Kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja nsombazi - chilombo chowopsa komanso chowopsa, chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi gawo lalikulu la kuwukira anthu. Ngakhale iye sali wamkulu kwambiri, koma wamphamvu, ndipo ndizovuta kumenyana naye, chifukwa chake, chotsalira ndikungopewa misonkhano. Nsomba zopanda pake zimalekerera ukapolo bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Blunt shark
Shaki zakale kwambiri ankakhala padziko lapansi nthawi zakale kwambiri - ku Upper Devonia. Iwo anali hibodus, ndipo amafanana ndi nsombazi, ngakhale sizinawululidwe ndendende ngati ali okhudzana ndi chisinthiko. M'masiku amenewo, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ndi mitundu ya nsombazi za Paleozoic zidakula mwachangu, koma zonse zidatha ndikutha kwa ambiri munthawi ya Permian.
Kale munthawi ya Mesozoic, asodzi oyamba amakono adatulukira: a Elasmorachians kenako adagawika asaki ndi kunyezimira. Mitsempha ya m'mafupa a nsombazi inawerengedwa, yomwe idawapangitsa kukhala olimba ndikuthandizira kupirira zovuta (izi zidalola mitundu ina ya nsombazi kusunthira kuzama), kuwapangitsa kukhala olusa osavuta komanso owopsa.
Kanema: Blunt Shark
Ubongo udakula, makamaka chifukwa cha malo am'malingaliro - ndiye kuti asodzi adapeza fungo lawo lotchuka, lomwe limalola kuti azimva dontho lamagazi kwamakilomita. Mafupa a nsagwada asintha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wotsegulira pakamwa kwambiri. Mwa mawu - adafanana kwambiri ndi nsombazi zomwe timadziwa, ngakhale m'masiku a ma dinosaurs.
Nthawi yomweyo, gawo lalikulu lamalamulo amakono lidawonekera, makamaka, ngati karharin, komwe nsombayo imakhala yopanda pake. Ndi za banja komanso mtundu wa a shark imvi: mu mitundu yonse ya 32 imasiyanitsidwa mmenemo, ndipo imodzi mwa izo ndi blunt shark. Malongosoledwe ake asayansi adapangidwa ndi Müller ndi Henle mu 1839, dzina lenileni m'Chilatini ndi Carcharhinus leucas.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa chakusowa kwa chikhodzodzo, nsomba zimayenera kuyenda nthawi zonse, ndipo zimafunikira mphamvu zambiri. Ndikofunika kuti mudzaze nthawi zonse komwe kumayambitsa chilakolako chawo, koma kupatula apo, amadziwa momwe angasungire ndalama - chifukwa cha izi amazimitsa ziwalo zaubongo zomwe sizinatchulidwepo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bull blunt shark
Thupi limakhala lalitali, fusiform. Mtunduwo ndi wotuwa: kumbuyo kwake kuli mdima wakuda, ndipo zipsepsezo ndi zakuda kwambiri, ndipo mimba ndi yopepuka. Mumadzi, sharki wotere samawoneka pang'ono, kotero amatha kusambira osadziwika patali kwambiri, makamaka ngati madzi ali mitambo. Kuphatikiza apo, imatha kusintha mtundu wa utoto, kuwusintha kukhala wowunikira: wowala masana, mdima wakuda.
Kunja, amasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi mawonekedwe amutu: silinalozedwe ndikuwoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina, kotero kuti ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa. Mphuno yonyezimira imapereka kuyendetsa bwino.
Mano ake ndi amphaka atatu, m'mbali mwake amakhala otetemera. Amapezeka m'mizere ingapo, ndipo dzino likagwera kutsogolo, lotsatira limasunthira kumalo ake. Zatsopano zimangokula m'mizere yomaliza, ndipo izi zimachitika nthawi zonse: nsombazi zimayenera kuzisintha nthawi zambiri pamoyo wake.
