Kamba wam'nyanja - chokwawa cha amphibian cha akamba amtundu wa Testudines, ndi banja laling'ono la Cheloniidae (Sea Turtle), banjali limaphatikizapo mitundu 4: kamba wa azitona, loggerhead, bissa, kamba wobiriwira, kamba wobiriwira waku Australia, Atlantic Ridley. M'mbuyomu, mtundu uwu unali wa kamba wobweza, koma tsopano ndi wa m'banja laling'ono la Dermochelys.
Nyama izi zimakhala munyanja ndi nyanja padziko lonse lapansi, sizimapezeka m'madzi ozizira a Arctic okha. Akamba am'nyanja ndi osambira abwino ndipo amatha kulowa m'madzi mozama kufunafuna nyama.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi
Akamba am'nyanja ndi nyama zovutitsa zomwe zili m'gulu la zokwawa zamtundu wa akamba, nyama zapamwamba kwambiri za Chelonioidea (Akamba a m'nyanja). Akamba ndi nyama zakale kwambiri. Makolo a akamba amakono amakhala padziko lathu lapansi zaka pafupifupi 220 miliyoni zapitazo.
Makolo a nyama zodabwitsa izi ndi nyama zakale za cotylosaurs, omwe amakhala nthawi ya Permian ya Paleozoic. Cotilosaurs amawoneka ngati abuluzi akulu okhala ndi nthiti zazikulu zomwe zimapanga mtundu wachishango. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso china, makolo akamba anali amphibiya akale a discosaurus.
Kanema: Kamba Wam'madzi
Kamba wakale kwambiri wodziwika ndi sayansi masiku ano, Odontochelys semitestacea, adakhala zaka 220 miliyoni zapitazo m'nthawi ya Mesozoic. Kamba kameneka kanali kosiyana pang'ono ndi akamba amakono, kanali ndi mbali yochepa chabe ya chipolopolocho, yomwe inali ndi mano akuthwa. Zofanana kwambiri ndi akamba amakono anali Proganochelys quenstedti, yemwe amakhala zaka 215 miliyoni zapitazo. Kamba kameneka kanali ndi chipolopolo cholimba chomwe chinali kuphimba pachifuwa ndi kumbuyo kwa nyama, kunalibe mano mkamwa mwake.
Akamba amakono amakono ndi nyama zazikulu. Chipolopolo cha akamba am'nyanja chimakhala chowulungika kapena chowoneka ngati cha mtima, chodzaza ndi zikwapu zowopsa. Mosiyana ndi akamba amtunda, akamba am'madzi sangathe kubisa mitu yawo pansi pa zipolopolo zawo chifukwa cha khosi lawo lalifupi komanso lolimba. Miyendo yakumunsi ndi zipsepse, ndipo zipsepse zakutsogolo ndizazikulu kuposa zakumbuyo.
Pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse, akamba am'nyanja amakhala moyo wam'madzi, ndipo amapita kumtunda kokha kuti apange clutch ndikuikira mazira. Akamba akangobadwa, amabwerera m'madzi motsogoleredwa ndi chibadwa.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi amawoneka bwanji
Pafupifupi akamba onse am'nyanja ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Akamba am'nyanja amakhala ndi chipolopolo chachikulu, chokhazikika chomwe chimakwirira kumbuyo ndi pachifuwa cha kamba. Mutu ndi waukulu, sumabweza pansi pa chipolopolocho. Miyendo yakumunsi imasandulika kukhala zikwapu. Miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu kuposa yakumbuyo komanso yotukuka kwambiri.
Zala zakumiyendo zakula ndikumangirira, ndipo zala zochepa chabe za miyendo yakumbuyo zimakhala ndi zikhadabo. Mafupa a chiuno mumakamba am'nyanja sawoloka ndi chiuno. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, akamba am'madzi amayenda pang'onopang'ono, koma amasambira mwangwiro. Banja lapamwamba kwambiri la Cheloniidea limaphatikizapo mitundu 4 ya akamba. Kutengera mtundu, mawonekedwe a akamba ndi osiyana.
