Mallard - abakha odziwika kwambiri komanso ambiri padziko lapansi. Zitha kuwoneka pafupifupi pamadzi aliwonse. Iye ndiye bakha wamkulu kwambiri kuthengo motero nthawi zambiri amakhala chinthu chamasewera, ndipo nthawi zina amasaka malonda. Mitundu yambiri yamabakha amasiku ano imaswanidwa ndi kuswana kuchokera kumtchire, kupatula mitundu ya Muscat. Iyi ndi mbalame yopatsa chidwi, imasinthasintha mosavuta kuzikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndikukhala kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Tiyeni timudziwe bwino.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mallard
Mallard ndi imodzi mwazinyama zambiri zoyambilira zomwe Carl Linnaeus adafotokoza mu 1758 kope la 10 la The System of Nature. Anamupatsa mayina awiri apadera: Anas platyrhynchos + Anas boschas. Dzinalo la sayansi limachokera ku Latin Anas - "bakha" ndi Greek πλατυρυγχος - "yokhala ndi milomo yayikulu."
Dzinalo "Mallard" poyambirira amatanthauza drake yamtchire ndipo nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwanjira imeneyi. Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimaswana ndi abale awo apamtima pamtundu wa Anas, zomwe zimabweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Izi sizachilendo pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwina ndichifukwa choti mallard idasinthika mwachangu komanso posachedwa, kumapeto kwa Pleistocene.
Zosangalatsa: Kusanthula kwa chibadwa kwawonetsa kuti ma mallard ena ali pafupi ndi abale awo a Indo-Pacific, pomwe ena ndi abale awo a ku America. Zambiri pa DNA ya mitochondrial pazotsatira za D-loop zikuwonetsa kuti ma mallard atha kusintha makamaka kuchokera kumadera a Siberia. Mafupa a mbalame amapezeka m'mabwinja azakudya za anthu akale ndi zinyalala zina.
Mallards amasiyana mu mitochondrial DNA yawo pakati pa North America ndi Eurasia, koma genome ya nyukiliya imawonetsa kuchepa kwamtundu wamtundu. Kuphatikiza apo, kusowa kwa ma morphological pakati pa Old World mallards ndi New World mallards kumawonetsera momwe matupiwa amagawidwira pakati pawo kotero kuti mbalame monga bakha wopezeka waku China ali ofanana kwambiri ndi Old World mallards, ndipo mbalame monga bakha la ku Hawaii ndizambiri ikuwoneka ngati New World mallard.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Drake mallard
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ndi mbalame ya banja la Anatidae. Iyi ndi mitundu ya mbalame zam'madzi zazing'ono zomwe ndizolemera pang'ono kuposa abakha ena ambiri. Kutalika kwake ndi 50-65 cm, pomwe thupi limakhala pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu. Mallard ili ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 81 mpaka 98 ndipo amalemera 0.72-1.58. kg. Pakati pa miyezo, mapiko ake ndi 25.7 mpaka 30.6 cm, mulomo ndi 4.4 mpaka 6.1 masentimita, ndipo miyendo ndi 4.1 mpaka 4.8 cm.
M'misika yamagulasi, mawonekedwe azakugonana amawonetsedwa bwino. Mitundu yaimuna imadziwika bwino ndi mutu wake wonyezimira wobiriwira wokhala ndi kolala yoyera yomwe imalekanitsa chifuwa chofiirira chakuda kuchokera kumutu, mapiko akuda ndi bulauni. Msana wamphongo ndi wakuda, wokhala ndi nthenga zoyera, zakuda zamalire. Yaimuna imakhala ndi mlomo wachikasu-lalanje wokhala ndi kachitsotso kakuda kumapeto, pomwe yaikazi ili ndi mlomo wakuda kwambiri ndipo imakhala pakati pa mdima mpaka lalanje kapena wama bulauni.
Kanema: Mallard
Mallard wamkazi amakhala wosiyanasiyana, nthenga iliyonse ikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu. Amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala ndi nthenga zofiirira zobiriwira kumapeto kwa mapiko okhala ndi zoyera zoyera, zomwe zimawuluka pothawa kapena kupumula, koma zimakhetsedwa kwakanthawi panthawi ya molt pachaka.
Zosangalatsa: Mallard amakonda kuphatikizana ndi mitundu ina ya abakha, zomwe zimabweretsa kusakanizidwa ndikusakanikirana kwa mitundu. Ndi mbadwa za abakha oweta. Kuphatikiza apo, ma mallard omwe amachokera kwa nyama zakutchire akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kutsitsimutsa abakha kapena kuweta mitundu yatsopano.