Nsagwada ndi zamphamvu kwambiri, zimapondereza ndi mphamvu ya makilogalamu 600, ndipo mano amatha kugwira nyama. Ngati wina walowa mmenemo, ndiye kuti zidzakhala zovuta kusiya moyo. Ali ndi khungu lotsogola m'maso. Ma dimorphism ogonana amawonetsedwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kukula: akazi ndi akulu kuposa amuna ndipo amalemera kwambiri, ngakhale kusiyanako kuli kochepa, pafupifupi 15%.
Pali zipsepse ziwiri zakuthambo, yayikulu yakutsogolo ndi yaying'ono yakumbuyo. Mapeto a caudal ndi aatali. Nsombazi zimatha kukhala ndi liwiro lokwanira, ngakhale zili zochepa poyerekeza ndi nsombazi zothamanga kwambiri zomwe zimadya nyama iliyonse mwachangu komanso mosavutikira.
Ndi kutalika kwa mamita 2-3 ndipo amalemera makilogalamu 120-230. Nthawi zina amakula mpaka 4 mita ndi 350 kilogalamu. Zida zoterezi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zowopsa kwa anthu: ngati nyama zowononga zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi nthawi zambiri sizimvera anthu, ndiye kuti nsombazi ndizothamanga kwambiri komanso mwamakani, ndipo zimatha kuzisaka mwadala.
Kodi nsombazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Blark shark m'madzi
Amakhala pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso mkamwa mwa mitsinje - komanso, amatha kukwera ngakhale m'mitsinje ikuluikulu, ndipo amapezeka makilomita masauzande ambiri kuchokera pakamwa. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa nsombazi zimasinthidwa kukhala zamoyo zamchere komanso zamadzi abwino - chifukwa chake zimapezeka ngakhale m'madzi ena.
Amafuna mchere, koma tiziwalo tawo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga timadzi timene timatha kupezako mcherewu, ndikuutulutsa nthawi yoyenera - chifukwa cha izi, samakumana ndi zovuta zilizonse m'madzi abwino, koma pokhapokha ngati dziwe lili lolumikizidwa kunyanja, monga Nyanja Nicaragua.
Shaki yosavuta kwambiri imapezeka:
- kuchokera kugombe lakummawa kwa North ndi South America;
- kumadzulo kwa Africa;
- kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo kwa India;
- ku Persian Gulf;
- m'nyanja za Southeast Asia;
- kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Australia;
- ku Oceania;
- ku Caribbean;
- m'mitsinje ikuluikulu - Amazon, Ganges, Mississippi;
- mu Nyanja ya Nicaragua.
Monga mukuwonera, malowa ndi otakata kwambiri. Awa makamaka ndi magombe, masango azilumba ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu. Chowonadi ndichakuti sichimasambira kutali kunyanja ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala mtunda wa kilomita kuchokera pagombe - izi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koopsa kwa anthu. Gawo logawa ng'ombe yamphongo limachepetsedwa ndi chinthu chimodzi: silimakonda madzi ozizira, chifukwa chake limangokhala m'malo otentha ndi otentha.
Chosangalatsa: Shark osowa samva kuwawa, ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa testosterone amakhala owopsa kwambiri - kuphatikiza kumeneku kumabweretsa chidziwitso chakuti atha kupitilizabe kumenya nkhondo ngakhale atakumana ndi vuto lalikulu. Zidachitika kuti nsombazi zidachotsedwa m'matumbo, ndipo idayesa kudya zamkati mwake.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba zachitsulo zimakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi shark wonyezimira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Shark oopsa kwambiri
Ndiwodzichepetsa ndipo amatha kudya chilichonse: kuyambira nyama yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imatha kugwira, mpaka nsomba zazing'ono ngakhale kugwa. Amakonda kupeza malo oti azitayira zinyalala zodyedwa m'mitsinje ndi m'nyanja, ndikukhala pafupi, ndikudya zinyalala izi.