Kamba wamtundu wa Chelónia mýdas ndi kamba wamkulu kwambiri. Kutalika kwa chipolopolocho kumachokera 85 mpaka 155 cm, kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu nthawi zina kumafika makilogalamu 205. Nthawi zambiri, chipolopolocho chimatha kufika 200 cm, ndipo kamba imatha kulemera mpaka theka la tani. Mtundu wa akamba awa ndi azitona kapena bulauni wokhala ndi mawanga oyera ndi achikasu.
Eretmochelys imbricata (Byssa) ndi ofanana ndi akamba obiriwira, koma ochepa kwambiri. Thupi la kamba wamkulu limakhala pafupifupi masentimita 65-95. Kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 40-60 kg. Chipolopolo cha mtundu uwu wa akamba chimakutidwa ndi maukadaulo owopsa. Zishangozo zimamangiriridwa moyandikana. Carapace ndi yofanana ndi mtima. Kumbuyo kwa chipolopolocho kumaloza. Komanso akamba amtunduwu ali ndi mlomo wamphamvu. Mtundu wa chipolopolocho ndi bulauni. Mutha kuwona mawonekedwe achikasu.
Lepidochelys kempii Atlantic Ridley ndi kamba kakang'ono kwambiri m'banja lino. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu ndi masentimita 77, kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 47. Mtundu uwu uli ndi mutu wopingasa wamakona atatu. Mtundu wa carapace ndi imvi yakuda. Mtundu uwu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe azakugonana m'malo mwa akazi.
Caretta osamalira Loggerhead. Mitundu ya akamba ili ndi zikhadabo ziwiri pazipsepse zawo. Carapace ndiyabwino, kuyambira 0.8 mpaka 1.2 m kutalika, imvi wobiriwira. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 100-160 makilogalamu. Akazi nawonso ndi akulu kuposa amuna. Kumbuyo kwa kamba pali mbale 10 zokwera mtengo. Mutu waukulu wa nyamayo umakutanso ndi zikopa.
Lepidochelys olivacea Green Ridley ndi kamba wamtali wokhala ndi chipolopolo kutalika kwa masentimita 55-70. Kulemera kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumakhala pafupifupi 40-45 kg. Carapace ndi yofanana ndi mtima. Carapace ili ndi ma peyala anayi am'munsi mwa carapace, ndipo pafupifupi 9 scutes ili mbali. Carapace ndiyofewa kuchokera pamwamba, gawo lakumaso ndilopindika pang'ono.
Akamba onse am'nyanja amatha kuona bwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu. Maso a akamba am'madzi amakhala pamwamba pamutu, pomwe akamba amtunda amakhala pambali pamutu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Chigoba cha kamba ndi champhamvu kwambiri moti chimatha kupirira kulemera kwake chokwawa kawiri.
Kamba wam'madzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi m'madzi
Akamba am'nyanja amapezeka m'nyanja zikuluzikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Nyama izi sizimangopezeka m'madzi ozizira a Arctic. Akamba obiriwira amakhala m'malo otentha a m'nyanja zam'mlengalenga. Zambiri mwa nyamazi zimapezeka m'nyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic. Akamba a Byssa amasankha malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha yamoyo wonse. Amakhala m'madzi a Black Sea ndi Sea of Japan mdera la Nova Scotia ndi Great Britain.
Komanso nyamazi zimapezeka kumwera kwa Africa, m'madzi a New Zealand ndi Tasmania. Akamba amtundu wa Byssa amatha kusamukira kutali, ndipo amawapanga m'nyengo yoswana. Akamba a zamoyozi amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Sri Lanka ndi Nyanja ya Caribbean.
Amatha kupanga chisa m'mbali mwa Turkey. Atlantic Ridley amakhala ku Gulf of Mexico. Nyama izi zimapezeka kumwera kwa Florida, Great Britain, Bermuda m'mbali mwa Belgium, Cameroon ndi Morocco. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi gombe m'madzi osaya, komabe, pakusaka imatha kulowa m'madzi akuya mpaka 410 mita ndikukhala pansi pamadzi opanda oxygen mpaka maola 4.
Akamba amtundu wa Loggerhead amakhala m'nyanja za Pacific, Atlantic ndi Indian. Amakhala m'malo okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Pofuna kumanga mazira, amasamuka kwakutali kupita kumadera otentha. Nthawi zambiri amapita pachilumba cha Maskira ku Oman kukamanga mazira.
