonda kuchita izi.
Chinthu chachikulu ndikusankha njira yoyenera - ngati muthamangira ku anapiye kapena clutch, cassowary idzaukira. Imamenya ndi miyendo yonse nthawi imodzi - kulemera ndi kutalika kwa mbalameyi kumalola kuti imenye mwamphamvu, koma chida chofunikira kwambiri ndi zikhadabo zake zazitali komanso zakuthwa, zofananira ndi ziboda. Cassowaries amawonetsanso kuponderezana kwa abale awo: akakumana, ndewu imatha kuyambika, wopambana yemwe amapitikitsa wotayika ndikuwona gawo lomuzungulira. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amalowa ndewu - mwina wina ndi mnzake kapena ndi amuna, pomwe ndiomwe amawonetsa kukwiya.
Amuna amakhala odekha, ndipo amuna awiri akamakumana m'nkhalango, amangobalalika. Nthawi zambiri ma cassowaries amakhala m'modzi m'modzi, nthawi yokhayo ndiyo nthawi yokwanira. Khalani maso usiku, makamaka mwakhama madzulo. Koma patsiku pamakhala nthawi yopuma, pomwe mbalame imapeza mphamvu kuti iyambenso ulendo wawo wodutsa m'nkhalangomo ndikadzayamba kucha.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Anapiye a Cassowary
Mbalame zingapo zimangobwera palimodzi pokhapokha nthawi yoswana ikayamba, m'miyezi yotsala yonse palibe ubale pakati pa ma cassowaries, ndipo akakumana, amatha kumwazikana kapena kuyambitsa ndewu. Kukaikira mazira kumachitika m'miyezi yomaliza yachisanu ndi miyezi yoyambirira yamasika - kumwera kwa dziko lapansi - kuyambira Julayi mpaka Seputembara. Nthawi imeneyi ikafika, mwamuna aliyense amakhala m'dera lake lamakilomita angapo, ndipo amayamba kudikirira mpaka wamkazi atangoyenda. Pakumuwona, champhongo chimayamba kugwedezeka: khosi lake limakhazikika, nthenga zimadzuka, ndipo zimamveka ngati mawu obwereza "buu-buuu".
Ngati chachikazi chili ndi chidwi, chimayandikira, ndipo chachimuna chimamira pansi. Pambuyo pake, mkaziyo amatha kuyimirira chagada ngati chizindikiro kuti chibwenzi chalandiridwa, kapena achoka, kapena kuukira kwathunthu - uku ndikusintha kosasangalatsa, chifukwa amuna ndi ochepa kale, kotero kuti, poyambitsa ndewu m'malo ovuta, nthawi zambiri amafa.
Ngati zonse zikuyenda bwino, cassowaries amapanga awiriawiri ndikukhala limodzi masabata 3-4. Poterepa, gawo lalikulu la nkhawa limatengedwa ndi wamwamuna - ndiye amene ayenera kumanga chisa, mkazi amangoyikira mazira mmenemo, pomwe ntchito zake zimathera - amasiya, wamwamuna amakhalabe ndikukhalira mazira. Kawirikawiri mkaziyo amapita kumalo a mwamuna wina ndi mkazi wake, ndipo nthawi zina, isanakwane nthawi yokwanira, amatha kuchita izi kachitatu. Atamaliza, amapita kukakhala payokha - sasamala za tsogolo la anapiye.
Mazirawo ndi akulu, kulemera kwake ndi magalamu 500-600, amdima wakuda, nthawi zina amakhala akuda, okhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - nthawi zambiri amakhala obiriwira kapena azitona. Mu zowalamulira, nthawi zambiri amakhala 3-6, nthawi zina kuposa pamenepo, amafunika kuwakhalira kwa milungu 6-7 - ndipo yamphongo iyi ndi nthawi yovuta, amadya pang'ono ndikuchepa mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwake. Pomaliza, anapiye amawoneka: ali bwino ndipo atha kutsatira abambo awo kale tsiku lomwe amaswa, koma ndikofunikira kuwasamalira, zomwe abambo amachita mpaka ana atakwanitsa miyezi 9 - pambuyo pake amayamba kukhala padera, ndipo abambo amangobwera nyengo yatsopano yokwatirana.
