Njoka yachikasu - mtundu wa njoka zopanda poyizoni zofalikira kumwera kwa Russia, za njoka zazing'ono. M'madera ena, amatchedwa njoka yamiyala yachikasu kapena njoka yamiyendo yachikasu. Izi ndi njoka zazikulu kwambiri pambuyo pa Soviet Union. Chifukwa chaukali wake, mimba yachikaso samasungidwa m'matumba komanso ngati chiweto. Komabe, njoka ya Yellowbelly imapindulitsa ulimi chifukwa imadyetsa makoswe omwe amawononga mbewu. Chifukwa cha izi, kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi, kudya mbalame ndi mazira awo, ndizochepa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakuda Yakuda
Njoka yamiyala yachikaso ndi njoka yayikulu, yopanda poyizoni kuchokera kubanja lofananira kale. M'mbuyomu, Colubridae sanali gulu lachilengedwe, popeza ambiri aiwo anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi magulu ena kuposa anzawo. Banja limeneli lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "zinyalala" pazinyalala zosiyanasiyana za njoka zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi magulu ena. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa wamankhwala a phylogenetics wakhazikitsa gulu la njoka "zakuthwa", komanso banja lomwe tsopano limatchedwa kuti monophyletic clade. Komabe, kuti mumvetsetse zonsezi, kafukufuku wina amafunika.
Chiyambire kufotokozedwa koyamba ndi Johann Friedrich Gmelin mu 1789, njoka yamiyala yachikasu idadziwika ndi mayina ambiri ku Europe.
Mndandanda wa mayina waperekedwa pansipa:
- C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789;
- C. acontistes Pallas, 1814;
- C. thermis Pallas, 1814;
- C. jugularis caspius, 1984;
- Hierophis caspius, 1988;
- Dolichophis caspius, 2004
Mitunduyi imaphatikizanso zazing'onozing'ono:
- Dolichophis caspius caspius - ochokera ku Hungary, Romania, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa dziko lomwe kale linali Yugoslav Republic, Albania, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Bulgaria, Greece, kumadzulo kwa Turkey, Russia, gombe la Caucasus;
- Dolichophis caspius eiselti - Kuchokera kuzilumba zaku Greek za Rhodes, Karpathos ndi Kasos ku Aegean Sea.
Ambiri a nkhonono sakhala ndi poizoni kapena alibe poizoni wosavulaza anthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yamiyala yachikaso m'chigawo cha Rostov
Njoka yamiyala yachikaso imafikira kutalika kwa thupi lokwanira mamita 2.5, ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe, koma kukula kwake ndi 1.5-2 m. Nsonga ya mphuno ndi yosalala komanso yozungulira. Lilime lalitali kwambiri komanso lochepa kwambiri. Mchira ndi wautali komanso woonda. Chiwerengero chonse cha kutalika kwa njoka ndi kutalika kwa mchira ndi 2.6-3.5. Maso ndi akulu ndipo ali ndi ana ozungulira. Mano maxillary amakhala osazungulira kutalika, motalika kumbuyo kwa nsagwada, mano awiri omaliza nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake ndi mpata wopapatiza.
Kanema: Njoka Yakuda Yakuda
Zambiri za biometric pamayeso oyeserera adawonetsa: kutalika konse (mutu + thunthu + mchira) mwa amuna - 1160-1840 mm (pafupifupi 1496.6 mm), mwa akazi - 800-1272 mm (pafupifupi 1065.8 mm). Kutalika kwa mutu ndi thupi (kuyambira kunsonga kwa mphutsi mpaka kumapeto kwa mkombero wamphongo) mwa amuna ndi 695-1345 mm (pafupifupi 1044 mm); mwa akazi - 655-977 mm (pafupifupi 817.6 mm). Kutalika kwa mchira: 351-460 mm (pafupifupi 409.8 mm) mwa amuna, 268-295 mm (pafupifupi 281.4 mm) mwa akazi. Kutalika kwa mutu (kuchokera kunsonga mpaka pakamwa): amuna 30 mm, akazi 20 mm. Kutalika kwa mutu (kuyeza pakati pakona pakamwa) ndi 22-24 mm kwa amuna ndi 12 mm kwa akazi.