Zomwe zimadziwikanso ndi malo okhala ku Australia ndi Dominican Republic. Akamba a azitona amakonda madzi a Indian ndi Pacific Ocean. Akamba am'nyanja amakhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi, koma ndi akazi okha omwe amatuluka pagombe kuti aziikira mazira. Pambuyo popanga zowalamulira, akamba nthawi yomweyo amabwerera m'madzi.
Kodi kamba wam'madzi amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu wam'madzi
Akamba ambiri am'nyanja ndi nyama zowopsa.
Zakudya za akamba am'nyanja zimaphatikizapo:
- udzu wam'madzi;
- plankton;
- nkhanu;
- nkhono;
- nsomba;
- Nkhono;
- nkhanu ndi nkhanu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Akamba obiriwira amapezeka okha m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wawo, atakalamba amasintha kukabzala chakudya.
Akamba am'nyanja amasakidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa iwo amadikirira nyama yawo m'nkhalango za algae kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo pambuyo pake amenya mwamphamvu. Akamba ena amagwiritsa ntchito lilime lawo ngati nyambo, kuwululira ndikudikirira kuti nsomba zisambire kuti ziugwire.
Akamba am'nyanja amatha kusambira mwachangu ndikusambira m'madzi mozama kwambiri. Pali zodziwika bwino za akamba am'nyanja omwe amalimbana ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, koma izi ndizochepa. Mwa mitundu ina ya akamba, milandu yakudya anthu ena yazindikirika, akamba akulu amapha ana komanso akamba ang'onoang'ono.
Akamba am'nyanja nthawi zambiri amasungidwa ngati ziweto. Ali mu ukapolo, kamba wam'nyanja amadyetsedwa nyama ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana zanyama, nkhuku, tizilombo, nsomba, molluscs ndi crustaceans, ndikofunikiranso kuwonetsetsa kuti ku aquarium kuli masamba ambiri. Akamba amakonda kudya ndere.
Mukamadyetsa, muyenera kudula nyama ndi nsomba mzidutswa tating'ono, kuchotsa mafupa. Kamodzi pamwezi, perekani zowonjezera mavitamini ndi michere, choko, ufa wa eggshell.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wachikopa wam'nyanja
Akamba akunyanja amakhala ndi bata. Sanathamange, ngakhale amatha kusambira mwachangu komanso bwino. Moyo wonse wa akamba am'madzi umachitika m'madzi. Akamba amakhala m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe, komabe, pakusaka amatha kulowa m'madzi ndikukhala komweko kwa nthawi yayitali.
Akamba onse am'nyanja amapita kutali kuti akapeze ana. Ngakhale akamba ali kutali bwanji ndi madera otentha otentha, komwe anabadwirako, ikadzafika nthawi, amabwerera kumeneko kukaikira mazira. Poterepa, kamba imodzi nthawi zonse imakhala yolumikizira pamalo omwewo. Akamba amaswana nthawi yomweyo ndipo mazana a akazi amatha kuwoneka akupanga mabanki m'mbali mwa nthawi yoswana.
Malo okhala akamba am'nyanja samakonzedwa. Akamba nthawi zambiri amakhala okha. Akamba achichepere, obisalira adani, amakhala pafupifupi nthawi yawo yonse m'nkhalango za algae, komwe amatha kumva kukhala otetezeka. Akamba achikulire amasambira momasuka m'madzi. Nthawi zina akamba am'nyanja amakonda kukhala padzuwa pokwera pamiyala.
Pansi pamavuto azachilengedwe, komanso kusowa kwa chakudya, akamba am'nyanja amatha kugwera mumitundu yoimitsidwa. Pakadali pano, akamba amakhala otopetsa, amadya pang'ono. Izi zimathandiza akamba kupulumuka m'nyengo yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira, akamba amamira pansi, amatha kukhala ndi anaerobic kwa nthawi yayitali osasambira kumtunda.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'nyanja panyanja
Akamba am'nyanja amaswana m'madzi otentha otentha. Kukhathamira kumachitika m'madzi osaya pafupi ndi gombe lamchenga. Amuna amasankha wamkazi ndikusambira mpaka kumaso kwake. Ngati mkaziyo ali wokonzeka ndipo samakana wokwatirana naye, kukhwimitsa kumachitika, komwe kumatenga maola angapo. Amuna samasonyeza nkhanza kwa akazi, pomwe akazi, m'malo mwake, amatha kuluma wofuna osafunika.
