Fulonda

Mwinanso, ambiri amadziwa nsomba zowoneka zachilendo zachilendo fulonda, yomwe, kuwonjezera pazoyambira, imadziwikanso chifukwa cha kukoma kwake. Zachidziwikire, kuchokera pamawonekedwe ake mosabisa, munthu angaganize kuti amakhala pansi kwenikweni, koma ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa za moyo wake m'madzi akuya. Tiyeni tiwone mawonekedwe akunja a nsomba yapaderayi, fotokozani zizolowezi zake ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndikupeza malo okhazikika osokonekera.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Flounder

Banja lozengereza ndi gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zomwe zimakhala muulalo. Nsombazi zimatchedwa zolowera kumanja, chifukwa maso awo ali kumanja kwa mutu. Mitundu ina ya nsomba imadziwika ndi diso lakumanja (losinthika). Zipsepse mbali zonse ziwiri za mimba yolumikizana ndizofanana ndipo zimakhala zochepa. Banja lokhazikika limakhala ndi mitundu 60 ya nsomba, yolumikizidwa m'magulu 23.

Kanema: Wosunthika

Ngakhale kuti mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mawonekedwe ake, palinso zinthu zodziwika bwino zomwe zimafala kwa onse omwe ali ndi vuto, ali ndi:

• thupi lolimba;
• maso otseka ndi mawonekedwe otukuka. Kusuntha kwawo kumatha kukhala kosiyanasiyana komanso kodziyimira pawokha;
• mutu wosazolowereka;
• ofananira nawo ili pakati pa maso;
• mkamwa wopindika ndi mano akuthwa kwambiri;
• zipsepera zazitali zokhala ndi cheza zingapo;
• mbali yakhungu yakuda, yomwe ili ndi khungu lolimba komanso lolimba;
• mwachidule caudal peduncle.

Mazira otumphuka alibe mafuta, motero amayenda momasuka m'madzi (amasambira), nthawi zina amatukuka kumtunda. Mitundu isanu yokha kuchokera kubanja lonse lomwe limatulutsa mazira.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nsomba zam'madzi zili ndi luso lapadera lobisalira, lomwe limadziwika posintha mtundu wa khungu kuti lifanane ndi pansi, pankhani yokhudza kutsanzira, amatha kupikisana ndi ma buluu.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nsomba za amuna ndi akazi osiyanasiyana zimakhala zosiyana pakati pawo. Amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi, amakhala ndi mtunda wautali pakati pa maso, ndipo kuwala kwawo koyamba kwa zipsepse zakuthambo ndi zotseguka ndikotalikanso kuposa kwa akazi.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nsomba

Tazindikira kale kuti nthumwi za banja losasunthika limasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lophwatalala, lomwe limatha kukhala ndi mphako kapena chowulungika, kuponderezana kwakukulu uku ndikumalumikizana ndi moyo wapansi. Ndi chizolowezi kugawa ma flounders onse mumtsinje, omwe amakonda madzi abwino, ndi nyanja, zomwe zasankha madzi amchere.

Flounder yamtsinje imayimiriridwa ndi mitundu itatu:

• chooneka ngati nyenyezi chokhala ndi maso akumanzere. Mtundu wa nsombayi ukhoza kukhala wobiriwira kapena wobiriwira, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yakuda pamapiko ake. Mbali ya ocular imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa ma stelled stellate mbale. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa thupi la nsombayo kumafika theka la mita kapena kupitirirapo pang'ono, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikupitilira ma kilogalamu atatu mpaka anayi;
• polar flounder, yodziwika ndi kuzizira kukana, thupi lokulirapo lokulirapo ndi mtundu wonyezimira wonyezimira, zipsepse zimakhala ndi mthunzi wofiira;
• Black Sea kalkan, yomwe ili ndi masokosi amaso kumbali yakumanzere kwa thupi lozungulira, yokutidwa ndi mitsempha yambiri yotupa m'diso la thupi. Mtundu umalamulidwa ndi mawu amtundu wa azitona. Kukula kwa nsombazi ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, kupitirira kutalika kwa mita imodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kufika makilogalamu 20.