Mimba wachikaso umadziwika ndi mamba osalala bwino. Mizere 19 ya mamba imapezeka mkatikati mwa thupi, ngakhale nthawi zina pamatha kukhala khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Masikelo am'mbali amakhala ndi fossae ziwiri zam'madzi kumapeto kwake. Ndi opepuka pakati kuposa m'mbali. Msana wa njokayo ndi yofiirira ndipo uli ndi zipsera zomwe zimafanana ndi njoka zazing'ono, koma zimasowa ndi msinkhu. Mbali yamkati ndiyonyezimira kapena yoyera.
Kodi njoka yamiyala yachikaso imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka yamiyala yachikasu
Njoka yamiyala yachikasu imapezeka ku Balkan Peninsula, madera ena akum'mawa kwa Europe kudera la Volga komanso gawo laling'ono la Asia Minor. Amatha kupezeka m'malo otseguka, nkhalango ndi nkhalango zamapiri, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango za steppe, m'tchire pafupi ndi misewu, m'chipululu, kumchenga ndi m'malo otsetsereka, pafupi ndi mitsinje yamapiri, pakati pa tchire lokutidwa ndi zomera, miyala ndi miyala, kutsetsereka kwa zigwa ndi zigwa. , m'mbali mwa mitsinje ndi m'mabango ouma.
Kumpoto kwa Caucasus, mimba yachikaso imalowera m'malo amchipululu okhala ndi milu ya mchenga. M'nyengo youma, imakonda kupezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje komanso m'madambo. Nthawi zambiri amakwawa kufunafuna chakudya ndi malo oti ayikire mazira m'mabwinja osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mabwinja a nyumba, nyumba zomangamanga kapena nyumba zokhalamo anthu, pansi pa nkhokwe, minda, minda yamphesa ndi malo ena ofanana. M'mapiri, imakwera mpaka kutalika kwa 2000 m. Ku Caucasus, imapezeka kumtunda kuyambira 1500 mpaka 1600 m.
Anthu okhala ndi njoka zachikasu amalembedwa m'maiko monga:
- Albania;
- Bulgaria;
- Makedoniya;
- Serbia;
- Nkhukundembo;
- Croatia;
- Greece;
- Romania;
- kum'mwera kwa Slovakia;
- Moldova;
- Montenegro;
- kum'mwera kwa Ukraine;
- Ku Kazakhstan;
- kum'mwera kwa Russia;
- kum'mwera kwa Hungary;
- Yordani.
Habitat imatha kugawidwa m'malo otsika pafupi ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu monga Danube ndi Olt River. M'mbuyomu zimaganiziridwa kuti njoka yamiyala yachikaso idasowa ku Moldova, kum'mawa kwa Romania ndi kumwera kwa Ukraine, komwe kuli malo awiri okha omwe amadziwika ndipo njokayo sinakhalepo kuyambira 1937. Komabe, zitsanzo zitatu zidasonkhanitsidwa mu Meyi 2007 m'chigawo cha Galati ku Romania.
Ku Hungary, m'mbuyomu anthu amaganiza kuti Yellowbelly amakhala m'malo awiri okha, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa m'derali wapeza malo angapo osadziwika kale a njoka izi mumtsinje wa Danube. Kummwera kwa Crimea pali pafupifupi 1 specimen pa 2 km², kumpoto kwa Dagestan - 3-4 njoka pa km², ndi kumwera kwa Armenia - pafupifupi 1 specimen pa 1 km².
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe njoka yachikasu imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi njoka yamtundu wachikasu imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njoka yamiyala yachikasu
Amadyetsa makamaka abuluzi: miyala, nimble, Crimea ndi mchenga. Nthawi zambiri, anapiye, mbalame ndi mazira awo. Ndiponso ndi makoswe: agologolo aganyu, makoswe, mbewa, ma gerbils, hamsters. Nthawi zina njoka zina zimaphatikizidwamo, kuphatikizapo zoyizoni: njoka yamphongo wamba ndi mchenga epha, yemwe njoka yoluma yachikasu imamuluma. Njokayo imadyetsa nyama za m'madzi kawirikawiri; imagwira achule m'malo amvula. Tizilombo tazikulu ndi akangaude amathanso kukhala ozunzika pamimba wachikaso.
