Chikumbu cha Colorado (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) ndi tizilombo tomwe timagwirizana ndi Coleoptera ndi banja la kafadala wam'madzi, ndi amtundu wa Leptinotarsa ndipo ndiomwe akuyimira okha.
Monga momwe zidachitikira, kwawo kwa kachilomboka kali kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico, komwe pang'onopang'ono kudalowa m'malo oyandikira, kuphatikiza United States, komwe kudazolowera nyengo. Kwa zaka zana ndi theka, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka mbatata ka Colorado kinafalikira kwenikweni padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kwakhala mliri wa olima mbatata onse.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata kanapezeka ndikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi katswiri wa tizilombo ku America Thomas Sayem. Kubwerera mu 1824. Wasayansiyo adatolera kachilomboka kakang'ono kamene mpaka pano sikanadziwike ndi sayansi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States.
Dzinalo "kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata" lidawonekera pambuyo pake - mu 1859, pomwe kuwukira kwa tizilomboti kudawononga minda yonse ya mbatata ku Colorado (USA). Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, padali nyongolotsi zambiri mderali kotero kuti alimi ambiri akumaloko adakakamizidwa kusiya kulima mbatata, ngakhale kuti mtengo wake udakwera kwambiri.
Kanema: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, chaka ndi chaka, m'malo okhala zombo zanyanja, zomwe zimadzaza ndi mizu ya mbatata, kachilomboka kanadutsa Nyanja ya Atlantic ndikufika ku Europe. Mu 1876, adapezeka ku Leipzig, ndipo patadutsa zaka 30, kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata kamapezeka ku Western Europe konse, kupatula Great Britain.
Mpaka 1918, malo oberekera kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata amatha kuwonongedwa bwino, mpaka atatha kukhazikika ku France (dera la Bordeaux). Mwachiwonekere, nyengo ya ku Bordeaux idayenerana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, popeza idayamba kuchulukirachulukira kumeneko ndikufalikira ku Western Europe konse ndi kupitirira.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka mbatata ka Colorado kakhoza kumira m'madzi, kotero ngakhale matumba akulu samakhala chopinga chachikulu pakufunafuna chakudya.
Chikumbu chinalowa m'dera la USSR mwina mu 1940, ndipo patadutsa zaka 15 zidapezeka kale kulikonse kudera lakumadzulo kwa Ukraine SSR (Ukraine) ndi BSSR (Belarus). Mu 1975, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata kanakafika ku Urals. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chilala chosakhalitsa kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa chomwe chakudya cha ziweto (udzu, udzu) chidabweretsedwa ku Urals kuchokera ku Ukraine. Mwachiwonekere, pamodzi ndi udzu, kachilomboka kachilombo kanabwera kuno.
Zikuoneka kuti ku USSR ndi mayiko ena mumsasa wachisosholizimu, kufalikira kwa kachilomboka kunagwirizana ndi chiyambi cha zomwe zimadziwika kuti "nkhondo yozizira", motero milandu yadzidzidzi idaperekedwa kwa akazitape aku America a CIA. Manyuzipepala aku Poland ndi Germany ngakhale nthawi ino adalemba kuti kachilomboka kanaponyedwa dala ndi ndege zaku America kudera la GDR ndi Poland.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata mwachilengedwe
Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata ndi kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri. Akuluakulu amatha kukula mpaka 8 - 12 mm kutalika komanso pafupifupi 7 mm m'lifupi. Maonekedwe a kafadala amakhala okumbutsa dontho lamadzi: lalitali, lathyathyathya pansipa ndikutambasula pamwamba. Chikumbu chachikulu chimatha kulemera 140-160 mg.
Pamwamba pa thupi la kachikumbu ndi kolimba komanso chonyezimira pang'ono. Poterepa, kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kwakuda kwakuda achikasu ndi mikwingwirima yakuda kotenga, ndipo pamimba pamakhala lalanje lowala. Maso akuda obulungika a kachilomboka ali pambali mwa mutu wozungulira komanso wokulirapo. Pamutu pake kachilomboka pali malo akuda, ofanana ndi makona atatu, komanso makina osunthira, ogawanika, okhala ndi magawo 11.