Zoyenda panyanja ndizosiyanasiyana kukula, utoto, mawonekedwe ndi malo amaso.

Zina mwa izo ndi izi:

• nyanja, yomwe imadziwika ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga a lalanje kapena ofiira. Kutalika kwambiri kwa nsomba kumatha kufikira mita, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 6 - 7 kilogalamu. Zoyeserera pakati pa mitundu iyi ndizotukuka kwambiri;
• chikopa chofewa chachikaso, chomwe chimakonda nyengo yozizira, chokhala ndi thupi lozungulira, lomwe limazungulira ndi zipsepse za golide wachikaso. Kutalika kwa thupi la nsombayo sikupitilira theka la mita, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi kilogalamu. Mitunduyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa masikelo okhala ndi mitsempha yaying'ono;
• nyemba zoyera zakumpoto ndi kumwera za mtundu wapansi ndikufika theka la mita kukula kwake. Kuchokera kumbali ya nsombayo, utoto wake umapakidwa utoto wamkaka, ndipo pamaso pamaso pamatuluka utoto wofiirira kapena wofiirira. Flounder iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mzere wofukizira wokhazikika;
• halibuts, omwe ali ndi mitundu isanu. Yaikulu kwambiri imafika mamita 4.5 m'litali ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 350 kg. Halibut wokhala ndi mano abwino amawerengedwa kuti ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, kulemera kwake sikupitilira 8 kg, ndipo kutalika kwake kumasiyana 70 mpaka 80 cm.

Ambiri amva zakum'maŵa kwa Far East, koma si zamoyo, koma dzina logwirizana lomwe limalumikiza mitundu pafupifupi khumi.

Chosangalatsa: Ma halibuts amawerengedwa kuti ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazitsamba. Zimphona izi zimakhala munyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific ndipo ndizowoneka bwino zomwe zitha kupulumuka kwa theka la zaka m'madzi akuya.

Kodi chofunda chimakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Flounder ku Russia

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphepete imakhala m'malo amadzi amitundu yonse, tiyeni tiyesere kudziwa komwe mtundu uwu kapena mtunduwo umakhala. Flounder yooneka ngati nyenyezi idagwira madzi akumpoto a Pacific Ocean, ndikukhazikika munyanja za Bering, Okhotsk, Chukchi ndi Japan. Nsomba zamtunduwu, posankha madzi abwino, zimakhala mumtsinje, madoko ndi magombe. Black Sea Kalkan yasankha Nyanja ya North Atlantic ndi madzi a Black, Mediterranean ndi Baltic Seas. Kuphatikiza madera am'madzi, kalkan imapezeka ku Dnieper, Dniester, kumunsi kotsika kwa Southern Bug, pakamwa pa Don.

Flounder, amakonda nyengo yozizira, imalembetsedwa ku Kara, Bering, Okhotsk, Barents, White sea. Nsomba zokonda kuzizira zimakhala mu Ob, Karu, Yenisei. Tuguru, komwe amakonda kukhala m'nthaka yofewa. Mbalame yodziwika bwino yanyanja imatha kukhala m'madzi amchere kwambiri komanso amchere pang'ono pakuya kwa 20 mpaka 200 mita. Mitunduyi imadziwika kuti ndi yamalonda ndipo imakhala kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Atlantic, ku Barents, Baltic, Mediterranean, White sea. Okhala munthawi yam'mbali mwa Primorye amatha kutchedwa kum'mwera kwa mbewa zoyera, zomwe zidasankhanso nyanja yaku Japan, Kamchatka, Okhotsk ndi Bering.