Ikangothyola, nthenga za bakha wachikaso imakhala yachikaso pansi ndi pankhope ndi yakuda kumbuyo (ndi mawanga achikasu) mpaka kumtunda ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu. Miyendo ndi mulomo wake ndi wakuda. Ikamayandikira nthenga, bakha wayamba kutuwa, ngati wamkazi, ngakhale wamizeremizere kwambiri, ndipo miyendo yake imasiya khungu lakuda. Ali ndi miyezi itatu kapena inayi, bakha amayamba kuuluka, chifukwa mapiko ake amakula bwino.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbalame zakutchire zimawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe mbalame yosangalatsayi imakhala komanso zomwe imadya.
Kodi mallard amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bakha wa Mallard
Mallard imapezeka konsekonse kumpoto, kuchokera ku Europe kupita ku Asia ndi North America. Ku North America, kulibe kumpoto chakumtunda kokha kumadera otentha ochokera ku Canada kupita ku Maine komanso kum'mawa kwa Nova Scotia. Malo ake ogawa ku North America ali mdera lotchedwa mapiri ku North ndi South Dakota, Manitoba ndi Saskatchewan. Ku Europe, mallard kulibe kokha kumapiri, ku Scandinavia ndi tundra ku Russia. Kugawidwa ku Siberia kumpoto mpaka Salekhard, njira ya Lower Tunguska, Taigonos Peninsula ndi North Kamchatka.
Mallard idadziwitsidwa ku Australia ndi New Zealand. Amapezeka kulikonse komwe nyengo ikufanana ndi dera lomwe amagawa kumpoto chakumadzulo. Ku Australia, ma mallard adawoneka osati koyambirira kwa 1862 ndipo adafalikira ku kontrakitala ya Australia, makamaka kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1950. Ndizosowa kwenikweni chifukwa cha nyengo ya kontinentiyi. Makamaka amakhala ku Tasmania, kumwera chakum'mawa ndi madera ena kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Mbalameyi imakhazikika m'matawuni kapena malo olimapo ndipo samawonedwa kawirikawiri kumadera kumene anthu alibe anthu ambiri. Amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wowononga womwe umasokoneza zachilengedwe.
Mallard ikadali yodziwika kwambiri m'zigwa zotseguka mpaka mamitala 1000, malo okwera kwambiri omwe adalembedwapo pafupifupi 2000 m. Ku Asia, malowo amafikira kum'mawa kwa Himalaya. Mbalameyi imabisala m'zigwa za kumpoto kwa India ndi kum'mwera kwa China. Kuphatikiza apo, malowa akuphatikizapo Iran, Afghanistan, ndi kunja kwa dzikolo, mbalame zimakhazikika ku Aleutian, Kuril, Commander, zilumba zaku Japan, komanso ku Hawaii, Iceland ndi Greenland. Amakonda madambo omwe madzi amabala zipatso zochuluka amatulutsa zomera zambiri. Madambo amatulutsanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta m'madzi tomwe timadya.
Kodi mallard amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame mallard
Mallard safuna chakudya. Ndi mtundu wa omnivorous womwe umadya chilichonse chomwe ungathe kupukuta ndikupeza khama. Zakudya zatsopano zimapezeka msanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.
Chakudya cha bakha wam'madzi chimakhala ndi zinthu zazomera:
- mbewu;
- zipatso;
- ndere zobiriwira;
- zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kumtunda.
Zakudyazo zimaphatikizaponso:
- nkhono;
- mphutsi;
- nkhanu zazing'ono;
- ziphuphu;
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- achule;
- nyongolotsi;
- Nkhono.
Zakudya zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Ma Central mallard aku Central Europe amakhala ndi chakudya chazomera panthawi yoswana. Izi ndi mbewu, zomwe zimadula masamba obiriwira, kenako amadyera kumene. Pofika nthawi yomwe anapiye amabadwa, samapeza chakudya chambiri chambiri, komanso chakudya chambiri chanyama monga tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo. Komabe, anapiye a mallard samakhazikika pachakudya china, kupeza michere yokwanira m'chilengedwe.
Ngakhale kutengera kwa mapuloteni azinyama pakukula kwa nyama zazing'ono sikungatsutsike. Ma mallard achichepere omwe amadya mapuloteni ambiri azinyama amawonetsa kukula kwambiri kuposa omwe amadya masamba. Ana ang'onoang'ono akangokwera, ma mallard amafunafuna chakudya m'minda. Amakonda kwambiri tirigu wosakhwima. M'dzinja, mallards amadya zipatso ndi mtedza wina.
