Chimandarini bakha - mbalame zam'madzi zam'madzi za banja la bakha. Malongosoledwe asayansi a mbalameyo ndi dzina lachilatini la Aix galericulata adapereka ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Nthenga zokongola za ma drakes zimakopa chidwi ndikusiyanitsa mbalamezi ndi mitundu ina yofananira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini
Mawu oyamba mu dzina lachilatini la bakha la chimandarini ndi aix, kutanthauza kuti kutha kumira, komwe, bakha la chimandarini samakonda kwambiri komanso alibe chidwi chachikulu. Gawo lachiwiri la dzinalo - galericulata limatanthauza chovala kumutu ngati kapu. Mu bakha wamphongo, nthenga pamutu pake zimafanana ndi kapu.
Mbalame iyi yochokera ku Anseriformes imawerengedwa ngati bakha wamnkhalango. Chosiyanitsa chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi mamembala ena a bakha ndi kuthekera kwake kukonza zisa ndikutulutsa mazira m'mabowo amitengo.
Kanema: Bakha la Chimandarini
Makolo akale a bakha anapezeka padziko lathu lapansi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni BC. Ili ndi limodzi mwa nthambi zamalamulo, amenenso ndi a Anseriformes. Kuwonekera kwawo ndikufalikira kunayambira ku Southern Hemisphere. Abakha a Chimandarini ali ndi malo okhala akutali kwambiri - iyi ndi East Asia. Achibale awo apamtima omwe amakhala mumitengo ali ku Australia ndi ku America.
Abakhawo adadziwika ndi dzina lachifumu chachi China - ma tangerines. Akuluakulu apamwamba mu Ufumu Wakumwamba ankakonda kuvala. Mbalame yamphongo imakhala ndi nthenga zowala kwambiri, zamitundu yambiri, zofananira ndi zovala za olemekezeka. Maonekedwe ake akhala ngati dzina lodziwika bwino la bakha wamtengowu. Mkazi, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri mwachilengedwe, amakhala ndi chovala chotsika kwambiri.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Tangerines ndi chizindikiro cha kukhulupirika m'banja komanso chisangalalo m'banja. Ngati mtsikana sakwatira kwa nthawi yayitali, ku China ndikulimbikitsidwa kuyika ziwerengero za abakha pansi pake pilo yake kuti izi zithandizire.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya bakha ya Chimandarini
Mbalameyi imakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita makumi anayi mpaka makumi asanu. Mapiko a kukula kwake ndi masentimita 75. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 500-800 g.
Mutu wamwamuna wokhala ndi mlomo wofiira umasiyana mitundu. Kuchokera pamwamba pake imakutidwa ndi nthenga zazitali m'mayendedwe ofiira ndi utoto wobiriwira komanso wofiirira. Kumbali, komwe kuli maso, nthenga zimakhala zoyera, ndipo pafupi ndi mlomo zili lalanje. Mtundu uwu umalowera mpaka m'khosi, koma pafupi ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi umasinthiratu kukhala buluu wobiriwira.
Pachifuwa chofiirira, mikwingwirima iwiri yoyera imafanana. Mbali zake za mbalame yamphongo ndi zofiira zofiirira ndi "matanga" awiri a lalanje, omwe amakwezedwa pang'ono pamwamba kumbuyo. Mchira ndi wakuda buluu. Kumbuyo kuli nthenga zakuda, zakuda, zamtambo, zobiriwira ndi zoyera. Mimba ndi zoyikika ndi zoyera. Mapazi a mbalame yamphongo ndi lalanje.
Akazi omwe amawoneka ochepetsetsa amavala mafunde owoneka bwino. Mutu wokhala ndi milomo yakuda yakuda uli ndi nthenga yayitali yomwe imagwera pansi. Diso lakuda limakhala m'malire ndi loyera ndipo mzere woyera umatsika kuchokera kumbuyo kwake kumutu. Kumbuyo ndi kumutu kumakhala kofiira kwambiri mofanana, ndipo mmero ndi m'mawere zimalowetsedwa ndi nthenga mopepuka. Pamapeto pake pali mapiko obiriwira komanso obiriwira. Mapazi achikazi ndi a beige kapena otuwa.
Amuna amawonetsa nthenga zawo zowala nthawi yokomana, pambuyo pake molt imalowa ndipo mbalame zam'madzi zimasintha mawonekedwe, zimakhala zowoneka bwino komanso zotuwa ngati anzawo okhulupirika. Pakadali pano, amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi milomo yawo ya lalanje komanso miyendo yomweyo.