Nsombazi zambiri zasankha Mtsinje wa Ganges chifukwa cha miyambo yachipembedzo yotumiza akufa pafupi nawo - nsombazi zimangodya mitembo ikudutsa. Osadandaula kukhala ndi chotupitsa ndi anthu amoyo, komanso oimira amtundu wawo. Koma maziko azakudya nthawi zambiri si anthu - amoyo ndi akufa, osati nsomba zina, koma:
- dolphins;
- mullet ndi nsomba zina zopita kusukulu;
- akamba;
- nkhanu;
- mbola;
- echinoderm.
Nthawi zambiri amasaka okha, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kudera lomwe asankhidwa - panthawiyi kumawoneka ngati kugona ndi pang'onopang'ono. Khalidwe lotere limakhazika mtima wovulalayo, makamaka popeza, chifukwa cha utoto wobisala, amatha kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo samazindikira kuyandikira kwa chilombocho.
Koma kuchedwa kwa shark wonyezimira kumanyenga - kumatha kupitilirabe kusambira pang'onopang'ono, popeza tawona kale nyama yolimbana nayo, mpaka nthawi yabwino kwambiri yakuukira ibwere. Khama lonse laubweya wa shark pakadali pano cholinga chake ndi kuwerengera nthawi yomwe idayamba, ndipo ikafika, imathamangitsa mwamphamvu ndikugwira nyama.
Ngati wovulalayo ndi wamkulu, ndiye kuti nsombayo imayamba kumenya mutu wake, kuyesera kuti igwetse mzimuwo, kenako ikaluma, ngati kuli kofunikira, imenyanso ndikuluma kachiwiri, kusinthitsa izi mpaka kukana kutatha. Chifukwa chake amatha kupha osati okhala kunyanja kokha, komanso nyama zakutchire zomwe zabwera kudzenje - kulumpha m'madzi, kuwagwira ndikuwakokera kutali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti chifukwa poukira wozunzidwayo amamenya mutu wake, adalandira dzina lina - ng'ombe yam'madzi, chifukwa pakuwukira imafanana kwenikweni ndi ng'ombe yothamangira mdani.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Shark ng'ombe
Nthawi zambiri amasaka m'mawa komanso madzulo - panthawiyi zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira. Shark yosasunthika saopa kuukira nsomba ndi nyama zazikulu kuposa izo: pamakhala milandu pomwe idakoka akavalo kapena antelope. Komanso, munthu sangathe kumuopseza. Chifukwa cha zolengedwa izi, anthu ambiri omwe amazunzidwa - ali m'gulu la atsogoleri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya nsombazi.
Koma, ngati awona magulu a anthu, samakonda kuwukira, nthawi zambiri amasankha chandamale chimodzi ngati ozunzidwa. Sazindikirika motero ndiwowopsa kwenikweni, pomwe amatha kuukira ngakhale m'madzi osaya, pomwe munthu samayembekezera izi: mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amaukira akawoloka mitsinje. Izi zimakonda kupezeka mumitsinje yayikulu ngati Amazon kapena Ganges.
M'madera omwe muli shark yosalala, ndibwino kupewa madzi amatope osasambira dzuwa likatuluka komanso kulowa - izi zitha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chowukira. Kuphatikiza apo, osasambira nthawi yamvula yamvumbi - padzakhala zinthu zambiri zamadzi m'madzi, ndipo nsombazo zimapita kukadya.
Ngati nsombazi zimatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa magulu ankhondo, ndipo amayenera kuthawa - kapena ngati iyeyo aukiridwa ndi shaki yayikulu, ndiye kuti amatha kutulutsa zonse m'mimba kuti asokoneze womenyerayo. Kupusitsa koteroko nthawi zina kumathandiza kuthawa, chifukwa ngati m'mimba munali mutadzaza, kuwonekera kumakhala koipa kwambiri.