Ma elytra olimba komanso olimba amtundu wa mbatata amatsatira mwamphamvu thupi ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala achikasu-lalanje, osakhala achikasu, okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakutali. Mapiko a Colorado ali ndi masamba, otukuka bwino, komanso olimba kwambiri, omwe amalola kachilomboka kuyenda maulendo ataliatali kukafunafuna chakudya. Akazi a kafadala nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako pang'ono kuposa amuna ndipo samasiyana nawo mwanjira ina iliyonse.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kumbu kachilombo ka Colorado kakhoza kuwuluka mwachangu - pamtunda wa pafupifupi 8 km paola, komanso kukwera pamwamba kwambiri.
Kodi kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata kamakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata ku Russia
Akatswiri odwala tizilombo amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi kachilombo ka kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata ndi pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu olimba mtima amatha kupirira nthawi yozizira komanso kuposa amodzi. Kodi amachita bwanji izi? Ndizosavuta kwambiri - amagwa modetsa nkhawa (hibernation), chifukwa cha zitsanzo zotere, zaka ngakhale zaka zitatu sizomwe zili malire.
M'nyengo yotentha, tizilombo timakhala padziko lapansi kapena pazomera zomwe zimadya. Nankafumbwe aku Colorado amadikirira nthawi yophukira ndi nyengo yozizira, ikubowola m'nthaka mpaka theka la mita, ndipo modekha kupirira kuzizira mpaka madigiri 10. Masika akabwera ndipo nthaka imafunda bwino - pamwambapa kuphatikiza 13 digirii, kafadala amakwawa pansi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kufunafuna chakudya ndi awiri kuti aberekane. Izi sizochulukirapo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatenga miyezi 2-2.5, zomwe zimalimbitsa kwambiri kulimbana ndi tizilombo.
Ngakhale kuti malo okhala Colorado mbatata kachilomboka awonjezeka pafupifupi masauzande angapo kupitirira zaka zana ndi theka, pali mayiko angapo padziko lapansi omwe kachiromboka sikanawonekere ndipo sikungakhale koopsa. Palibe ma Coladad ku Sweden ndi Denmark, Ireland ndi Norway, Morocco, Tunisia, Israel, Algeria, Japan.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata kanachokera. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi kachilomboka kakudya mbatata ka Colorado kamadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata pa tsamba
Chakudya chachikulu cha kachilomboka ka Colorado, komanso mphutsi zawo, ndi mphukira zazing'ono ndi masamba a zomera za banja la Solanaceae. Kafadala adzapeza chakudya chawo kulikonse komwe mbatata, tomato, fodya, biringanya, petunias, tsabola wokoma, physalis amakula. Sanyozanso zomera zakutchire za banja ili.
Komanso koposa zonse, kafadala amakonda kudya mbatata ndi biringanya. Tizilombo tikhoza kudya zomera izi pafupifupi kwathunthu: masamba, zimayambira, tubers, zipatso. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kuuluka patali kwambiri, ngakhale makilomita makumi. Ngakhale kuti tizilombo tili ndi mphamvu kwambiri, amatha kupirira njala mokakamizidwa mpaka miyezi 1.5-2, ndikungogona kwakanthawi kochepa.
Chifukwa chakuti kachilomboka kakang'ono ka mbatata ka Colorado kamadyetsa mtundu wobiriwira wa mbewu za banja la Solanaceae, chinthu chakupha - solanine - chimadziunjikira mthupi lake nthawi zonse. Chifukwa cha ichi, kachilomboka kali ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa, chifukwa kachilomboka sadyedwa komanso kali ndi poyizoni.