Chosangalatsa: M'malo osungira nyama ndi m'madzi, mutha kupeza anthu oyera, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha maubale oyandikana kwambiri.
Bakha a Chimandarini ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ana ena amitundu yofanana, monga mallard. Koma mwa makanda a mallard, mzere wakuda womwe umachokera kumbuyo kwa mutu umadutsa m'maso ndikufika pakamwa, ndipo mu mandarins umathera kumaso.
Kodi bakha la chimandarini limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini ku Moscow
M'dera la Russia, mbalameyi imapezeka m'nkhalango za Far East, nthawi zonse pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Ili ndiye beseni la mitsinje ya Zeya, Gorin, Amur, kumunsi kotsika kwa mtsinjewu. Amgun, chigwa cha mtsinje wa Ussuri komanso m'dera la Lake Orel. Malo omwe mbalamezi zimakhazikika ndi mapiri a Sikhote-Alin, Khankayskaya lowland komanso kumwera kwa Primorye. Kum'mwera kwa Russian Federation, malire amtunduwu amayenda motsetsereka kwa malo a Bureinsky ndi Badzhal. Bakha wa Chimandarini amapezeka ku Sakhalin ndi Kunashir.
Mbalameyi imakhala pazilumba za Japan ku Hokkaido, Hanshu, Kyushu, Okinawa. Ku Korea, ma tangerines amawonekera paulendo wapaulendo. Ku China, malowa amayenda mozungulira mapiri a Great Khingan ndi Laoelin, kulanda chigawo chapafupi, beseni la Songhua, ndi gombe la Liaodong Bay.
Abakha amasankha kukhala m'malo otetezedwa pafupi ndi mabeseni amadzi: m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja, momwe malowa ali ndi nkhalango zamitengo ndi zingwe zamiyala. Izi ndichifukwa choti abakha amapeza chakudya m'madzi ndi chisa m'mitengo.
M'madera okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, bakha la chimandarini limapezeka mchilimwe, kuchokera pano nthawi yozizira limathamangira kumadera komwe kutentha sikutsika madigiri asanu Celsius. Kuti achite izi, abakha amayenda maulendo ataliatali, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku Russia Far East amasamukira kuzilumba zaku Japan komanso gombe lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa China.
Chosangalatsa: Abakha a Chimandarini, obadwira mu ukapolo, nthawi zambiri "amathawira" kumalo osungira nyama ndi madera osungira zachilengedwe, akusamukira mpaka ku Ireland, komwe kuli kale mitundu yopitilira 1000.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe bakha la chimandarini amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi bakha la chimandarini limadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini kuchokera ku Red Book
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Amakhala anthu okhala mumtsinje, molluscs, komanso zomera ndi mbewu. Kuchokera kuzinthu zamoyo za mbalame, chakudya ndi: nsomba zam'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono, tadpoles, molluscs, crustaceans, nkhono, slugs, achule, njoka, tizilombo ta m'madzi, mphutsi.
Kuchokera ku chakudya chomera: mbewu zosiyanasiyana za mbewu, ma acorn, mtedza wa beech. Zomera zouma ndi masamba zimadyedwa, izi zitha kukhala mitundu yam'madzi ndi zomwe zimamera m'nkhalango, m'mbali mwa matupi amadzi.
Mbalame zimadya kumadzulo: mbandakucha komanso dzuwa lisanalowe. M'malo osungira nyama ndi malo ena obereketsa, amadyetsedwa ndi nyama yosungunuka, nsomba, mbewu za mbewu:
- balere;
- tirigu;
- mpunga;
- chimanga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini ku China
Bakha wa Chimandarini amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, pomwe amathawira m'mapanga a mitengo komanso m'matanthwe. Amakonda madambo, zigwa za mitsinje, zigwa, madambo, madambo osefukira, minda yodzaza madzi, koma ndikukhalapo mokakamiza kwa masamba okhala ndi masamba otakata. Pamalo otsetsereka a mapiri ndi zitunda, mbalamezi zimapezeka pamtunda wosaposa mita zikwi chimodzi ndi theka pamwamba pa nyanja.
M'malo amapiri, abakha amakonda magombe amtsinje, komwe kuli nkhalango zosakanikirana, zigwa zokhala ndi mafunde. Spurs wa Sikhote-Alin amadziwika m'derali, pomwe mitsinje ina imalumikizana ndi Ussuri.
Chosangalatsa: Ana a Chimandarini sangakhazikike mumitengo yokha, komanso amauluka pafupifupi mozungulira.