Yellowfin flounder amatha kupezeka m'madzi a Japan, Bering ndi Okhotsk Seas, komwe afalikira kwambiri. Nsomba zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi Sakhalin ndi gombe lakumadzulo kwa Kamchatka, pomwe lathyathyathya limamatira kuzama kuyambira 15 mpaka 80 mita ndipo limakonda pansi pake lokutidwa ndi mchenga. Halibuts asankha Atlantic, amapezeka m'malo akuya kwambiri a North Ocean, amakhala m'nyanja ya Pacific, kuphatikiza madera a Japan, Okhotsk, Barents ndi Bering Seas.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kusintha kwachilengedwe komanso mitundu yambiri yazinyama zololeza zidawalola kukhazikika m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Eurasia ndikudzaza nyanja zamkati.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chovutacho chimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.

Kodi chakudya chimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Kukula kwa Nyanja Yakuda

Menyu yowonongeka ndiyosiyanasiyana; nsomba iyi ikhoza kutchedwa chilombo. Nsombazi ndizoyala usiku, madzulo, ndipo masana, zimadalira mtundu winawake. Zakudya za nsomba zimaimiridwa ndi chakudya cha nyama.

Flounder wachichepere amadya:

• benthos;
• amphipods;
• nyongolotsi
• mphutsi;
• caviar;
• nkhanu;
• nthanga.

Nsomba zokhwima zimadya:

• ophiur;
• mitundu yonse ya echinoderms;
• nyongolotsi;
• zosawerengeka;
• nsomba zazing'ono;
• ziphuphu.

Zadziwika kuti ma flounders amangokonda capelin yaying'ono ndi nkhanu. Chifukwa chakuti mutu wa nsombayo umakhala patali, ophulika amadzipangira kuti aziluma timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala pansi pamtsinje kapena pansi panyanja. Zigoba za nkhanu zowongoka komanso zipolopolo zolimba sizomwe zimalepheretsa kuyenda, chifukwa zimakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu komanso zamphamvu. Flounder safuna kuchoka pothawirapo, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala nsomba zazing'ono zokwanira zosambira pafupi nawo.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Anglers adazindikira kuti chowombacho sichimachoka pamalo ake obisalapo, chifukwa chake, kuti igwere pa ndowe ndikuyang'anitsitsa nyambo, ndikofunikira kuyizunguliranso pamphuno za nsomba, chifukwa sikophweka kuigwira.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nyama yolimba ndiyofunika kwambiri, makamaka, chifukwa choti chakudya cha nsomba chimakhala chokwanira ndipo chimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Kuyenda munyanja

Kwenikweni, ma flounders onse amakhala ndi moyo wosakhazikika. Pankhani yobisala, ndi akatswiri okwanira. Kusintha kwathunthu kumalo ozungulira (kutsanzira luso). Amagwiritsa ntchito gawo lawo la mkango nthawi yawo yam'madzi kumtunda kwapansi kapena pansi penipeni pa nthaka, kudzikwirira m'maso. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyama zazikuluzikulu ziziwonedwa ndipo mwaluso zimagwira nyama yomwe yabisala ndi nsomba.

Mukangoiona koyamba, chovalacho chingaoneke ngati chosasunthika komanso chaulesi, chimangoyenda pang’onopang’ono poyenda pansi. Malo osalala amakhala osasunthika, koma ngati pali zifukwa zina, nsomba imasandulika msanga msanga, yemwe kuyamba kwake kumakhala ngati mphezi mwachangu, ndipo kuthamanga kumayamba bwino kwambiri munthawi yochepa.

Zinthu zikafunika, wopondaponda, ngati chipolopolo, amapangitsa thupi lake lathyathyathya kugwedezeka mwamphamvu, lomwe limasunthira pomwepo nsombayo mtunda wa mamitala angapo kulowera komwe ikufunidwa, ikamagwiritsa ntchito chivundikiro cha gill, chotumphukacho chimatulutsa madzi amadzi olowera kumunsi, potero amatulutsa madziwo ... Ngakhale ikubalalika, mbalame yochenjera imatha kugwira nyama yomwe imakonda kapena kubisala m'maso olusa, ngakhale kuli kovuta kale kuwona nsombayo, chifukwa imalumikizana ndi malowa.