Ngati nsombazi zimakhala zosaka nthawi yayitali, m'mawa kapena madzulo, ndiye kuti pakati pa dzuwa kuli kupumula pamphepete mwa nyanja, ndikuwunika msana kapena mimba yake ndi dzuwa. Umu ndi momwe amakhala nthawi yayitali masana - ngakhale ngakhale pano ali wokonzeka kudya china chake chomwe chakhala chikuwonekera m'masomphenya ake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: shark yosasunthika ndiyotsika kwambiri kukula kwa nsombazi zazikulu kwambiri, ndiye yemwe adakhala chiwonetsero cha chilombo chachikulu kuchokera mufilimu ya "Nsagwada". Imakulirapo kangapo kukula kwake, pomwe kunja kwake imafanana, imafanana ndi nsombazi ndi zizolowezi zina.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Blunt shark
Amakhala okha, ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha atakumana, nthawi zambiri izi zimayambitsa ndewu, kapena amangosokoneza. Koma anthu osiyana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zina amatha kupanga awiri, ngakhale nthawi yayitali, ndipo amasaka limodzi - izi zimachitika ndikapezedwe kabwino ka chakudya.
Kusaka limodzi kumawalola kunyenga nyama, yomwe poyamba imangomenyedwa ndi nsomba imodzi yokha, ndipo chidwi cha wovutitsidwayo chikangotengeka, chachiwiri chimamenya mwadzidzidzi. Mgwirizanowu ukapereka zotsatira ndipo kumakhala kosavuta kusaka, atha kubwereza kusunthika kofananako kangapo, koma "mgwirizano" woterewu sukhalitsa kwa nthawi yayitali, popeza nsombazi ndizosowa mwachilengedwe.
Amafika pofika zaka 10 zakubadwa. Nthawi yakukhwimitsa imayamba mu Ogasiti-Seputembala, imayambitsidwa ndi miyambo yosakanikirana, momwe zizolowezi zowononga za nsombazi zowoneka bwino zimawonetsedwa bwino: amuna amaluma akazi ndi mchira pakadutsa, kuwapangitsa kutembenukira pansi - kotero zimawonekeratu kuti ali okonzeka kukwatira.
Kuluma ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo zilonda zimatha kuzichoka kwa nthawi yayitali - ngakhale akazi samamvanso ululu chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mthupi zomwe zimaletsa kumva kupweteka. Amuna, komano, amapanga testosterone yambiri panthawiyi, ndichifukwa chake amakhala olusa kwambiri.
Kuchuluka kwake mu nsombazi zopanda pake kumawonjezeka, izi ndizomwe zimafotokozera machitidwe awo. Nthawi zina amasokonezeka m'thupi nthawi zina, kenako amayamba kudziponyera pachilichonse, ngakhale zinthu zopanda moyo, ndipo amatha kudzivulaza pathanthwe kapena kumenya shaki yayikulu kwambiri kuposa iwo ndikufa.
Amuna alibe chibadwa cha amayi, ndipo pamene ntchito yatha, amangosambira kutali. Shark zazing'ono - nthawi zambiri kuyambira 4 mpaka 10 mwa iwo amawoneka, muyenera kudzisamalira nthawi yomweyo. Poyamba, amakhala m'madzi abwino, ndipo atakhwima m'pamene amatha kukhala m'madzi amchere - ngakhale samasunthiramo nthawi zonse.
M'mitsinje, nsombazi zazing'ono zimaopsezedwa ndi nyama zochepa, ndipo zimapita kunyanja zikakhwima, nthawi zambiri chifukwa pamakhala nyama zambiri kumeneko. Izi zimachitika pakadutsa zaka 3-5, zikafika kukula kwa pafupifupi mita 2 ndipo alibe otsutsa ambiri oyenera m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja.