Ikakwerana, yaikazi imatulukira kumtunda n kuikira mazira. Mkazi amapanga clutch pomakumba dzenje mumchenga. Poterepa, zomangamanga zitha kupezeka m'malo osayembekezeka pakati pagombe, kapena m'mbali mwa mseu. Mkaziyo amapanga poyambira kwambiri mumchenga mpaka theka la mita. Mkazi amaikira mazira mdzenje. Clutch imodzi imakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 160-200. Pambuyo popanga zowalamulira, chachikazi chimasiya zowalamulira ndipo sichibwereranso kwa icho. Makolo alibe chidwi ndi tsogolo la mwanayo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kugonana kwa ana amtsogolo kumatengera kutentha kwa mchenga momwe mazirawo aikidwamo. Ngati mchengawo uli wofunda, akazi amaswa, amuna amaswa pakatentha.
Pakapita miyezi ingapo, akamba ang'onoang'ono amabadwa. Nthawi ikafika yoti ana abereke, amabadwa, amathyola chipolopolo cha dzira ndi dzino la dzira, ndikupita kumtunda. Akamba ang'onoang'ono mwachibadwa amakwawa m'nyanja. Komabe, nyama zolusa zambiri zimadikirira anawo pagombe, motero si onse omwe amafika kumadzi. M'madzi, akamba ang'onoang'ono amakakamizidwa kukhala moyo wachinsinsi kwa nthawi yayitali, kubisala m'nkhalango za algae kuchokera kwa adani awo. Akamba amakula msinkhu pofika zaka pafupifupi 30.
Adani achilengedwe a akamba am'nyanja
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi wobiriwira
Ngakhale mankhwala achilengedwe a akamba - chipolopolo cholimba, akamba akunyanja ndi zolengedwa zosatetezeka kwambiri. Akamba ambiri am'nyanja amamwalira adakali ana ndipo amafa pakadali pano pafupifupi 90%.
Adani achilengedwe a akamba am'madzi ndi awa:
- nsombazi zazikulu;
- nsomba;
- agalu;
- ziphuphu;
- mbalame zam'madzi ndi mbalame zina;
- nkhanu.
Nsomba zokha ndizoopsa kwa akamba akuluakulu. Zowononga zambiri zitha kuwononga nkhwangwa; pamtunda ndi m'madzi, ana amatha kuukiridwa ndi mbalame, agalu, nsomba zolusa. Pakakhala nyengo yovuta m'malo obisalira akamba, ana ambiri amafa nthawi zambiri. Mwina samaswa chifukwa chotsika kwambiri kapena, m'malo mwake, kutentha kwa mchenga, kapena amafa kale ataswa ndi kugunda m'mphepete mwa nyengo yoipa.
Koma mdani wamkulu wa akamba am'madzi ndi munthu. Anthu amagwira akamba am'madzi momwe nyama ya nyamazi amagwiritsidwira ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo chipolopolocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera, mabokosi ndi zinthu zina zamkati.
Kuwonongeka kwamadzi kumakhudza kwambiri akamba am'madzi. Nthawi zambiri akamba am'nyanja amazindikira zinyalala ndi pulasitiki ndi zidutswa za pulasitiki ngati zakudya zodyera ndipo amafa chifukwa chodya zinthu zosadyeka. Akamba ambiri amakodwa ndi ukonde wosodza ndi nkhanu, womwe umazipheranso.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mitundu ina ya akamba amagwiritsa ntchito nkhono za poizoni podzitchinjiriza, pomwe akamba okhawo savulazidwa, koma nyama ya kamba imakhala yoyizoni ndipo izi zimawopsa adani.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi amawoneka bwanji
Kukula kwa akamba am'nyanja kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuwatsata chifukwa chakuti kamba amafalikira kwambiri ndipo akamba amayenda maulendo ataliatali. Komabe, zimadziwika kuti chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kuchuluka kwa akamba am'madzi kwachepetsedwa kwambiri. Choyamba, kuchepa kwa akamba am'madzi kumachitika chifukwa cha kusaka mwankhanza kwa zolengedwa izi kuti apeze nyama ndi chipolopolo chamtengo wapatali.