Chosangalatsa: Poyesa, asayansi adaphimba pansi pa aquarium, pomwe flounder amakhala, ndi gawo lapadera lojambulidwa mu khola lakuda ndi loyera. Pakapita kanthawi kochepa, mawanga owoneka bwino amitundu yakuda komanso yowoneka bwino adawonekera pagulu la nsomba.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Choyenda panyanja

Monga tanena kale, ma flounders amakonda kukhalako payekha. Nthawi yoberekera yamtundu uliwonse ndiyokha, zimatengera mulingo wotentha kwa gawo lamadzi komanso kuyamba kwa masika. Nthawi yonse yobereketsa imayamba kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Meyi. Palinso zosiyana ndi nthawi imeneyi. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wina wamtundu wa turbot umalowa munyengo ya mating kuchokera mu Epulo mpaka Ogasiti m'madzi a Kumpoto ndi Baltic Seas. Mbalame zam'madzi ku Arctic zimayambira m'nyanja za Kara ndi Barents kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafufuleti imakula msinkhu kuyambira zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zakubadwa. Mitundu yazimayi yazimayi ndi yachonde kwambiri, chifukwa chimodzi chokha chimakhala ndi mazira 0,5 mpaka 2 miliyoni. Kwenikweni, nthawi yokwanira sikudutsa milungu iwiri. Pofalitsa nsomba, amasankhidwa madera akuya kunyanja okhala ndi mchenga.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Fryoundound mwachangu amawoneka ngati nsomba, samabadwa pomwepo mosalala ndipo amakhala ndi mbali zonse ziwiri.

Pakukula, nsomba zimasintha pang'onopang'ono, zimakhala zofanana ndi makolo awo. Diso lawo, lomwe lili kumanzere kapena kumanja, limasunthira mbali ya diso lachiwiri, gawo ili la nsomba limakhala lakumtunda, ndipo mbali yopanda diso imatanthauza mimba, yomwe khungu lake limakhala lolimba, chifukwa ankakonda kugwera pansi. Poyamba, ma benthos ndi zooplankton ndizomwe zimadyetsa nyama zazing'ono.

Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti mitundu ina imagwira mazira pakuya kozama kwa mita makumi asanu, chifukwa mazirawo amatha kusambira, ndipo safunikira kukhazikika kumtunda uliwonse wolimba. Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali yamiyendo yayitali, ndi pafupifupi zaka 30, koma nsomba zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosowa kwambiri, chifukwa pali adani ambiri komanso zoyipa zomwe zikupita.

Adani achilengedwe a flounder

Chithunzi: White flounder

Ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zimakhala ndi luso lobisalira zomwe zimawathandiza kuti asadziwike, nsombazo zimakhala ndi adani. Chimodzi mwazonyansa ndi ma eel, omwe safuna kudya nsomba zosalala. Kuphatikiza apo, ma halibuts akulu opanda chikumbumtima chilichonse amamenya abale awo ovuta. Zachidziwikire, nyama zazing'ono zomwe sizidziwika bwino zimakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chomwe chimatha kukhala chotupitsa nyama zilizonse zam'madzi.

Zachisoni, koma mdani wa flounder ndi munthu amene amawononga nsombayi chifukwa cha nyama yokoma, yokoma, yoyera, yomwe imathandiza kwambiri. Pafupifupi paliponse, nsomba zam'madzi zimagwidwa pafupipafupi, ndi asodzi omwe amachita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kwakukulu ndi sitima zapamadzi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nsomba sizimatha kukhala ndi zaka makumi atatu, chifukwa ambiri amafa, akugwera m'misampha yopha nsomba.