Njokayo imatha kudutsa m'mabowola amphaka ndi kuwawononga. Pofunafuna chakudya, imakwera mumitengo, pomwe imawononga zisa za mbalame zomwe sizikukwera kwambiri, koma nthawi zambiri zimasaka mbalame zomwe zimakhala pansi. Ku Crimea, chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri njoka zokwawa ndi abuluzi, njoka ndi nyama - agologolo agulu, zikopa, ma voles, mbewa, ma hamsters.
Chosangalatsa: Kudera la Astrakhan, njoka yoyipa yomwe imapezeka m'zigawo zapululu imadyetsa abuluzi am'madzi ndi matenda ofulumira a miyendo ndi pakamwa (31.5%), buluzi wofulumira (22.5%), munda ndi khungu, komanso khungu lakuda (13.5%), omelet (9%), agologolo (31.7%), ma gerbils (18.1%), mbewa (13.5%), hamsters (17.8%) ndi tizilombo ndi akangaude.
Ali mu ukapolo, achinyamata amakonda abuluzi, akulu amadyetsa mbewa ndi makoswe oyera. Njoka yofulumira komanso yamphamvu imeneyi imagwira nyama yake mwachangu chodabwitsa. Nyama yaying'ono imamezedwa amoyo ndi nyama yolimba yachikaso, osayipinimbira. Nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimakana zimaphedwa koyambirira mwa kuzikakamiza ndi thupi lamphamvu kapena, kuzigwira pakamwa ndikuzikolowola, ndikudzimangirira m'miphete mozungulira wovulalayo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka Yakuda Yakuda
Njoka zamiyala yachikaso zimadutsa m'malo obowola mbewa ndi malo ena okumbapo dothi. Hibernation imatha pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pa tchuthi chachisanu, nthawi zambiri anthu opitilira khumi amasonkhana pamalo amodzi. Mimba wachikaso umachoka pogona kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, ndikuyamba kuwonetsa zochitika mu February - Marichi, kutengera malowa, mpaka Seputembara-Okutobala. Ku Crimea ndi North Caucasus, njokayo imawonekera pamwamba patatha nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo, kumwera kwa Ukraine - mkati mwa Epulo ndi ku Transcaucasia kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Njoka yamiyala yachikaso ndi njoka yopanda ziweto masana yomwe imakhala padzuwa, pang'ono pamthunzi pang'ono ndi zitsamba, ndipo imabisala poyembekezera abuluzi. M'ngululu ndi nthawi yophukira, njokayo imagwira ntchito masana, ndipo nthawi yotentha, nthawi yotentha kwambiri masana, imakhala, ndipo imagwira ntchito m'mawa ndi madzulo. Njoka iyi ndiyofulumira kwambiri m'zinyama zathu, ikuuluka mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti isamawonekere. Kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe kumalola mimba yachikaso kuti igwire nyama yothamanga kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Chizindikiro chamakhalidwe oyipa a njoka yamiyala yachikaso ndi nkhanza zodabwitsa. Zina mwa njoka za nyama zathu, njoka izi (makamaka zamphongo) ndizoopsa kwambiri komanso zovulaza. Samayesa kubisala pamene munthu ayandikira, monga momwe njoka zina zimachitira, koma amapindika m'miphete, monga njoka zapoizoni, ndikuponyera 1.4-2 m, kuyesa kugunda kumaso.