Chosangalatsa: Chodabwitsa, sikuti ndi kachilombo ka Colorado komwe kamakhala kovulaza kwambiri mbewu, koma mphutsi zawo (magawo 3 ndi 4), chifukwa ndizolimba kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuwononga minda yonse m'masiku ochepa nyengo ikakhala yabwino.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata
Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata chimakhala chochuluka kwambiri, chosusuka ndipo chimatha kusintha msanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, kaya kutentha kapena kuzizira. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri timakumana ndi zovuta, kubisala kwakanthawi kochepa, ndipo zimatha kuchita izi nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Achinyamata a Colorado mbatata kachilomboka (osati mphutsi) ndi wonyezimira wonyezimira ndipo ali ndi chivundikiro chofewa chakunja. Pakadutsa maola 3-4 mutabadwa kuchokera ku pupa, kafadala amakhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwika. Tizilombo timayamba kudyetsa nthawi yomweyo, kudya masamba ndi mphukira, ndipo pakatha masabata 3-4 mpaka kukula. Nankafumbwe aku Colorado omwe amabadwa mu Ogasiti ndipo pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri amabisala opanda ana, koma ambiri adzafika chilimwe chamawa.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zopezeka mu mitundu iyi ya kafadala ndi kuthekera kochita kubisala kwa nthawi yayitali (kusintha nthawi), komwe kumatha zaka zitatu kapena kupitilira apo. Ngakhale kuti tizilombo timathamanga bwino, timene timathandizidwa ndi mapiko olimba, otukuka, pazifukwa zina sizichita izi munthawi zowopsa, koma zimayerekezera kuti zafa, zikukanikiza miyendo yake pamimba ndikugwera pansi. Chifukwa chake, mdani sangachitire mwina koma kungochoka. Chimbalangondo, panthawiyi, "chimakhala ndi moyo" ndikupitirizabe kuchita bizinesi yake.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Colorado kafadala
Mwakutero, kafadala ka Colorado alibe chikhalidwe, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya tizilombo (nyerere, njuchi, chiswe), popeza ndi tizilombo tokha, ndiye kuti munthu aliyense amakhala ndi moyo payekha, osati m'magulu. Pakatentha mokwanira mchaka, kafadala omwe adakwanitsa kupalasa pansi amakwawa pansi ndipo, atangopeza mphamvu, amuna amayamba kufunafuna akazi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukwatirana. Pambuyo pa masewera otchedwa okwatirana, akazi achikazi amaikira mazira pansi pamasamba a masamba omwe amadyeramo.
Mkazi wamkulu mmodzi, kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo ya malowa, amatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi 500-1000 nthawi yachilimwe. Mazira a Colorada nthawi zambiri amakhala a lalanje, 1.8 mm kukula, oblong-oval, omwe ali m'magulu a ma 20-50 ma PC. Masiku 17-18, mphutsi zimaswa m'mazira, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi osusuka.
Magawo a chitukuko cha mphutsi za kachilomboka ku Colorado:
- mu gawo loyamba la chitukuko, mphutsi za kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata ndi imvi yakuda ndi thupi mpaka 2.5 mm kutalika ndi ubweya wabwino pang'ono pamenepo. Imadyetsa masamba achichepere ofatsa, kudya mnofu wawo kuchokera pansi;
- pagawo lachiwiri, mphutsi zimakhala zofiira kale ndipo zimatha kufikira 4-4.5 mm. Amatha kudya tsamba lonse, ndikusiya mtsempha umodzi wokha;
- gawo lachitatu, mphutsi zimasintha mtundu kukhala wofiira wachikaso ndikuwonjezera kutalika mpaka 7-9 mm. Palibenso tsitsi lina kumtunda kwa thupi la anthu a gawo lachitatu;
- pagawo lachinayi la chitukuko, kachilomboka kachilomboka kamasinthanso mtundu - tsopano kukhala wachikasu-lalanje ndikukula mpaka 16 mm. Kuyambira gawo lachitatu, mbozi zimatha kukwawa kuchokera ku chomera kupita kubzala, osangodya zamkati zamasamba okha, komanso mphukira zazing'ono, zomwe zimapweteketsa mbewu, zimachepetsa kukula kwawo komanso zimalepheretsa alimi zokolola zomwe akuyembekezerazo.
Magawo anayi onse amakulidwe ka mphutsi za kachilomboka ku Colorado zimatha pafupifupi masabata atatu, pambuyo pake zimasanduka pupa. Mphutsi "zazikulu" zimakwawira m'nthaka mpaka 10 cm, momwe zimaphunzirira. Pupa nthawi zambiri amakhala pinki kapena wachikaso wachikaso. Kutalika kwa gawo la ana kumatengera nyengo. Ngati kunja kukutentha, ndiye kuti patatha masiku 15-20, amasandulika tizilombo tating'ono tomwe timakwawa pamwamba. Ngati kuli kozizira, ndiye kuti njirayi ingachedwetse nthawi 2-3.