Poyamba, ma cassowaries achichepere ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu - samangofunikira kuphunzitsidwa momwe angakhalire m'nkhalango kuti asagwidwe ndi olusa, komanso kuwateteza kwa iwo. Ngakhale kuti abambo amachita ntchito yawo mwakhama, ma cassowaries achichepere ambiri amagwiritsabe nyama zolusa - ndibwino ngati mwana wankhuku chimodzi atha kukhala wamkulu. Amakula mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka, koma amakhala okhwima pokhapokha zaka zitatu. Onsewa, amakhala zaka 14-20, amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, kungoti ndizovuta kuti okalamba azitha kupikisana ndi achinyamata pazolinga zabwino ndikudzidyetsa okha - ali mu ukapolo amakhala zaka 30-40.
Adani achilengedwe a cassowaries
Chithunzi: Cassowary
Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amawopseza mbalame zazikulu - choyambirira, ndi munthu. Anthu okhala ku New Guinea awasaka kwazaka zambiri kuti apeze nthenga ndi zikhadabo - amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera ndi zida zaluso. Nyama ya Cassowary imakhalanso ndi kukoma kwambiri ndipo, chofunikira, zambiri zimatha kupezeka kuchokera ku mbalame imodzi.
Chifukwa chake, kusaka kwa cassowaries, monga kunkachitika kale, mpaka lero, ndipo ndi anthu omwe ali chinthu chachikulu chifukwa cha omwe akukalamba kale amwalira. Koma amakhalanso ndi adani ena - nkhumba.
Cassowaries amapikisana nawo pachakudya, chifukwa nkhumba zamtchire zimadyanso chimodzimodzi ndipo zimafunanso chakudya chochuluka. Chifukwa chake, ngati iwo ndi ma cassowaries amakhala pafupi, ndiye kuti zimakhala zovuta kuti onse azidyetsa. Popeza kuti nkhumba zamtchire ku New Guinea ndizokwera, sikophweka kupeza malo okhala ndi zakudya zambiri zomwe sizinakhalepo nawo.
Nkhumba zimayesetsa kuti zisamenyane ndi cassowaries, koma nthawi zambiri zimawononga zisa, zikangochoka, ndikuwononga mazira. Adani ena - dingo, nawonso amaukira anapiye kapena kuwononga zisa, koma izi zimawononga anthu.
Mwambiri, ngati wamkulu cassowary ali ndi zoopseza zochepa chifukwa cha kukula ndi ngozi, ndiye kuti akadali achichepere, ndipo makamaka asanatuluke m'mazira, ziweto zambiri zitha kuwawopseza, chifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kukhala ndi moyo chaka choyamba cha moyo.
Chosangalatsa: Cassowaries amathanso kudya zipatso zowopsa kwambiri zomwe zitha kupwetekedwa ndi nyama zina - zipatsozi zimadutsa m'mimba mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo sizimavulaza mbalame.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame cassowary
Mwa atatuwa, zomwe zimawopseza muruk ndizochepa kwambiri. Chiwerengero chawo ndi chokhazikika, ndipo amatha kukulitsa mtundu wawo chifukwa cha mitundu ina iwiri ya cassowary, ndiye kuti, chisoti chonyamula ndi khosi lalanje. Koma adasankhidwa kale ngati mitundu yosavutikira, motero ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu poletsa kuwasaka.
Koma zenizeni, zimangopitidwa ku Australia, koma osati ku New Guinea, komwe kumakhala mbalame zambiri. Anthu amtunduwu ndi ovuta kulingalira molondola chifukwa chobisalira, komanso chifukwa amakhala ku New Guinea komwe sikukutukuka.
Amakhulupirira kuti iwo ndi ena ali pafupifupi 1,000 mpaka 10,000. Pali ma cassowaries ochepa kwambiri omwe atsala ku Australia, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika ndi 4-5 kokha mzaka zapitazi. Izi ndichifukwa chakukula kwa gawoli ndi anthu komanso kukonza misewu: monga momwe ofufuza apezera, zopitilira theka la imfa za mbalamezi ku Australia zidachitika chifukwa cha ngozi m'misewu. Chifukwa chake, m'malo omwe amakhala pafupi, zikwangwani zamisewu zimayikidwa chenjezo za izi.
Vuto lina: mosiyana ndi ma cassowaries amanyazi a New Guinea, anthu aku Australia azolowera kwambiri - nthawi zambiri amadyetsedwa pamapikniki, chifukwa chake, mbalame zimaphunzira kulandira chakudya kuchokera kwa anthu, zimayandikira kumizinda, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimamwalira pansi pa mawilo.
Cassowary - mbalame yosangalatsa kwambiri, komanso yothandiza, popeza ndiyo yomwe imagawa mbewu zamitengo ya zipatso. Mitundu ina siyigawidwe konse kupatula iyo, chifukwa chake kutha kwa cassowaries kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu pakusiyanasiyana kwa nkhalango zam'malo otentha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 nthawi 20:45