Kufika kwachitukuko ndi chitukuko cha magombe m'malo osungira akamba kudasokonezanso kuchuluka kwa akamba am'madzi. Akamba ambiri amawopa phokoso, kuyatsa kwamagetsi komanso anthu ambiri pagombe ndipo samangopita kumtunda kuti apange mikangano. Akamba ambiri amafa akagwidwa ndi maukonde komanso kumeza zinyalala zoyandama m'madzi.
Pakadali pano, mitundu yambiri ya akamba am'nyanja imalembedwa mu Red Book ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi, ndipo mitundu yake ili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Akamba a Bissa atsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa, chifukwa kuwasaka ndikuletsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, pali misika yakuda komwe ozembetsa amalonda amagulitsa mazira ndi mitundu ya akamba ndipo kufunikira kwawo kumapitilirabe. Padziko lonse lapansi, akutengedwa kuti ateteze mitundu yamba ya akamba kuti abwezeretse ziwetozo.
Kusunga akamba am'nyanja
Chithunzi: Kamba wam'madzi wochokera ku Red Book
Akamba ambiri am'nyanja amalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo amafunikira njira zapadera zodzitetezera. Kusodza akamba amisala ndikoletsedwa tsopano. M'mayiko ambiri, malonda a zipolopolo za kamba, mazira awo ndi nyama ndizoletsedwa. Akuluakulu a dziko la Dominican Republic amachita nkhanza tsiku lililonse kuti azindikire omwe akuphwanya malamulowa.
Dziko la Dominican Republic lidakhazikitsanso gulu lotetezera akamba. Amagwira ntchito yoteteza magombe pomwe nyama izi zimaswana. Pofuna kuti asawopsyeze akazi omwe amapita kunyanja kukapanga zida, zonse zowunikira pagombe ndizofiira. Phokoso lililonse m'nthawi yakukwera kwa akamba ndiloletsedwa.
Magombe pomwe akamba amaswana nthawi yokwatirana amatsekedwa kwa alendo. Zokopazo zimadziwika ndi mbendera, m'maiko ena akatswiri azanyama amatolera mosamala mazirawo ndikupita nawo ku nazale, komwe amayikamo mazira mu chofungatira. Akamba oswedwa amakula ali kundende mpaka miyezi iwiri, kenako nkupita kunyanja. Komanso, masensa apadera a GPS amamatira pa kamba aliyense kutsata kuyenda kwa nyama. M'mayiko ambiri, kutumiza mitundu ingapo ya akamba kutumizidwa kunja ndikoletsedwa.
Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa nyama zophedwa mu ukonde wopha nsomba, maukondewo adakonzedwa mwa lamulo ndi akuluakulu. Chifukwa cha kusinthaku, mitundu ikuluikulu ya akamba masauzande ambiri yapulumutsidwa. Komabe, chaka chilichonse, ngakhale kuli kwamakono, akamba okwana 5 zikwi amafera mu maukonde.Nthawi zambiri, akamba amagwidwa ku Sea Bay, komwe amawedza nsomba za nkhanu. Opulumutsa amapha akamba omwe amakodwa mu maukonde kapena poyizoni ndi zinyalala ndikuyesera kuwathandiza.
Kamba wam'nyanja cholengedwa chodabwitsa kwambiri, chakale, chomwe chimalinso cholimba kwambiri. Iwo ndi azaka zana limodzi. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito za anthu, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kwatsala pang'ono kutha. Tiyeni tisamale kwambiri ndi chilengedwe chathu kuti tisunge zolengedwa zodabwitsa izi. Tidzawunika ukhondo wamadzi ndikuteteza chilengedwe.
Tsiku lofalitsidwa: September 22, 2019
Tsiku losintha: 11.11.2019 nthawi 12:09