M'madera okhala ndi nkhalango zokhala ndi mitengo ndi zitsamba, zimadzuka mwachangu mpaka zitasowa m'masamba okwera (mpaka 5-7 m). Kusungunuka komweku kumawonekera poyenda pakati pamiyala ndi ming'alu. Ngakhale njoka yamiyala yachikaso si njoka yaululu, ikaluma munthu wamkulu imakhala yopweteka, ikukha magazi, ndipo nthawi zina imakhala ndi kachilombo, koma nthawi zambiri siyowononga thanzi la munthu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Belly Wamng'ono Wamtambo
Mimba wachikaso imafika pokhwima pogonana zaka 3-4 mutabadwa. Pakadali pano, kutalika kwa njokayo ndi masentimita 65-70. Kudwala kwamtundu wamtunduwu ndikodziwikiratu: amuna akulu ndi akulu kuposa akazi, mitu yawo ndiyokulirapo. Pamasewera olimbirana, njoka zimakumana awiri awiri. M'madera ena akumpoto kwamtunduwu, kusamvana kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi, komanso madera akumwera, mwachitsanzo, ku Crimea, kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka pakati pa Meyi.
Zosangalatsa: Ziwalo zobisika za njoka sizili kunja kwa thupi kumunsi kwa mchira, chifukwa zimabisala m'thumba kumapeto kwa mchira, wotchedwa cloaca, womwe umakhalanso ndi zinyalala zamadzi komanso zolimba. Maliseche amphongo - ma hemipenes - amakhala ndi maliseche awiri olumikizidwa, omwe amalumikizana ndi thupilo limodzi, kuwoneka ngati wagawanika.
Wamphongo wa Njoka Yonyezimira-yolimba imagwira mwamphamvu khosi la mkaziyo ndi nsagwada zake ndikumulepheretsa, kukulunga mchira wake mozungulira, kenako kuphatikizana kumachitika. Nthawi yokwatirana, njoka yamiyala yachikasu imasiya kukhala tcheru nthawi zonse. Njoka zikangomaliza kugonana, zimabalalika.
Pambuyo pa milungu 4-6, yaikazi imayamba kuikira mazira pamalo omwe asankhidwa dzulo. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira 5-12 (pazipita 20) okhala ndi kukula kwa 22 x 45 mm. Mazira amaikidwa m'malo obisika: m'matumba achilengedwe m'nthaka, nthawi zina mumtengo kapena ming'alu ya makungwa a mitengo. Mimba yaying'ono yachikasu imaswa mu theka loyamba la Seputembara ndikufika masentimita 22-23 (opanda mchira) ikathyoledwa. Pakhala pali malipoti a mitundu yomwe imaswana mu ukapolo. Kutalika kwa moyo kwa mimba yachikaso ndi zaka 8-10.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka yachikasu
Chithunzi: Njoka zachikasu ku Russia
Monga pogona, chokwawa chimagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu m'nthaka, mabowo amakoswe, maenje m'miyulu yamiyala, miyala m'miyala ya steppe, tchire, maenje pafupi ndi mizu ndi maenje. Mukakumana ndi mdani kapena akafika, njoka yamiyala yachikasu siyesa kubisala, kuthawa, m'malo mwake, imangoika pachiwopsezo, kupotoza mphete ndikukweza mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi, ngati njoka zapoizoni, kuwomba mwamphamvu pakamwa pake lotseguka, kuthamangira mdani mwamphamvu ndi kudumpha kwakutali ndikuyesera kumenya mdani.
Zitsanzo zazikulu za njoka zimatha kudumpha pamtunda wa 1.5-2 m. Khalidwe lowopsa ili ndikufuna kuwopseza mdani yemwe angakhale mdani, ndikupatsa mpumulo njokayo kuthawa. Makhalidwe abwinobwino amimba yachikaso amatha kuwopseza nyama yayikulu, ngakhale kavalo. Ngati agwidwa, njoka yamiyala yachikasu ndiyokwiya kwambiri ndipo imamveka kukuwa, kuyesa kuluma nkhope kapena dzanja la womutsutsayo.
Zimachitika kuti njoka zamtundu wachikaso zimagwera mbalame zazikulu, ma martens, nkhandwe. Amamwaliranso pansi pa mawilo amgalimoto: galimoto si kavalo, sangachite mantha ndikamvekere mokweza ndi kuwopseza kulumpha.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timabweretsa mavuto m'mimba wachikaso:
- nthata za gamasid;
- zolembera;
- nsomba zamasamba;
- nematode;
- mankhwala;
- ziphuphu.