Adani achilengedwe a nsombazi
Chithunzi: Bull blunt shark
Pali ochepa mwa iwo, makamaka nsomba zoyera ndi akambuku. Amakonda madera ofanana ndi ma shark opunduka, chifukwa chake amatha kukumana - ndipo amakonda kuwukira. Ndi zazikulu kukula, pomwe ndizothamanga komanso zosunthika, chifukwa zimayimira ngozi yayikulu ngakhale kwa shark wamkulu, ndipo akamakumana nawo, amayenera kuthawa.
Achibale nawonso ndi owopsa - nsombazi zamtunduwu zimapha ndikudyana popanda kukondana, chifukwa chake, kufikira atakhwima, ayenera kupewa kukumana ndi shark wina wosamveka. Kwa anthu owopsa kwambiri, ndi m'manja mwawo momwe nsomba zambiri zimamwalira, chifukwa amachita nsomba, ngakhale sizikuluzikulu kwambiri.
Ankhondo akwapha ndi ng'ona amathanso kuopseza nsomba zazikulu. Omalizawa amawakonda nthawi zambiri: ng'ona zopindika ndi za Nailo, komanso zotumphukira zimatha kuukira ngakhale achikulire, zokwawa zazing'ono - zikukula. Ngakhale ma pinniped aukali atha kukhala pachiwopsezo kwa nsomba zazing'ono.
Koma mwachangu amakhala ndi mavuto ambiri: sikuti zonse zomwe zidatchulidwa kale sizosiyana ndi kuzidya, amathanso kugwidwa ndi nsomba zolusa. Mbalamezi nazonso zimawasaka. Zonsezi ndizochulukirapo, ndiye kuti shark wachinyamata akukumana ndi zoopsa zambiri, ndipo sizophweka kupulumuka zaka 2-3 zoyambirira.
Chosangalatsa: Shaki iyi imatha kusiyanitsa mitundu ndipo imayesetsa kupewa zinthu zopakidwa zachikaso kwambiri - zimawayika pachiwopsezo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Blunt shark
Pali nsomba za blunt shark, khungu lake, kapamba ndi chiwindi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zofunika, nyama imadya ndipo ndi gawo la zakudya zokoma m'maiko ena. Chifukwa chake, mitunduyi ili ndi malonda, kupatula apo, ndi yosavuta kugwira nsomba yosakira, chifukwa imakhala pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo imatha kukopeka ndi nyama yokhala ndi magazi - imamva kutali.
Ngakhale kuti pakati pa zinthu zosodza nthawi zambiri sizomwe zimakhala zoyambirira, palinso chinthu china chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mitundu iyi iwonongeke - ndizowopsa kwa anthu, chifukwa chake m'malo ambiri pali nkhondo yolimbana nawo, anthu akufuna kuchotsa m'mphepete mwawo achiwawa kuti muzitha kusambira modekha.
Zotsatira zake, ngakhale ndizosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa ma shark osowa kwakhala kukuchepa mwachangu kwanthawi yayitali. Ofufuza alibe chidziwitso chenicheni, koma akukhulupirira kuti pazaka 100 zapitazi zatsika katatu. Pakadali pano, zamoyozi sizili mu Red Data Book, koma momwe malo ake amatchulidwira kale kuti "ali pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo".
Ngati chikhalidwe chomwecho chikupitilira, ndipo pakadali pano palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti zasintha, ma shark osalongosoka atha kukhala m'gulu la nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, koma pakadali pano palibe zomwe zachitidwa kuti ziwateteze. Chofunika ndichakuti amasintha mosavuta kuti azikhala m'malo opangika ndipo amatha kuberekanso momwemo.
Shaki yopanda pake - chimodzi mwazinthu zadziko lapansi, ngakhale okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja akuvutika nawo atha kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyana. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamagulu azakudya ndipo amatengapo gawo pakupanga nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Tsoka, chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa pafupipafupi kwa anthu, amafafanizidwa mwakhama, ndipo mpaka pano zikuwoneka kuti anthu awo apitilizabe kuchepa posachedwa.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 nthawi ya 10:01