Zosangalatsa: Kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumaphatikizanso mbatata zoitanitsidwa kuchokera ku South America. Ku Great Britain, chizolowezi chodyera ichi chidayamba kupezeka nthawi yachisanu pakati pa 1837 ndi 1855. Alimi atataya mbatata zowola m'munda.
M'malo odyetsera, mallard nthawi zina amadya mkate ndi zinyalala zakhitchini. Ngakhale amakonda kusintha zakudya zake, samadya masamba amchere. Mwachitsanzo, ku Greenland, mbalame zotchedwa mallard zimadyetsa makamaka nsomba za m'nyanja zotchedwa marolluscs.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wild Duck Mallard
Bakha wa Mallard ali ndi nthenga pafupifupi 10,000 zokutira pansi, zomwe zimawateteza ku chinyezi kapena kuzizira. Amathira mafuta ntchentchezi kuti madzi asadutsemo. Zotupitsa kumapeto kwa mchira zimapereka mafuta apadera. Bakha amatenga mafutawa ndi mulomo wake ndikuwapaka m'mapiko ake. Bakha amayandama pa khushoni lamadzi pamadzi. Mpweya umakhala pakati pa nthenga ndi pansi. Mpweya wotsekedwa umalepheretsa thupi kuti lisatenthedwe.
Pofunafuna chakudya pansi pamadzi, ma mallards amalumphira m'mutu mwawo, ndikumenya mapiko awo pamwamba pamadzi kenako ndikugwa pansi. Kukhazikika kwa thupi ili ndi mchira womwe ukutuluka molowera m'madzi kumawoneka koseketsa. Nthawi yomweyo, akufunafuna chakudya pansi pakuya pafupifupi theka la mita. Amaluma mbali zina za mbewuzo ndi mlomo wawo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakankha madzi, amenenso anatenga, natuluka. Ziwalo za mlomo zimakhala ngati sefa yomwe chakudya chimakanirira.
Chosangalatsa: Mapazi a bakha samaundana chifukwa alibe magwiridwe antchito amitsempha ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Izi zimathandiza abakha kuti aziyenda modekha pa ayezi ndi chisanu osamva kuzizira.
Kuuluka kwa mbalameyo kumakhala kwachangu komanso kwaphokoso kwambiri. Ikugubuduza mapiko ake, mbalame yotchedwa mallard nthawi zambiri imatulutsa mkokomo wa mawu, womwe bakha amatha kuzindikira osawona. Mwa anthu omwe akuuluka, mikwingwirima yoyera pamakona a magudumu amawoneka bwino. Kutuluka kwa mallard pamwamba pamadzi ndi luso kwambiri. Imatha kusuntha mamitala makumi pansi pamadzi. Pamtunda, amayenda moyenda uku ndi uku, koma ovulala amatha kuyenda mwachangu.
Nyengo ikaswana, mallards amapanga ziweto ndikusuntha kuchokera kumpoto chakumtunda kupita kumadera otentha akumwera. Kumeneko amadikirira masika ndikudyetsa mpaka nyengo yoswana iyambanso. Ma mallard ena, komabe, amatha kusankha kukhalabe nthawi yozizira kumadera komwe kuli chakudya chambiri komanso pogona. Ma mallard awa ndiwokhazikika, osasamukira komweko.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mallard anapiye
Sedentary mallards awiriawiri mu Okutobala ndi Novembala kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ndi mbalame zosamuka masika. Zazimayi zimayikira mazira kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisa, yomwe imayamba chakumayambiriro kwa masika. Pamodzi, maanjawo amafunafuna malo obisalirapo omwe mwina amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma nthawi zina ma kilomita awiri kapena atatu kuchokera kumadzi.
Kusankha malo okhala ndi chisa kumasinthidwa malinga ndi malo okhala. M'malo athyathyathya, zisa zimapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto, pafupi ndi nyanja zomwe zimakhala ndi zomera, m'mapiri. M'nkhalango, amathanso kukhala m'mabowo amitengo. Chisa chokha ndichosavuta, kusowa pang'ono, komwe mkazi amakwaniritsa ndi nthambi zolimba. Pambuyo pomanga chisa, drake imasiya bakalayo ndikuphatikizana ndi amuna ena poyembekezera nthawi yovundikira.
Chosangalatsa: Chachikazi chimayika yoyera 8-13 yoyera ndi mazira obiriwira obiriwira opanda mawanga, dzira limodzi patsiku, kuyambira mu Marichi. Ngati mazira anayi oyamba atsegulidwa atasiyidwa osakhudzidwa ndi nyama zolusa, bakha amapitilizabe kuikira mazira pachisacho ndikuphimba mazirawo, ndikusiya chisa kwakanthawi kochepa.