Njoka zamiyala yakuda sizimasungidwa m'matope chifukwa chamakhalidwe awo ankhalwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka yamiyala yachikasu
Kuwonongeka, kuwonongeka ndi kugawanika kwa malo okhala, kufalikira kwa malo aulimi ndi madambo, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, zokopa alendo ndi kutawuni kwamatauni, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza waulimi, kuwonongedwa mwachindunji ndi nzika zakomweko, kusonkhanitsa kosaloledwa ndi magalimoto ndi zifukwa zazikulu zakuchepa kwa njoka ya Yellowbelly.
Mkhalidwe woyipa wamimba wachikaso umayambitsa udani waukulu mwa anthu. Izi zimawonjezera moyo wamtundu wa anthu komanso kukula kwakukulu ndikupangitsa kuti njoka iwonongeke pafupipafupi. Monga ena okhala m'zigwa ndi malo otseguka, mitunduyi imakhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azachuma. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa njoka yamiyala yachikaso ikugwa mofulumira, koma njokayo siziwopseza kutha posachedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Kutentha kwanyengo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimawopseza zachilengedwe. Zamoyo monga amphibiya ndi zokwawa zimakhala pachiwopsezo makamaka chifukwa nyengo imakhudza mwachindunji iwo.
Zambiri pakasungidwe ka njoka yamiyala yachikaso sizikupezeka m'malo ambiri. Ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndiofala m'chigawo cha Dobruja, ndikosowa ndikuwopsezedwa m'malo ena. Njoka zomwe zaphedwa panjira ndi "zodziwika" kwa anthu akumaloko. Imfa zokhudzana ndi magalimoto zitha kuchititsa kuchepa kwa anthu. Kutayika kwa malo kumapangitsa kuti mitunduyo ichepetse ku Europe. Ku Ukraine, njoka yamiyala yachikaso imakhala m'mapaki oyang'anira madera ndi makasitomala (m'malo ambiri amawerengedwa kuti ndi wamba).
Oyang'anira njoka achikasu
Chithunzi: Njoka zachikasu kuchokera ku Red Book
Mu IUCN Padziko Lonse Red List of Conservation Status of European Reptiles, njoka yamiyala yachikasu idatchulidwa ngati mitundu ya LC yomwe siili pachiwopsezo - ndiye kuti, yomwe siidetsa nkhawa kwenikweni. Koma ndizovuta kuyesa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndikudziwitsa mtundu wa mitundu ya nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Njokayi yamiyala yachikaso idaphatikizidwa mu Zowonjezera za Red Book la Russia ndi Krasnodar Territory (2002).
M'buku la Romanian Red Data Book, mtundu uwu umadziwika kuti ndiwowopsa (VU). Dolichophis caspius imaphatikizidwanso mu Red Data Book of Ukraine ngati mtundu wosatetezeka (VU), mu Red Data Book la Republic of Moldova ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Romania, njoka yamiyala yachikaso imatetezedwanso ndi Law No. 13 ya 1993. Mitunduyi imatetezedwa ndi Berne Convention (Zowonjezera II), ndi European Directive 92/43 / EEC ya European Community (Zowonjezera IV).
Chosangalatsa: Yellowbelly imatetezedwanso ndi lamulo lapadera laboma lokhazikitsa malo achitetezo, kusamalira zachilengedwe, zinyama zakutchire ndi nyama, zovomerezedwa ndikusintha kwina ndi zina, kukhala mtundu wosatetezeka womwe umafuna chitetezo.
Madera otsetsereka monga steppes, nkhalango-nkhalango ndi nkhalango, zomwe ndizo malo okondedwa a Caspian njoka zachikasundi osalimba makamaka ndipo amatha kusintha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka chifukwa chamtengo wake ngati minda yaulimi ndi ziweto. Kuphatikiza apo, malowa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwazinyontho ndi kutentha, ndiye kuti, zotsatira zakusintha kwanyengo. M'mayiko omwe akutukuka, njira zotetezera zikuchitika pang'onopang'ono ndipo sizingakhale zoyambirira.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/26/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 21:44