Natural adani a Colorado mbatata kafadala
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata
Adani akuluakulu a kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata ndi nsikidzi (Perillus bioculatus) ndi podizus (Podisus maculiventris). Nkhuku zazikulu, komanso mphutsi zawo, zimadya mazira a Colorado kafadala. Kuphatikizanso apo, ntchentche zazikuluzikulu, zomwe zasintha kuyika mphutsi zawo mthupi la Colorado zimathandizanso kwambiri polimbana ndi tizilombo.
Tsoka ilo, ntchentchezi zimakonda nyengo yotentha komanso yofatsa, chifukwa chake samakhala mumkhalidwe wovuta ku Europe ndi Asia. Komanso, tizilombo tomwe timadziwika bwino timadya mazira ndi mphutsi zazing'ono za kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata: zikumbu zapansi, ladybugs, lacewing kafadala.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mtsogolo polimbana ndi tizirombo tazomera zobzalidwa, kuphatikiza kachilomboka ka Colorado, si mankhwala, koma ndendende adani awo achilengedwe, chifukwa njirayi ndi yachilengedwe ndipo siyimayambitsa zachilengedwe.
Minda ina imagwiritsa ntchito nkhuku ndi mbalame kuti ziwongolere kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Nkhukuzi zimakonda kudya akuluakulu ndi mphutsi zawo, chifukwa ndi gawo la mitunduyo, ndipo zimawazolowera chakudya chotere kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata ku Russia
Kwa zaka zana ndi theka kuchokera kupezeka ndi kufotokozedwa, malo okhala kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata akula kuposa nthawi zikwi ziwiri. Monga mukudziwa, kachilomboka ndiye kachilombo koyambitsa matenda a mbatata osati m'makampani akuluakulu aulimi, komanso m'minda ing'onoing'ono, komanso m'minda yapadera. Pachifukwa ichi, ngakhale kwa aliyense wokhalamo chilimwe, funso loti athetse kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata nthawi zonse limakhala lofunikira. Kulimbana ndi Colorado kumafuna kuyesetsa kwambiri.
Mpaka pano, mitundu iwiri ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
- mankhwala;
- mankhwala azikhalidwe.
Madera akulu obzala mbatata m'minda yayikulu nthawi zambiri amachiritsidwa ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa matendawa. Ndi okwera mtengo komanso owopsa. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti chithandizo chotsiriza chikuyenera kuchitika pasanathe milungu itatu musanakolole, popeza poizoni woyipa amadzipezera mu tubers za mbatata. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, zida zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zatulukira ku kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Mankhwalawa samadziunjikira mphukira ndi ma tubers. Chosavuta chachikulu cha njirayi ndikofunikira kutsatira mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala. Kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukufuna, m'pofunika kupanga mankhwala osachepera atatu pakadutsa sabata limodzi.
Mankhwala (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zochita zathu) ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa malangizo, omwe amasindikizidwa nthawi zonse potsatira malamulowo, kutsatira malamulo ena komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera. Kotero kuti wamaluwa, alimi ndi makampani olima samavutika ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, obereketsa akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti apange mitundu ya mbatata ndi ma nightshade ena omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata. Komanso, izi zimadalira pazinthu zingapo - malamulo amasamaliro, kukoma kwa masamba, ndi zina asayansi panthawiyi apanga kale izi.
Pezani minda yamaluwa yomwe simadya konse Chikumbu cha Colorado, obereketsa sanapambane, koma titha kukambirana kale pazinthu zina zakukaniza. Sichinthu chochepa kwambiri pamasewerawa pakusintha kwa majini, pomwe matupi amtundu wina amalowetsedwa mu mtundu wina wa thupi, womwe umasinthiratu matenda, tizirombo, ndi zovuta za nyengo. Komabe, posachedwa munyuzipepala, otsutsa ma GMO akhala akuchita kampeni ndi zochitika mderali, ngati zikuchitidwa, sizilengezedwa mwamphamvu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 20:21