Kuphatikiza pazomwe zimakhudzidwa mwachindunji, anthu amakhalanso ndi njira ina yosawonekera, yomwe imakhudza chilengedwe ndi zochitika zawo zachuma, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chonse. Magwero ambiri amadzi (mitsinje ndi nyanja) amaipitsidwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe zimakhala ngati chakudya cha ma flounders, zimasowamo. Anthu amatha kutchedwa adani ofunikira kwambiri komanso oyipitsitsa a flounder, tk. matani nsomba izi zimagwidwa tsiku lililonse. Kuphatikiza pa zovuta zonse zomwe zatchulidwazi za nsomba, munthu atha kutchulanso kuti kupulumuka kwa mazira ake sikokulira, chifukwa chake theka lokha lawo likupitilirabe.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Flounder flounder

Zomwe zili ndi kukula kwa anthu ocheperako ndizovuta. Zimadalira mtundu winawake wa nsomba. Asayansi awona kuti kuchuluka komwe kumachepa kumayendetsedwa mopitilira muyeso, zikawonjezeka, pang'onopang'ono zimachepetsa nsomba.

Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwa zophulika kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, m'mitundu ina njirayi imachedwetsedwa, mwa ena imachitika mwachangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake imakhudza mabungwe azachilengedwe. Anthu ochulukirachulukira nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zovuta zoyipa za anthropogenic, zomwe, makamaka, zimaphatikizapo nsomba zambiri.

Chiwombankhanga chimagwidwa tsiku lililonse, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwawo. Mitundu ina ya anthu ili pachiwopsezo chotha, chifukwa pali zochepa kwambiri zomwe zatsala, chifukwa chake zimafunikira njira zina zotetezera. Musaiwale kuti kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kuchuluka kwa mazira makumi asanu ndi anayi kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba zathyathyathya. Munthu ayenera kulingalira za zochita zake zankhanza, kuchepetsa kulakalaka kwake, apo ayi oimira ena am'banja lonyalanyalalalo adzasoweka m'madzi, pomwepo zinthu sizingasinthe.

Flounder mlonda

Chithunzi: Kuchokera ku Red Book

Monga tanenera kale, momwe chiwerengero cha anthu ena amadzimadzi amadzimvera chisoni ndichachisoni kwambiri, ali pachiwopsezo cha chiwonongeko chotheratu, chomwe sichingakhale ndi nkhawa.Mwachitsanzo, mitundu yamphepete monga Mediterranean arnoglos (Kessler's flounder) ili pachiwopsezo cha kutha, chifukwa yasowa kwambiri. Zosiyanasiyanazi zalembedwa mu Red Book of Ukraine kuyambira 1994. Chomwe chimalepheretsa kwambiri ndikuwononga dera lamadzi akuda, lomwe silimalola kuti mazira akule bwino. Komanso, kugwira mothandizidwa ndi seines kumapangitsa kuti izi zitheke kupha limodzi ndi nsomba zina.

Black Sea flounder (kalkan) ndiye nsomba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri komanso zodula kwambiri. Mu zaka za makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, pafupi ndi madera a Crimea, nsomba zodziwika bwino zidachitidwa (mpaka matani zikwi ziwiri kapena zitatu pachaka), zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu, ndipo mu 1986 akuluakulu adalengeza zakuletsa kugwira kalkan, chifukwa idatsala pang'ono kutha m'dziko lonse lakale la Soviet Union. Tsopano kuletsedwa kumeneku sikulemekezedwa, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma kalkan kukupangitsabe nkhawa.

Njira zazikuluzikulu zotetezera nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ndi izi:

• kuletsa mwamphamvu kugwira;
• kulipira chiwongola dzanja chifukwa chophwanya lamuloli;
• Kuzindikiritsa malo omwe nsomba zokhazikika zimasungidwa ndikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wamalo otetezedwa;
• ntchito yofotokozera pakati pa anthu akumaloko.

Pomaliza, ikadali yowonjezera, ngakhale nsomba yofalikira ngati fulonda, Chokoma kwambiri komanso chathanzi, ndikofunikira kuchisamalira mosamala, kuchepetsa kugwidwa kosalamulirika komanso kwakukulu kuti tipewe zovuta zoyipa zomwe zitha kuchitika chifukwa chofuna kudya kwambiri anthu.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.07.2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 18:08