Makhalidwe a tangerines:
- akamauluka, amayendetsa bwino;
- mbalamezi, mosiyana ndi abakha ena, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka zitakhala panthambi zamitengo;
- amasambira bwino, koma samagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwo kulowa m'madzi, ngakhale akudziwa momwe angachitire;
- abakha amaika mchira wawo pamwamba pamadzi posambira;
- ma tangerines amatulutsa likhweru, samachita zachinyengo, ngati abale awo ena m'banjamo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mbalame zokongola zam'madzi izi ndi kukwatira kwawo. Kudzipereka koteroko kwa wina ndi mnzake kunawapangitsa ku East kukhala chizindikiro cha mgwirizano wolimba waukwati. Yamphongo imayamba masewera olowerera kumayambiriro kwamasika. Nthenga zowala zakonzedwa kuti zikope zachikazi, koma drake siyimayimira pamenepo, amasambira m'madzi mozungulira, amakweza nthenga zazitali kumbuyo kwa mutu wake, potero amawonekera kukula kwake. Olembera angapo amatha kusamalira bakha m'modzi. Mayiyo atapanga chisankho, banjali limakhalabe lokhulupirika moyo wawo wonse. Ngati m'modzi mwaomwe amwalira, winayo amasiyidwa yekha.
Nthawi yakumasulira imatha kumapeto kwa Marichi, koyambirira kwa Epulo. Kenako mkaziyo amadzipeza yekha m'malo obisalako mumtengo kapena amamanga chisa mu mphepo yamkuntho, pansi pa mizu yamitengo, pomwe amayikira mazira anayi mpaka khumi ndi awiri.
Chosangalatsa: Pofuna kuti mbalamezi zizikhala pansi ndikukwera nthambi za mitengo, chilengedwe chimapatsa miyendo yawo zikhadabo zamphamvu zomwe zimatha kumamatira ku khungwa ndikugwiritsanso bakha pamutu wa mitengo.
Pakati pa makulitsidwe, ndipo zimatenga pafupifupi mwezi, yamphongo imabweretsa chakudya kwa mnzake, kumuthandiza kuti apulumuke munthawi yovutayi komanso yovuta.
Bakha amene amatuluka m'mazira oyera amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri kuyambira maola oyamba. "Kutulutsa" koyamba ndikosangalatsa kwambiri. Popeza abakhawa amakhala m'mapanga kapena m'miyala, zimakhala zovuta kupita kumadzi kwa ana omwe sangathe kuuluka. Amayi a Chimandarini amapita kutsika kukaitana anawo mluzu. Amphaka ankhosa olimba mtima amalumphira pachisa, akumenya pansi mwamphamvu, koma nthawi yomweyo amalumpha pamapazi awo ndikuyamba kuthamanga.
Atadikirira mpaka ankhandwe onse atakhala pansi, amayi amawatsogolera kumadzi. Nthawi yomweyo amapita m'madzi, amasambira bwino komanso mwakhama. Ana nthawi yomweyo amayamba kudzipezera chakudya: zomera zambewu, mbewu, tizilombo, nyongolotsi, nkhanu zazing'ono ndi molluscs.
Ngati pakufunika ndipo pangozi, bakha amabisala ndi anapiye m'nkhalango zowirira, komanso drake wosamala komanso wolimba mtima, kuyambitsa "moto wokha", amasokoneza adani. Anapiye amayamba kuwuluka mwezi umodzi ndi theka.
Patatha miyezi iwiri, anapiye aang'ono amakhala odziyimira pawokha. Amuna ang'onoang'ono amatha kusungunuka ndikupanga gulu lawo. Kukula msinkhu kwa abakhawa kumachitika ali ndi chaka chimodzi. Amakhala ndi moyo zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi theka.
Adani achilengedwe a bakha la chimandarini
Chithunzi: Bakha wa Chimandarini wamwamuna
Mwachilengedwe, adani a abakha ndi nyama zomwe zitha kuwononga zisa m'mabowo amitengo. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale makoswe ngati agologolo amatha kulowa m dzenje ndikudya mazira a Chimandarini. Agalu a raccoon, otters samangodya mazira okha, komanso amasaka anapiye aang'ono komanso abakha akuluakulu, omwe siakulu kwambiri ndipo sangathe kulimbana nawo akagwidwa modzidzimutsa.
Ferrets, minks, nthumwi zilizonse za ndevu, nkhandwe, ndi nyama zina zolusa, kukula kwake kumawalola kusaka mbalame zazing'ono zam'madzi izi, zimawopseza. Amasakidwanso ndi njoka, omwe amawazunza ndi anapiye ndi mazira. Mbalame zodya nyama: akadzidzi a chiwombankhanga, akadzidzi nawonso saopa kudya ma tangerines.