Mazirawo amakhala pafupifupi 58 mm kutalika ndi 32 mm mulifupi. Makulitsidwe amayamba pamene zowalamulira zatsala pang'ono kumaliza. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 27-28, ndipo kutha kumatenga masiku 50-60. Ankhamba amatha kusambira akangotuluka. Mwachibadwa amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo osati kokha kuti awatenthe komanso kuwateteza, komanso kuti aphunzire ndikumbukira komwe amakhala komanso komwe angapeze chakudya. Akanyamaka akakula bwino kuti azitha kuuluka, amakumbukira njira zawo zachikhalidwe zosamukira.
Adani achilengedwe a mallard
Chithunzi: Bakha wa Mallard
Mallard amisinkhu yonse (koma makamaka achichepere) nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi nyama zolusa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zoweta. Zowopsa zachilengedwe za ma mallard akuluakulu ndi nkhandwe (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaukira zazikazi zazimuna. Komanso mbalame zothamanga kwambiri kapena zazikuluzikulu: peregrine falcons, hawks, chiwombankhanga chagolide, ziwombankhanga, akhwangwala otchinga, kapena ziwombankhanga, mitu ikuluikulu, akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga. osachepera 25 mitundu ndi nambala yofanana ya nyama zodya nyama, osawerengera ena owononga mbalame ndi nyama zomwe zimawopseza mazira ndi anapiye.
Abakha a Mallard nawonso amalanda nyama zolusa monga:
- nsungu ya imvi;
- mink;
- nsomba zopanda mamba;
- amphaka amtchire;
- Pike kumpoto;
- galu wa raccoon;
- otters;
- chimbudzi;
- martens;
- zokwawa.
Ma Mallard amathanso kuukiridwa ndi ma anserifomu akuluakulu monga swans ndi atsekwe, omwe nthawi zambiri amatulutsa ma mallards kunja nthawi yoswana chifukwa chamikangano yamagawo. Lankhulani ndi swans kumenya kapena kupha mallard ngati akukhulupirira kuti abakha amaopseza ana awo.
Pofuna kupewa kuukira, abakha amapuma ndi diso limodzi lotseguka akugona, kulola gawo lina laubongo kuti likhale logwirabe ntchito pomwe theka lina likugona. Ntchitoyi idawonedwa koyamba kuma mallard, ngakhale amakhulupirira kuti amafala pakati pa mbalame zambiri. Chifukwa chakuti azimayi amatha kusaka nyama m'nyengo yoswana, ziweto zambiri zimakhala ndi ma drake ambiri kuposa abakha. Kumtchire, abakha amatha kukhala zaka 10 mpaka 15. Moyang'aniridwa ndi anthu kwa zaka 40.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mkazi Mallard
Abakha a Mallard ndiochuluka kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zam'madzi. Chaka chilichonse, alenje amawombera anthu mamiliyoni ambiri osakhudzidwa kwenikweni kapena osakhudzidwa kwenikweni ndi kuchuluka kwawo. Chowopseza kwambiri ma mallard ndikutayika kwa malo okhala, koma amatha kusintha kuzinthu zatsopano zaumunthu.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kuyambira 1998, mu IUCN Red List, mallard adatchulidwa kuti ndi nyama zochepa zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Izi ndichifukwa choti ili ndi malo osiyanasiyana - opitilira 20,000,000 km², komanso chifukwa chiwerengero cha mbalame chikuwonjezeka, sichikuchepa. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu okhala mallard ndi akulu kwambiri.
Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, ma mallard apindula ndi kusintha kwaumunthu - mwaluso kwambiri kwakuti tsopano akuwerengedwa ngati mitundu yolanda kumadera ena adziko lapansi. Amakhala m'mapaki am'mizinda, m'madziwe, m'mayiwe ndi m'madzi ena opangira madzi. Nthawi zambiri amalekerera ndikulimbikitsidwa m'malo okhala anthu chifukwa cha bata lawo komanso mitundu yokongola ya utawaleza.
Bakha amakhala bwino kwambiri ndi anthu kwakuti chiopsezo chachikulu pakusamalira chimalumikizidwa ndi kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamatenda pakati pa abakha amchigawochi. Kutulutsa ma mallard amtchire m'malo omwe siabadwa nthawi zina kumabweretsa mavuto chifukwa choswana ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Mallards osasunthikawa amaphatikizana ndi mitundu yakutchire yofanana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa majini ndikupanga ana achonde.
Mallard kholo la abakha ambiri oweta. Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimadetsedwanso chimodzimodzi ndi anthu wamba. Kusakanikirana kwathunthu kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtchire wamtchire wamtchire kumapangitsa kuti mbalame zam'madzi zitha.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 21:36