Osaka nyama mozemba amathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malo okhala. Kusaka mbalame zokongola ndizoletsedwa, koma zimawonongedwa osati nyama, koma chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zowala. Mbalamezi zimapita kwa akatswiri a taxid kuti akakhale nyama zodzaza. Komanso, nthawi zonse pamakhala kuthekera kwakumenya mwangozi bakha la chimandarini nthawi yokasaka abakha ena, popeza mumlengalenga ndizovuta kusiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina za banja la bakha.
Chosangalatsa: Bakha wa Chimandarini samasakidwa nyama yake, chifukwa imakoma. Izi zimathandizira kuteteza mbalame m'chilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini ku Moscow
Abakha a Chimandarini kale anali paliponse kum'mawa kwa Asia. Zochita za anthu, kudula mitengo mwachangu, kwachepetsa kwambiri malo okhala mbalamezi. Anasowa kuchokera kumadera ambiri kumene zisa zawo zimapezeka kale.
Kubwerera ku 1988, bakha la chimandarini lidalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse ngati nyama yomwe ili pangozi. Mu 1994, izi zidasinthidwa kukhala zoopsa zochepa, ndipo kuyambira 2004, mbalamezi ndizowopsa kwambiri.
Ngakhale chizolowezi chakuchepa kwa anthu komanso kuchepa kwa malo achilengedwe, abakha amtundu uwu ali ndi gawo lalikulu logawa ndipo kuchuluka kwawo sikukhala kofunikira. Kutsika kwa manambala sikukufulumira, ndizochepera 30% pazaka khumi, zomwe sizimayambitsa nkhawa zamtunduwu.
Chofunikira kwambiri pakubwezeretsa pang'ono kwa anthu kunali kuletsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe. Russia ili ndi mapangano angapo osamalira mbalame zosamuka ndi Japan, Korea ndi China, kuphatikiza ma tangerines.
Pofuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zokongola ku Far East, akatswiri:
- kuyang'anira momwe zamoyo zilili;
- kutsatila ndi njira zoteteza zachilengedwe kuyang'aniridwa;
- zisa zopangira zimapachikidwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, makamaka m'malo oyandikira nkhalango zachilengedwe,
- madera atsopano otetezedwa amapangidwa ndipo akale amakwezedwa.
Kuteteza abakha a Chimandarini
Chithunzi: Bakha la Chimandarini kuchokera ku Red Book
Ku Russia kusaka bakha la chimandarini ndikoletsedwa, mbalameyi ili pansi pa chitetezo cha boma. Zisa zopitilira 30 zikwizikwi ku Far East, ku Primorye. Pali madera angapo otetezedwa pomwe mbalame zam'madzi zimatha kukhazikika momasuka m'mbali mwa madamu. Awa ndi nkhokwe za Sikhote-Alinsky, Ussuriysky, Kedrovaya Pad, Khingansky, Lazovsky, Bolshekhekhtsirsky.
Mu 2015, mdera la Bikin mumtsinje wa Primorsky, paki yatsopano yosamalira zachilengedwe idapangidwa, pomwe pali malo ambiri oyenera moyo wa ankhandwe a Chimandarini. Ponseponse, pali anthu pafupifupi 65,000 - 66,000 padziko lapansi (akuyerekezedwa ndi Wetlands International kuyambira 2006).
Ziwerengero zadziko lonse za mitundu iwiri ya mbalame zam'madzi izi ndizosiyana ndipo ndi dziko:
- China - pafupifupi mitundu 10,000 yopanga;
- Taiwan - pafupifupi mitundu iwiri ya kuswana;
- Korea - pafupifupi zikwi 10 zoweta zoweta;
- Japan - mpaka 100 000 awiriawiri oswana.
Kuphatikiza apo, kulinso mbalame zachisanu m'mayikowa. Bakha wa Chimandarini amapangidwa m'maiko ambiri, komwe angapezeke m'chilengedwe: ku Spain, Canary Islands, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, England, Denmark, France, Germany, Slovenia ndi Switzerland. Pali ana amandarin koma samaberekana ku Hong Kong, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal ndi Myanmar. Pali magulu angapo akutali a mbalamezi ku United States.
Zizindikiro za mgwirizano wolimba m'banja, mbalame zam'madzi zokongolazi zimakongoletsa malo osungira nyama ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kumene nyengo imaloleza, imakulira m'mayiwe am'mizinda, ndipo anthu ena amasunga abakha ngati ziweto zawo. Mbalamezi ndizosavuta kuweta komanso kulekerera moyo wabwino ukapolo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 19.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 20:38
